Full text of "80 Microcomputing Magazine December 1983"

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the magazine for TRS-80* users

-y

Assembly
Made Easy

Also inside:

How to T
Software Pirates

Should You Buy
A CP/M Board?

The Road to A-L
Disk I/O Routines

Your TRS-80
Thinks Satellite

CIO SHACK. A 01 VI

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So in the foreign land of telecommunications,
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For your TRS-8CT. IBM. Apple . Zenith, or compatible
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TRS-30 and Apple are registered trademarkes of Tandy Corp. and Apple Computers, respectively.

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74.

78.

Features

Assembly Language Made Simple —
Parti

The first step to writing Assembly
programs: Learn how the Z80 pro-
cesses instructions.
Hardin Brothers

Making Sense of Those Crazy
Numbers

Binary and hexadecimal explained.
Amee Eisenberg

Assembly-Language Disk I/O

Write efficient programs by master-
ing Assembly's I/O techniques.
David G. Haan

110. Finding the Search Solution

Search text files fast with the state
of the art in signature screening.
Joseph E. Trojak

1 16. Assembly-Language Shortcuts —
PartD

How to handle the stack, plus a
reassuring look at logarithms.
Bob Bowker

122. CP/M III Ways

CP/M 22 boards: three ways to expand
your Model Ill's software library.
Terry Kepner

132. Protected Tape Programs

Two anti-copy routines
cassette predators.
Dan Robinson

to foil

140. Channels of Communication

A satellite dish can bring you over

140 TV stations. Here's how to

assess your location and aim your

antenna.

Dan Keen and Dave Dischert

Articles

Hardware

152. Real-World Control— Part II

L^J Connecting Part I's hardware to let
your Model III run household
appliances.
David L Engelhardt

Review

146. A Modem Sampler

UDS' 212A/D and Novation's J-Cat
and Smart Cat: One of them should
suit your direct-connect needs.
R.A. Langevin

Tutorial

174. Bask, Faster and
Readable— Part IV

Making variables work for you.
John Corbani

Utility

170. Chameleon Code

L^y From Assembly to Basic in the blink
of an eye.
Bradley Murray

Model 11/12/16

36. Suite 16

1 10. Finding the Search Solution

177. Take It Off

Crack TRSDOS 6.0's password to
erase utilities and clear disk space.
David L Engelhardt

179. The Password Is. . .

Discover the password of a protected
Model 4 file.
David Lantis

Departments

6. Side Tracks

The socalled computer revolution.
Eric Maloney

8. Proof Notes

Assembly language without fear.

12. Input

MaxiStat is now StatPac. DMP200,
LPVII printer patches. Separate
Model I and III programs. Save AIDS-
MI disk space. Maze Chase PEEK.
Speed up Model 4's Mod III mode.
TRSDOS 6.0 shortcomings.

18. Aid

Readers in need.

4 • 80 Micro, December 1983

20. Debug

Talking to big guys, Black Friday, and
Breakout.

22. The Next Step

Keep an eye on variable values.
Hardin Brothers

30. The Color Key

One last look at the world of CoCo

software.

Scott Norman

36. Suite 16

Multiple multi-user systems: Arcnet

and Xenix.

Dan Keen and Dave Dischert

38. Reviews

The Statistician. Newbasic 2.1. Four
Model 100 games. CP/M from Omi-
kron. MicroSpooler. Monty Plays
Scrabble. Businesspak + . Instant
Assembler. Using Scripsit.

'TRS-80, Scripsit, and
TRSDOS are trademarks
of Tandy Corp.

232. ONotes

For serious Model 100 owners: a
memory map, Basic tokens, do-it-
yourself modem cable, and program
length counter. For frivolous Model
100 owners: blackjack.

251. RAM Files

Monitor 100 and Foxfighter fixes.
Calculator program.

254. News

The Model 100 gets a 14,000-mile
road test. Apple/Franklin lawsuit and
ROM copyright. Christmas shopping
for micros. Small business auto-
mation. Magic/L challenges Basic.
Hegel versus videotex.

268. The Gamer's Cafe

From Rodney's "Misc." disk.
Rodney Gambicus

274. Fun House

Santa and Leon host the Fun House
Christmas pageant.
Richard Ramella

280. Feedback I imp

Readers' questions answered
Terry Kepner

292. Reload 80

CRC errors: when disks lose control.
Amee Eisenberg

296. New Products

Plantrac. Floppy Pockettes. Minute-
man. Programmer's Pipeline. Infidel.
Micro Matrix II. Dancing Sailors.
Volksmodem. Paperwork. Brain-
stormer. Video Filters. RamPak. Sur-
face Plot. Byte Bat.

PUBLtSHEFVPRESIDENT

Wayne Green

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Cover by Damian Honriques and William Giese

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 5

SIDE TRACKS

by Eric Maloney

We've already seen one so-called
revolution fail. It evaporated into
thin air shortly after Kent State, unable
to bear the weight of its own rhetoric.
So pardon me if I'm skeptical about this
latest revolution supposedly being fo-
mented by the personal computer.

At least, the media and self-styled ex-
perts on social change are calling it a
revolution. If so, it's got to be the
happiest one in the history of the world.
It sparkles beneath a California sun that
shines like a big yellow smile button. It
glows brightly from the pages of News-
week and The New York Times, from
quarter-million dollar television com-
mercials, from the zippy pop-computer
magazines that hang fat and lazy from
the newsstands.

Here is one revolution that promises
to do you no harm. Nobody gets hurt,
nobody gets agitated. With the excep-
tion of a few malcontents, nobody even
gets upset.

I can't claim to be an expert on revo-
lutions, since I've never been in one.
But it's my understanding that a revolu-
tion is aimed at the fundamental con-
cepts upon which a political or social
structure is built. Take the Industrial
Revolution, for example. It caused
social and economic upheaval on a
massive scale. It shifted power from the
land-owners to the factory owners,
from the rural areas to the cities, and
completely changed the way people lived
and worked.

But the microcomputer revolution is
another story. It does nothing to chal-
lenge the basic relationship between
people and their supporting institu-
tions. It does not change the make-up of
the ruling class, nor does it alter our per-
ceptions of that class.

Some people say that microcom-
puters will give us more control over our
lives, that computers will let us access
information heretofore available only
to the rich and powerful. This may, to
some extent, be true; if information is
power, greater access to information
means greater power. But if the average

6 • 80 Micro, December 1983

America's
happiest
revolution

citizen gains a little, the ruling class will
gain a good deal more.

Ultimately, computers will serve to
reaffirm the social and political hierar-
chies in this country. The strong will be
stronger and the weak weaker, a trend
that hardly can be called revolutionary.

Adam Osborne has been one of the
micro industry's most caustic critics. So
more than a few people chortled when
Osborne Computer Corp. collapsed last
summer.

In some respects, Osborne comes out
looking like a fool. When he introduced
the Osborne, he let loose a barrage of
criticism at his fellow manufacturers,
predicting in the May 1981 issue of Mi-
crocomputing that "their unrealistic
perspective will trigger disaster with all
the tragic ruthlessness that early success
had on such companies as Imsai and
Processor Technology."

But Osborne's failure was not due to
lack of insight. In retrospect, his com-
ments in that article often hit the mark.
"Hardware manufacturers must con-
centrate on driving down the price of
hardware," he warned. And further on,
he predicted "a new, massive round of
hardware price reductions."

Osborne also saw the impact his new

computer would have on the micro
market, and predicted "a rapid evolu-
tion of new, low-cost portable micro-
computers that appeal to individuals
and are used with the frequency of type-
writers." And, in a forecast fraught
with irony, he saw that by 1983 the Os-
borne would "have a lot of company."

Finally, though IBM had not yet en-
tered the arena, Osborne saw the even-
tual establishment of industry-standard
software and hardware. "Those who
stray from industry standards will be
forced to leave the microcomputer mar-
ketplace," he said.

Osborne's sin was that he was as
lousy a businessman as the early losers
he criticized. And apparently, the major
manufacturers were not as misguided as
he thought they were. Ultimately, they
changed their ways, learning to see and
respond to shifts in the marketplace.

Osborne was an important stimulus
to those changes. He may not have
practiced what he preached, but he had
a major impact on the industry and the
way it sold itself. He should be given ap-
propriate credit.

Last week at the Peterborough Diner,
I gave the cashier $2 for a $1.95 turkey
sandwich. The computerized cash regis-
ter credited me with 9 cents' change.
The waitress dutifully gave me a nickel
and four pennies.

"Wait a minute," I said, and point-
ed out that $2 minus $1.95 was not 9
cents. She puzzled over the problem for
a moment, finally saw the light, and
took back the surplus change.

This little tale has several morals.
First, we must retain our ability to do
simple math.

Second, we must not believe every-
thing the computer says, or let it subvert
our common sense.

And third, we must be watchful con-
sumers. As long as human beings punch
the buttons, the buyer's motto remains
"caveat emptor." ■

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PROOF NOTES

The editors look at the issues

The left bracket, I replaces the up ar-
row used by Radio Shack to indicate
exponentiation on our printouts. When
entering programs published in 80
Micro, you should make this change.

80 formats its program listings to
run 64-characters wide, the way they
look on your video screen. This ac-
counts for the occasional wrap-around
you will notice In our program listings.
Don't let it throw you, particularly
when entering assembly listings.

Article submissions from our read-
ers are welcomed and encouraged. In-
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borough, NH 03458. Include an SASE
for a copy of our writers' guidelines.
Payment for accepted articles is made
at a rate of approximately $50 per
printed page; all rights are purchased.
Authors of reviews should contact the
Review Editor, 80 Pine Street, Peter-
borough, NH 03458.

You asked for it, though in a round-
about fashion and probably
without your knowing it. 80 Micro's
readership surveys tell us a lot about
your needs. One thing we've noticed is
your growing interest in Assembly
language. This isn't too surprising since
most of you (88.5 percent to be exact)
use your TRS-80 for home or hobby ap-
plications. And we all know what that
means: software programming.

Designing and writing software, es-
pecially games, is both fun and reward-
ing. It can also be frustrating. There's
nothing worse than programming a fan-
tastic game in Basic only to have it run
as slow as molasses uphill. Screen
changes take seconds and your rockets
never quite seem to reach their targets in
time. This is usually when your interest
in Assembly language begins to take
root and grow. This issue will nurture
that growth.

Communicating with your computer
in a high-level language like Basic is like
talking with someone who speaks a for-
eign language. When you say goodbye
to a Frenchman, he has to use a dictio-
nary to see that you mean au revoir. The
computer follows the same process. If
you write a Basic instruction in your
program, the computer has to translate
this instruction to its "native tongue,"
machine code.

When you use a low-level language
like Assembly language, the interpretive
process is greatly simplified. The com-
puter operates on Assembly-language
instructions much faster because that
language is closer to the Z80's machine
code.

Assembly-language programs ex-
ecute up to 300 times faster than Basic.
They also require less memory: you can
run an Assembly-language program in
4K that normally requires 24K in Basic.
And if you ever had an urge to see how
the Z80 processes all of those routines in
ROM or TRSDOS, Assembly language
lets you do that as well.

Speaking

hex

Assembly language can be intimidat-
ing at first with its extensive use of
binary and hexadecimal data. But be as-
sured that it's no more difficult to learn
than when you mastered Basic years
ago. To ease your nerves, and to help
build your confidence, we've put to-
gether a collection of articles that cover
the entire spectrum of Assembly lan-
guage. Whether you're a neophyte test-
ing the waters, or an advanced pro-
grammer doing the backstroke, you'll
find something to meet your needs be-
tween this month's covers.

For example, Hardin Brothers pre-
sents his first installment of Assembly
Language Made Simple for this issue.
In this comprehensive piece he gently
introduces you to your first dose of
Assembly language. And since everyone
loves to learn shortcuts, Bob Bowker
continues to share some of his secrets
with us. You'll find them in part two of
his article, Assembly-Language Short-
cuts (p. ). They are especially useful for
those of you who've been introduced to
the language.

Other articles of interest include
David Haan's technique titled Assembly
Language Disk I/O, Terry Kepner's
feature review, CP/M III Ways, and
Joseph Trojak's Finding the Search So-
lution, a program that lets you search
text files quickly. And when the day
ends, you can relax in your easy chair
and watch one of over 140 TV channels,
made available with help from Dan
Keen and Dave Dischert's article,
Channels of Communication. If you
don't want to sit in front of the boob
tube all night, there's always the antics
of the Gamer's Cafe to keep you smil-
ing. So sit back and enjoy! ■

— S.F.T.
01010000

8 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Illlll DATA SUPPLIES llllill

A SUBSIDIARY OF THE COMPUTER WAREHOUSE. INC OF OHIO • 22295 EUCLID AVENUE • EUCLID. OHIO 44117

nife

1-800-321-3552

BARE DRIVES

TOLL FREE
1800-321 -3552

This Month's Special OEM Version ol Shugart
SA455 (2S. 40/40) Slimline $219 00

Manufacturer

Model

No. of
Heads

No of
Tracks

Full or
Slimline

Price

Tandon*

57." TM100-1

11.

Full

$179 00

Tandon*

5 V TM 100-2

40/40

Full

239 00

Tandon*

5V." TM 100-4

80/80

Full

319 00

MPI*

5*" Model 51

Full

179 00

MP!*

5 'U" Model b2

40 MO

Full

239 00

MPI*

5%" Mdi 501

Slimline

179 00

MPI*

b'W Mdl 502

40/40

Slimline

239 00

MPI"

5 V." Mdl 902

80/80

Slim fie

MPI*

8" Mdl 41

Slimline

MPI*

8" Mdl 42

77/77

Slimline

329 00

J99 CO
499 00

For TRS 80 Healh 7enitFi IBM and Oilers

* For complete Case and Power Supply ^00 ii* 9S " For dual case .mci power supply aoo S99 9b

MODEL III & IV
n S-232 Communication

DIRECT REPLACEMENT FOR
RS-232, FULLY TESTED &
BURNED IN, EASY INSTALLA-
TION, 120 DAY WARRANTY.
RS-232 78.95

SPRINTER

Double Your Speed

Speed-up cuts computer
operation time in half, saves
time and money. Fast4 MHz
Z80B CPU included, installs
in 15 minutes with no solder-
ing or cutting.

SPRINTER III for MOD III $89.95
SPRINTER I for MOD I $89.95

ELECTRONIC
PROTECTION DEVICES

The PLUM 3-way tMI-RM AC Power Line

Noise Filler (wall Outlet) S44 95

The LEMON 6 way Surge Suppressor tor

AC Power Lines (wall outlet) $54 95

The LIME - same as LEMON w/5ft.

cord and on off switch $79 95

The PEACH 6 way Surge Suppressor.

EMI RFI Line Fitter (wall outlet) $89 95
The ORANGE same as LIME w/EMI RFI

Filtering PLUM & LIME Combined $129 95

PRINTER BUFFERS

QUADRAM MICROFAZER

Parallel to Parallel w/8K $149.00

Parallel 1o Serial w/8K 179.00

Serial to Serial w/8K 179.00

Serial to Parllel w/8K 179.00

Each Add'!8K Upgrade 10.00

All come with pause control and copy
feature, and can be upgraded to 512K.

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

MPB/EPSON w/16K $149.00

MPB/EPSONw/32K 189.00

In-Line Parallel or Serial w/32K 289.00
In-Line Parallel or Serial w/64K 339.00

FOR ORDERS
1-800-321-3552

IN OHIO and all other inquiries
call (216) 481-4993

WE ACCEPT

• Visa

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• Money Orae'

• COD

ALL PRICES

ARE FO r *

MAIL ORDER ONLY

Prices Specifications

and Ollerings suffer

lo change withour

notice

LNW I

TRS-80 Mod. I Expansion I

$349.00

e RS232c serial I/O • Full 32h 200ns RAM 1

• Parallel printer port • Real time clock 1

• Gold plated • 6 month warranty 1
connectors • Heavy steel case 1

• Floppy disk controller • Thousands of users I
• Works with any DOS 100% I

MPVV' MODEL IV FEATURES ON YOUR I

MODELS I & III FOR 1/2 THE PRICE! I

BUT ONLY WITH... 1

The HOLMES VID-80 I

•O CHARACTER VIDEO INCLUDES: 1

Easy plug-In installation Inalde cm. 1

Software patchss available for many programs. I

Improved Graphic Resolution I

SO X 24 or 64 X 16 aeleclable nvodea. I

CP/M 2.2. 112K RAM. j

(CP/m 3.0 4th quarter '63) I

ALL of these features for I
a SPECIAL price of $499.00

MODEL I DOUBLE
DENSITY PACKAGE

Everything you need to convert your TRS-80 j

Model I to run double density Complete with I

software hardware, and instructions, installs
in minutes with no soldering, wiring or cutting.

DosplusV 3.4 w/LNDOUBLER 5/8 $199 00
LNDOUBLER 5/8 Board w/o dos $169.00

16 K RAM SPECIAL |

4116 ?00ns Guaranteed one full year $17 95

MODEL IV — 64K

MEMORY EXPANSION

GUARANTEED 1 FULL YEAR

SET OF 8
4164 RAM CHIPS 69.95

w/ PAL CHIP to go from 64 to 128K $84.95

Must ttsvs suthodistlon numbsr. obtained
I8i-i«oo Unsulnorlisd > slums will bs
dsmsasd goods wll bs rslussd. All rslurns

1S% niiocilng fee.

Seasons Greetings . . .

Thanks to you. this past year has seen Micro Data Supplies growing by leaps and bounds.
Sure we offer the highest quality products at low warehouse prices, but its you, our
satisfied customers who are spreading the good word about Micro Data Supplies. And
we want you to know we really appreciate it!

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

CALL OUR NEW TOLL-FREE NUMBER

milium

Happy Holidays,
Russ Knotts • President

3fe

NEWDOS/80
Version 2.0

Model I and Model III

The hottest Disk Operating System is now avail
able in its latest version. This is the ONE from
Apparat. Inc., the people whose systems have
made the TRS-80 the reliable computer

$13995

Lei your TRS-80™ Test Itself With

THE FLOPPY DOCTOR &
MEMORY DIAGNOSTIC

DISK DRIVE * MEMORY DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAM

by David Stambauqh

A complete checkup tor your MODEL I or
MODEL III. THE FLOPPY DOCTOR Version 3
completely checks every sector ot single or
double density 35-. 40- 77 . or 80 track disk
drives Tests motor speed, head positioning,
controller functions, status bits and provides
complete error logging. THE MEMORY
DIAGNOSTIC checks lor proper wrile'read,
refresh executability and exclusivity ol all ad
dress locations Includes both diagnostics and
complete instruction manual.

For MODEL I $24.95

For MODEL III $29.95

GEAP/Dot writer

GEAP lets you create words and drawings
quickly and easily, right on the screen of
your TRS-80.

'DOTWRITER" uses high-resolution "dot
graphics" to create fancy lettersets

Special:

QEAP AND DOTWRITER $84.95

DATAGRAPH

Transform your VISI-CALC™ files into
high-resolution custom graphs on your
TRS-80™ computer and graphics printer
Super 3rd generation printer graphics
program.

DATAGRAPH $74.95

ULTRA TERM

Supports both manual and auto dial modems
Exclusive Ultra Term direct disk tile transfer
mode, allows unattended operation at the
receiving computer Line printer support with a
IK print buffer. Half & lull duplex support
Universal ASCII lormat file iransle- with a 33K
buffer and a lull featured host program $49.95

DISKIT HI

MODEL III & IV DISK UPGRADE

Floppy Doctor with

the purchase of

any DISKIT III

$30.00 VALUE'

Feature* *

Metal Disk D

.• Rmi kf

• Gold Plated Edge •

All Hardware

and Cables

Connector* •

I Hour or le-

sfor

• Switching Power Supply

installation

• Supports 5" or 8' Drives •

100% Compatible

• 40 80 truck Supported •

NO Solder ing

Needed

• Single Dual Head •

180 Days Wa

"•antv ""■

Supported

Controller

DtSKIT III w/o Drives .

$219 00

DISKIT III w'one Tandon

... 399.00

DISKIT III w'two Tandon

DISKIT III w/two Tandon

100-2 40/40 Dual Drive

. $789 00

PRINTERS wew^gs

NEW SILVER REED

EXP DAISY WHEEL $499.00

GEMINI 10x by Star Mlcronics . . . $319.00
GEMINI 15x by Star Micronlcs.. $479 00

NEW EPSON RX 80 $349.00

PROWRITER 8510 $399.00

NEC 8023 ..... $399.00

PRINTER EPSON
ACCESSORIES

Gratlrax Plus $65 95

MX-80 Ribbons 7.95

MX-100 Ribbons 18.95

Epson Service Manual MX 80/ 100 34.95

PRINTER CABLES

TRS-80 Model I & III

10ft Parallel $19.95

10 ft Parallel cable extensions $19.95

ELECTRIC PENCIL
Version II

Mode! I and Model III

An expanded version of the critically acclaimed
original word processing system' Includes all
features of Version I plus many new extensions.

Disk Version $79.95

Tape Version $69.95

ELECTRIC WEBSTER

1 'Cadillac' ' of Spelling Checkers 80 M icro 9/82.

• 50,000 WORD DICTIONARY

• FAST and ACCURATE - No other Spelling
Checker comes close!

• INTEGRATED Proofs and cofrects from within
most popular word processing programs!

• SMART Finds and displays correct spelling!

• HYPHENATES automatically - inserts discre
tionary hyphens with 100% accuracy (optional).

• COMPLETE - One step proofing system

Electric Webster w/correcting feature $129 95

Hyphenation feature $49.95

Grammatical feature $39.95

COMPLETE SYSTEM all Four Programs $199 00

NEWSCRIPT 7.0

NEWSCRIPT is the versatile TRS-80 word pro-
cessing program It supports "smart" printers
like the Epson. Okidata, NEC. C.ltoh, Spmwriter,
Centronics 739 and more

NEWSCRIPT $109 95

THE HOME
ACCOUNTANT

The »1 best selling program for home and small
business accounting is now available tor TRS-
80 Model 3 Handles up to 99 accounts, five
checkbooks, multiple income accounts, and
can split transactions to any number of ac-
counts Prints net worth statements, income
statements, as well as custom designed reports
Displays a bar chart and trend tor any selected
category Ids easy to use and yet provides all the
power you'll need (By Continental Software,
requires Model 3. 2 drives, 48K.) $62 95

%\W dAaVvppuk

MICRO DATA SUPPLIES

A SUBSIDIARY OF THE COMPUTER WAREHOUSE. INC OF OHIO

22295 EUCLID five. EUCLID. OHIO 44117

ROLLTOP 100 Disk Fll«™
Model «RT100

Twice the capacity (100 ■ 5V4 " Disks)
ot the leading "flip top" file. But it
takes no more desk space! An out
standing design that combines con-
temporary styling with the elegance
of a rolltop enclosure and a textured
buff plastic body. It includes 10
diskette dividers and anti-skid

feet $36.00

Locking Model #RT100L $46.00

SUPPLIES

V. ' File Box for 75diskelt«t .. J1995

AVERY TABULABIES

5.000 3V, . 15/16 $15 95

FAN FOLD PAPER (Prices F B S P )

9* « 11 18 1b WHITE 3.000 c! $29 95

14!4x 11 18 1b WHITE 3.000 ct $39 95

• THIS MONTH'S SPECIAL •

Head Cleaning Kit w/10 Bulk Diskettes $34 yt>
**********

uouo^

BULK PACK of 10
SS/DD 5 1/4" Diskettes
for ONLY $10.95 with any
purchase of $50. or more.

LIMIT (1) pack of 10 per Order.

$$>**

AS LOW AS

$1.59

5V4

SOFT

SECTORS

BULK

Single sibf
single density
w 'hub ring

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pi/ n SOFT
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BULK

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DOUBLE DENSITV
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$1.89*

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DOUBLE SIDE
DOUBLE DENSITY
IN'MUB RING

100% CERTIFIED
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$2.79*

c 1/ » i BOX

5 74 Of*

LOGO PRODUCT

S NOI F- SIDE
SINGLE DENSITY
W'MUB RING

100% CERTIF'ED
? YR WARRANTY

$18.95

5 1 /4" r-c
LOGO PRODUCT

SING.E 6HX
DOUBLE DENSI'y
W/HUB RING

100% CERTIFIED
? YR WARRANTY

$22.95

C 1/ " BOx
74 of ic

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DOUBLE DENSITY
W'HUB RING

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? YR WARRANTY

$31.95

•Now Get High Quality at a Low Price

Manufactured by a Maior Disc Company

For MDS Without Their Name on Diskettes

•Minimum order 20 diskettes with

Tyvek envelope and storage shipping box

•Quantity discounts 100 deduct 3%

1000 deduct 5%. 10.000 deduct 10%

BOOKS

OTHER MYSTERIES

TRS-80 DISK $19 95

Microsoft Basic Decoded $24 °o

The Custom TRS-80 $28 95

Basic Faster & Better $29 95

How To Do It On The TRS 80 $28 95

TRSDOS 2 3 Decoded $28 95

The Custom Apple $28 95

Mach.ne Language Disk I/O . $29 95

CP/M Primer $15 95

LABLMAKER

The mosl useful program you'll ever own
Prints Marking labels on standard 1 ' » 3 -
labels Sixteen punt formats lo choose Irom
including the Hi Visibility Jumbo Print Type
TRS-80Modei i & ill. 48K. 1 Dnve. Epson MX-80
,'ype pnnie' lO' equivalent)

LABLMAKER KIT - w. 400
5 16 « 3 . labels J?9 9S

CASSLABEL Kit - w'200
cassette labels & ?00
5/16 • J . ■ labels $34 96

\ferbatim

Datalife

, Call 1-800-321-3552

MONDAY thru SATURDAY

IN OHIO AND OTHEH INQUIRIES (2161 481-4993

WE ACCEPT

• Visa

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• Checks

• Money O'dei

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Prices Specifications

and Offerings subject

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DATALIFE

VERBATIM DATALIFE "
DISKETTES

Seven data-shielding
mean greater durability
life.

VERBATIM DATALIFE

DISKETTES

5%-lnch (box of 10)

MD525-01

1S/D Den

Soft-Sectored Diskettes

5 ." 2S/D Den (MDS5O-01)

5 ■>" 2S.4 Den (MD5S701).

8 IS D Den (FD34-8000I

improvements
and longer data

-I SPECIAL l>

X % 2S.9S%

. $39 95
. .$51 50
. $43 95

ISN'T IT TIME YOU SCORED
. . .WITH SCOREPAC!™

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LIMITED TIME OFFER

Buy ANY SCOREPAC™ at its
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for the added cost of only $17.95.*
•Limit 1 File Box per SCOREPAC™

SCOREPAC™ w/20 Paragon
Plain Jane™ Diskettes
IS/SD $38.95

SCOREPAC™
w/20 Paragon Gold Diskettes
1S/DD $46.95

SCOREPAC™
w/20 Paragon Gold Diskettes
2S/DD $56.95

3M SS/DD/SS

5 1/4". ..$23. 95
3tM DS/DD/SS

5 1/4" ....$35.95

Dyson

^CORPORATION

DYSAN SS/DD/SS 5 1/4".$35.95
DYSAN DS/DD/SS 5 1/4"
~~*44.95

INPUT

MaxiStat Now StatPac

John Harrell did an excellent job re-
viewing MaxiStat (September 1983,
p. 50).

Your readers should be aware, how-
ever, that we have made important
changes relative to MaxiStat since your
review appeared.

MaxiStat is no longer published or
marketed by The Business Division.
Walonick Associates now markets and
supports an updated version of the
package under its original name of
StatPac.

This update contains substantial
changes from the version you reviewed,
including more statistics, printing op-
tions, and machine-language subrou-
tines for speed.

Anyone interested in further infor-
mation should contact Walonick Asso-
ciates.

DavidS. Walonick

President, Walonick Associates

5624 GirardAve. South

Minneapolis, MN 554 J 9

Printer Fix

The DMP200 printer has one draw-
back: Its superscripts are low, and the
rest of the text after a subscript is no-
ticeably lower than the text preceding
the subscript.

To rectify this, change the half-
reverse line feed action to a full-reverse
line feed followed by a half-forward line
feed (see Program Listing 1). This has
an insignificant effect on print speed,
and it works.

This fix also works on the Radio
Shack Line Printer VIII, and with other
Radio Shack printers that use the same
printer drivers.

To install this modification, define

PATCH
PATCH
PATCH
PATCH
PATCH
PATCH
PATCH

DMP400/CTL
DMP400/CTL
DMP400/CTL
DMP400/CTL
DMP400/CTL
DMP40Q/CTL
DMP400/CTL

(ADD = BCAC,FIND
(ADD = BCB0,FIND =
(ADD = BCB8,FIND =
(ADD = BB4D,FIND =
(ADD = BB50.FIND =
(ADD = BC76,FIND =
(ADD = BC82.FTND =

= 1C,CHG = 0A)
C9,CHG = 00)
1E,CHG = 1Q
A5,CHG = B1)
B1,CHG=A5)
B1,CHG = A5)
A5,CHG = B1)

LP8/CTL (ADD = BC9E.FIND = 1C.CHG = 0A)
LP8/CTL (ADD = BCA2.FIND = C9.CHG = 00)
LP8/CTL (ADD = BCAA.FIND = 1E.CHG = 1Q
LP8/CTL (ADD = BB4D.FIND = 97.CHG = A3)
LP8/CTL (ADD = BB50.FIND = A3.CHG = 97)
LP8/CTL (ADD = BC68.FTND = 97.CHG = A3)
LP8/CTL (ADD = BC74.FIND - 97.CHG = A3)

Program Listing 1. Patch for the DMP200 printer.

900 BKS * CHR$(255)+CHR$(255)+CHR$(255)

910 SP$ - CHR$(128)+CHR$(128)+CHR$(128)

920 TB$ - CHR$(27)+CHR$(16)+CHR$(0)+CHR$(48)

1000 LPRINT CHR$(18) ;

1010 FOR H = TO 47

1015 LPRINT TB$;

1020 FOR W = TO 127

1030 IF POINT (W,H) THEN LPRINT BK$; ELSE LPRINT SP$;

1040 NEXT W

1050 LPRINT ""

1060 NEXT H

Program Listing 2. LPVlll print adjustment.

the user print code as the control-® key
sequence, since the @ key is close to
the * key. Use the System Set-up option
from the main menu and then the Enter
Printer Codes option.

Under the @ key, enter for the units
and 27,10,27,28 for the sequence of
codes.

You can also change printer driver
DMP400/CTL or LP8/CTL by replac-
ing the half-reverse line feed code with
the code for a full-reverse line feed fol-
lowed by a half-forward line feed (sec-
ond half of Listing 1). This lets you use
the control-* code exactly as normal,
and there is no interference with any
observable function of SuperScrip-
sit 1.1.

You must type in the patches exactly
as shown below, and only to your back-
up copies of the program (building a
do-file is a very convenient way to save
on repeated typing).

Ian McCauley

Department of Biochemistry

University of Western Australia

Nedlands, 6009

LPVffl Expanded Graphics

In Jim Hanson's letter to Input (June
1983, p. 12), his program to display
screen graphics to the LPVIII prints
graphics horizontally shortened by one
third.

Program Listing 2 is a modification
to Hanson's program that solves this
problem. Lines 900 and 910 define the
block and space print location. Line 920
defines the tab (LPVIII POS command)
to center the display on the page.

Don Moore

P.O. Box 1405

Coconut Grove, FL 33133

Machine-Specific Programs

I am distressed by the concept,
stressed throughout 80 Micro, that
every program published must be com-
patible with both the Model I and
Model III.

Most of the programs in your maga-
zine that run on the Model III also run
on a Model I, and it's the same story for
many software companies.

The reasons for this phenomenon are
simple and well intentioned: Having the
same program work on both machines
satisfies twice as many people, means

12 • 80 Micro, December 1983

LOOK WHO'S

NEW DEMO HOTLINE C212) 296 0399

TALKING

VSlOO

VOICE SYNTHESIZER FOR
MODEL I, III, IV

• Unlimited vocabulary.

• Automatic inflection.

• Proven VOTRAX technology.

• We use the famous VOTRAX
SC01 phoneme synthesizer. 4 pro-
gramable pitch level.

• Built in audio amplifier with volume
control.

• You can add voice to any basic pro-
gram in minutes.

^Super efficient: one single line in
Basic will produce a full sentence!

• Works with any speaker (or add
$5.95 for handsome speaker
module).

• Price breakthrough: same perfor-
mance as units costing hundreds
of dollars.

^Voice editor will help you create
unlimited number of words, sound
effects, etc.

• Hundreds of applications— now
cost effective in education, robo-
tics, speech therapy, monitoring,
games, aid to handicapped, secur-
ity, prompting... .

• Fully assembled and tested, 90-Day
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^Ready to plug in and talk.
^As usual our 15-day money back
guaranty protects you.

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and numbers up to 99.999.999.999,999! Talking is as simple as: PRINT • "I talk! 1 ' Machine language DISK or TAPE
only $19 95

VS 100

Order #C201 for MODEL I

C203 for MODEL III or IV

Price includes Synthesizer Module, Power Supply,

Instructions, Editing and Demo Software.

Speaker Module not included, add $5.95

Text to Speech Software $19.95

m iiiiiii m SUPER CONTEST iiimimiiiiiiiiiiiii
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* 17

ADD S3. 00 PER OROER FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING.
WE ACCEPT VISA. MASTERCARD. CHECKS, MO.
COO AOD S3 00 EXTRA.
NY RESIDENTS ADO SALES TAX
OVERSEAS. FPO. APO. ADO 10%
JLEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE.

INPUT

In our "Buyer's Guide to Disk
Drives and Disks" (June 1983, p.
234), we omitted Micro Design.
Micro Design (6301 Manchaca
Road, Austin, TX 78745, 800-531-
5002) markets one 40-track, 5 '/i -inch
disk drive for the Model I, and three
systems for the Model 111.

Micro Design offers 40-track,
single-sided 5 X A -inch disk drives with
250K storage capacity (first upgrade
is $399, second internal drive is
$189.95). Also available are 40-
track, double-sided disk drives with
500K storage capacity (first drive
upgrade is $474, second drive is
$274), and 40-track, 5 l /4-inch,
double-sided drives with 500K stor-
age capacity (disk drive upgrade is
$495, additional slim line drive is
$295).

In the September Input column (p.
12), we omitted the program listing
for Howard Potvin's letter. Program
Listing 6 eliminates the extra alpha
column headings in John Corbani's
Minicalc program (May 1983, p.
140).

Line 470 contains the code to set
an Epson printer to 132 characters
per inch, and Potvin changed the
reference to the number of columns
in line 110 from 14 to 15. Line 475
sets unidirectional printing and
checks for number of columns.

If you have eight or fewer col-
umns, set Q to 1 and drop to line 480.
If you have more than eight, set Q to
9 and go to line 476 to print the first
eight columns. Then go to line 480
and print the rest. Line 49 keeps the
underline length correct.

These changes print the full ^col-
umns by 26 rows on one sheet of
standard sized paper.

Richard Green's review of Power
DOT (October 1983, p. 80) contains
a minor error. On page 84, the two
angles referred to as 150 degrees are
actually 15 degrees.

you have to write only one version of
the program, and guarantees that you
can keep the software if you upgrade
from a Model I to a Model III.

I cannot help thinking, however, that
this practice is short-changing owners of
Model Ills and modified Model I's.
These programs don't let me use my
special features at all.

As an example, Radio Shack obvi-
ously designed its Series I Editor/ Assem-
bler for a Model I. Only the left shift key
works, and I must use the low cassette
speed. To generate lowercase charac-
ters, I have to depress the shift key.

Ideally you should have two versions
of the same program, each designed for
its own individual machine. An excel-
lent example of this is Frolic, the ma-
chine-language monitor contained in
the book TRS-80—More Than Basic,
by John Froehlich.

Mr. Froehlich wrote two different
monitor programs, one for each model,
each version using its own model's
special features. Why can't major soft-
ware manufacturers do this as well?

1 urge the editors of 80 Micro to en-
courage machine-specific program sub-
missions. Once you have such pro-
grams, you could convert them, much
the same as you do in the Take II
column.

I have used both the Model I and the
Model III, and it isn't difficult to alter
existing generic programs to fully utilize
each machine's specialties.

Once people stop bunching together
the Model I and III as one machine, the
owners of both will be better off. How-
ever, the trend does not seem to be in
that direction.

A serious flaw in Model 4 Basic is the

necessity of separating each Basic key
word with a space. Will programs pub-
lished in the future in magazines and on
disk and tape have spaces between each
keyword, to make every program com-
patible with that machine too? I sincere-
ly hope not.

Mark Allen Reed

Box 459- A

Lyme Center, NH 03769

AIDS-III Space Saver

Although the AIDS-III packages pub-
lished in the March and April 1983 is-
sues (p. 136 and p. 168, respectively) of
80 Micro are the most useful to be
found, they take up a lot of disk space.

I've come up with a way to save a
great deal of disk space and keep several
files on one disk.

Make up individual data lists (all
starting at line 5000) and save them as
ASCII files (use the ,A option). Then
make up a menu for the programs
you've developed (see Program Listing
3), plug the menu into lines 1-7 of the
AIDS package, and you can use the
same basic AIDS program to load any
number of data files.

After you type in RUN, the program
asks if you've loaded a program yet.
Answer anything but Y. The program
then brings up the menu. By selecting
the number of the desired data file, you
can merge it with the original AIDS
package. At the ready prompt, type
RUN, answer Y this time, and press the
enter key.

Using this procedure, I'm able to get
AIDS-III, MAPS-IU, MERGE-IH,
CALCS-III, and eight data files (saved
in ASCII), their descriptor files, and
their record files on one disk.

1 CLS:PRINT§596, "HAS A PROGRAM BEEN LOADED YET?": INPUT A$: IF
A$="Y" THEN 10 ELSE 3

3 CLS:PRINT§74, "THE FOLLOWING PROGRAMS ARE DEVELOPED:": PRINT32
02, "1. VIDEO LISTINGS.": PRINTS266 , "2. FOOD CABINET INVENTORY.":
PRINTS330,"3. FREEZER INVENTORY. ":PRINT03 94, "4. FRIENDLY PARTIES
.":PRINTe458,"5. HOUSEHOLD INVENTORY."

4 PRINTg522,"6. SUBORDERS.": PRINT§586 , "7. UNDEFINED.": PRINTg65
0,"8. EXIT PROGRAM.": PRINT§842, "SELECT CHOICE...": INPUTN: IFN<
10RN>8 THENCLS: GOTO 3 ELSE CLS

5 IFN=1 THENPRINTG596, "MERGING VIDEO PROGRAM": MERGE "VIDEODES/F
IL" ELSEIFN-2 THEN PRINT3596, "MERGING FOOD CABINET PROGRAM": ME
RGE "FOODDES/FIL" ELSEIFN-3 THEN PRINTg596, "MERGING FREEZER PRO
GRAM": MERGE"FREEZDES/FIL" ELSE6 .

6 IF N-4 THENPRINT§596, "MERGING FRIENDLY PROGRAM": MERGE"FRENDDE
S/FIL" ELSEIFN=5 THEN PRINT0596 , "MERGING INVENTORY PROGRAM": MER
GE "HOUSEDES/FIL" ELSEIFN=6 THENPRINT3596 , "MERGING SUBORDER PROG
RAM": MERGE "SUBSDES/FIL" ELSE7

7 IF N-8 THEN STOP: ENDELSEIF N>80RN<8 THENCLS: FORI=1TO100 : PRI
NT8596 , "UNDEFINED. . . " :NEXTI :GOT03

Program Listing 3. Menu for the AIDS-III program.

14 • 80 Micro, December 1983

THE

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Model IV: order model III version

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Compatibility: Newclock-80 is
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Installation is very simple, no tools, no
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Int. @. Model 111 Newciock fits the 50 pin
card edge (underneath) Q

The Software: Newciock 80 is as easy to
use as it is to install. "SET*, a Basic
program, is used only once to set the time
and date and select 12 or 24 hour format.
"TIMESTR". also in Basic, patches your
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Newclock-80. It also adds "TIMES" to
keyboard-only systems, a short routine is
simply "poked" into low memory

Newclock-80 uses 12 ports (176 to 188)
6 for the time, 6 for the date. The data is
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INPUT

Now if someone can show me a way
to get Basic to run after a merge without
typing in RUN, I'd really be happy!

James T. Krywalski
80 Lockwood A ve.
Buffalo, NY 14220

AIDS-m Error

An error exists in the lowercase sup-
port program modifications that ap-
peared in the August 1983 issue of 80
Micro (p. 12). The modifications sup-
port the lowercase characters, but dis-
able the up-arrow (Kl) key so it no
longer functions to move the cursor to
the previous entry lines.

I corrected this by adding and chang-
ing the following program lines to the
AIDS-HI program, in addition to mak-
ing the changes that appeared in the
August 1983 issue.

170 IFIC = 91THENIC = 6

2000 U$ = CHR$(91): CC$ = U$+ CHR$(K2) +

CHR$(K5)+ CHR$(K6)+ CHR$(K9)
3744 DATA 13,6,10,8,9,27,26,24.25,31,3

I use 123 instead of 6 in lines 170 and
3744, but suggest the use of 6. It's
shorter and appears to work, although I
haven't tested it thoroughly.

Also, line 640 of the August modifi-
cations for AIDS-III has a slight error in
the last statement. SV = FV$ should
read SV$ = FV$ to conform with the
original program and the MAPS-III and
CALCS-III changes.

Darrell Lee

The Food and Drug Administration

c/o Administration Building,

Room 1033

1745 W. 1700 South St.

Salt Lake City, UT 84104

Maze Chase PEEK

The changes in Program Listing 4 are
for Leonard Karr's Maze Chase game
(August 1983, p. 272). They let you hold
one key down and continue to move un-
til you release the key.

Mike Cessna

610 N. 54th St.

Springfield, OR 97477

High-Speed POKE

For the Model 4 owner, Model III
software operates at the Model 4's
higher speed by utilizing the following

POKE from Basic:

POKE 16912,104 (to speed up)

POKE 16912,40 (to slow down)

When assembled, the source code in
Program Listing 5 permits toggling the

16 • 80 Micro, December 1983

speed-up off and on from the DOS

READY command line.

R. L. Stuart
15434 Sherman Way
Van Nuys, CA 91406

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THE NEXT STEP

by Hardin Brothers

Last month, I explained a simple util-
ity that displayed all current vari-
ables in a running Basic program. This
month, as promised, I'D explain how to
add a new feature to that utility: the
ability to display the current value of
any current variable.

After the program displays each
screen of active variables, you'll be able
to either press the enter key to go on to
the next page or type in a variable name.
If you enter a variable name, its value
appears on the screen until you press a
key; then you again face the choice of
pressing the enter key or typing in an-
other variable name.

Much of Program Listing 1 is iden-
tical to last month's program. Realizing
you probably won't want to type in the
same program again, I've marked all
new or modified lines with an asterisk at
the beginning of the comment column.
Some line numbers have changed, but if
a program block doesn't have any
marked lines, you won't need to change
anything in the source code. You will,
however, have to delete lines 2550 and

'torrej.

illUJL

Displaying

the values

of variables

2610-2670 from last month's program.
After you've added the new lines, type
N 100, 10 and be sure you end up with
the same last line as the listing.

The first major change in the pro-
gram, aside from some new EQU state-
ments and a new ORG address, occurs
in lines 960-1040, where I've added a

Address Description

RST 18 hex Compares the values in ihe DE and HL register pairs. Sets flags to show results:

Carry HL<DE

No Carry HL> = DE

Zero HL = DE

Not Zero HLODE

0049 hex Waits for single keyboard input — returns ASCII value of input key in A regis-

ter. Uses AF and DE registers.

01C9 hex Clears screen, resets cursor to top of screen, sets 64-character mode, and turns
off cassette port (Basic's CLS routine).

033A hex Displays character in A on screen at next print position. Uses AF.

05D9 hex Inputs line from keyboard. On entry, HL points to buffer to hold input, B holds
maximum number of characters to input. You terminate input by pressing the
enter or break key. On output, HL points to start of text, B equals actual input
length (except terminator), C holds original value of B, A holds ASCII value of
terminating character, C flag is set only if input is terminated with the break key.

0A9A hex Current value in HL is loaded into Basic's workspace/accumulator, and the
variable type flag is set to 02 (integer).

0ACC hex Value in workspace/accumulator changed from integer to single precision.

0FDB hex Converts value in work workspace/accumulator into display form, and returns
address of resulting string in HL.

2540 hex Loads value of variable into workspace/accumulator. On entry, HL points to

first character of variable name. On exit, HL points to first character following
variable name.

2B75 hex Output a string to current output device. On entry, HL points to first character

of string, which must end with a zero byte.

Figure. ROM routines used in the variable display programs.

flag-handling routine. This program
uses ROM routines to read and decipher
the keyboard. However, the entire pro-
gram starts with decoding a special
combination of three keys: the shift,
down-arrow, and V keys. If the utility is
active (displaying variables) and the op-
erator again pushes the control/V key
combination, the program doubles
back on itself recursively. The screen
and cursor buffers are overwritten, and
the program ends up in an endless loop.

To avoid such problems, line 970
reads a flag that shows whether the util-
ity program is currently running. If the
program sets the 1-byte flag to zero, it
ignores control/V and invokes the regu-
lar keyboard driver. If the utility pro-
gram sets the flag to any other value
(generally OFF hexadecimal (hex)) it
knows that it's not currently running
and lets itself be invoked. The utility
sets the flag to zero when you enter the
program and resets to OFF hex during
the Done routine as the program returns
control to Basic.

The flag avoids the problems that re-
cursion would create, but it can cause
another problem: Some ROM routines
that the program calls generate an error
condition. If an error occurs, the ROM
routine reports the error on the screen
and returns control to Basic's READY
prompt, bypassing the normal flag reset
in Done. The flag remains set at zero
and you won't be able to use the utility
because it reacts as if it's already being
used. To reactivate the program, you
have to POKE any non-zero value into
the flag's location (0BFFF hex if you
don't change the ORG value).

The second addition to the pro-
gram is the routine called NOKEY.
I found that 1 occasionally fail to
release the control/V key sequence
quickly enough, so one of the keys is
read as part of the variable name. The
NOKEY routine guards against this by
refusing to let the program start until
you've released all the keys. The B regis-
ter is used as a counter to help delay the
NOKEY reading to avoid keybounce. If
you still have a problem with spurious
key reads, increase the time of the loop
by using BC as a counter.

The ENDSCR routine is almost en-
tirely new and contains the crux of this

22 • 80 Micro, December 1983

THE NEXT STEP

month's modification. After correctly
positioning the print cursor, the pro-
gram prints a CHR$(1F hex) on the
screen. That control character clears the
screen from the present print position to
the end of the screen. This is necessary
to erase any characters left from a
previous variable and value display.

Then, after the program displays the
prompt message, line 2830 points HL at
an input buffer and sets B to the
buffer's length in preparation for ac-
cepting a typed-in variable name. Since
both DOS and Basic have input buffers,
you may wonder why they weren't used
instead of dedicating space to a third
buffer. I didn't use the DOS buffer be-
cause there is no guarantee it will be in
the same position with different DOS
systems, or with different versions of
the same DOS. I left the Basic buffer
alone because you might want to call up
the variable display while writing or
editing a line of Basic and not wish to
return to a line filled with garbage.

After you set up HL and B, the pro-
gram calls the ROM routine LINEIN.
This routine accepts keyboard input of
a string up to the maximum length set in
register B. With each keystroke, the
character appears on the screen and is
stored in the buffer to which HL points.
The routine reacts normally to back-
spacing and other control characters.
On return, the B register contains the
number of characters actually entered
except for the terminating character
(enter or break). If you press the break
key, the program sets the carry flag.

If you press the break key during
variable input and set the carry flag, the
program loops back to the prompt and
again awaits operator input. If B equals
zero, you pressed the enter key without
any additional characters, so the screen
clears and control returns to the display
routines.

If you input any additional charac-
ters, the program assumes it has a
variable name in the buffer. First, the
program establishes a new cursor posi-
tion. Then it prints the variable name
followed by an equal sign. The program
points HL at the variable name again
and calls the ROM routine VALACU.
VALACU (2540 hex) is a complex
routine that takes the variable name at
which HL points, evaluates that vari-
able, transfers its value to the low mem-
ory accumulator, and sets a flag to indi-
cate the variable type (integer, string,

Program Listing 1. Current variable display.

033A
2B75
01C9

0A9A

&ACC
OFBD
05D9
2540
40AF
0049

4016
4020

3804
3840
3880

3C00
3F7B
3F88

40F9
40FB
40FD

B9C5
B9C8
B9CB
B9CC
B9CE
B9D1
B9D5
B9D6
B9DA

2A1640
11 DDF, 9
DF
280C
22F0B9

00100

00110

00120

00130

00140

00150

00160

00170

00180

00190

00200

00210

00220

00230

00240

00250

00260

00270

00280

00290

00300

00310

00320

00330

00340

00350

00360

00370

00380

00390

00400

00410

00420

0C430

00440

00450

00460

00470

00480

00490

00500

00 510

00520

00530

00540

0055C

D0B6C

00570

00580

00590

00600

006 10

00620

0O63C

00640

00650

00660

00670

006 80

006 90

00700

00710

Current Variable Display *

On <Shift> <Dwn-arrow> <V> *
shows two screens (or more)*
1st — all defined, simple *

variables *

2nd — all defined array *

variables *

After each screen, values *
of current variables may *
be listed. *

[Listing of routines and addresses:

PR1ST1
PRINT
CLS
HLACUM

ACINSN
ACUSTR
LINEIN
VALACU
VTFLAG
WAITKY

KBDVR
CURSAD

ROW 3
R01.-7

RGW8

VIDEO

ENDDSP

PRTPOS

SVT
AVT
FREE

EQU
EQU

EQU

EQU
EQU
EQU
EQU
EQU
EC'-'
EQU

EQU

EQU
EQU

EQU

ECU
EQU

033AH
2B75H
01C9H
0A9AH
0ACCH
0FBDH
05D9H
2540H
40AFH
0O49H

40161!
402011

380411
3840H
3880H

3C001I
3F7BH
3F88H

;PRINT 1 CHAR.
; PRINT STRING
; CLEAR SCREEN
;HL==> RAM ACCUMULATOR
;ACCUM. VALUE INT=>SINGLE
;ACCUM => ASCII STRING
;*ROM LINE INPUT ROUTINE
;* VALUE OF VAR. = > ACC'JM
; 'VARIABLE TYPE MARKER
.-•GET SINGLE KB INPUT

;KB DRIVER ADDRESS

; CURSOR POSITION ADDRESS

;P-W KEYBOARD ROW
;ENT L ARROWS KB ROW
; SHIFT KEYBOARD ROW

;TOP OF SCREEN

;LAST LINE FOR DISPLAY

;ADDR. FOR PROMPT DISPLAY

EQU 4411:1 fMEMTOP FOR MOD. Ill DISK

use 4049H for MODI DisK, 40B1H for tape systems

EQU

40F9U

40FBH

4 0FDH

;BEG. OF VARIABLE LIST
;BEC. OF ARRAY LIST
;BEG. OF FREE SPACE

First, patch routine into keyboard
driver, being careful to save current
driver aduress, and reset MEMTOP.

0B9C5H j CHANGE ORG TO RELOCATE

this address for top of 32K RAM

ED531640 OC720

IB 00730

ED531144 007 40

C32D40 00750

00760

00770

007 80

00790

LD
LD
RST
JR

LD
LD
DEC

LD
JP

HL, [KBDVR)
DE,TEST
18H

Z,SET10
(RETURN+1) ,HL
(KBDVR) ,DE
DE

(MEMTOP) ,DE
40 2DH

;GET CURRENT DRIVER ADDR.

;GET ROUTINE ADDR.

; COMPARE DE i HL

;GO IF ALREADY SET

;SET RETURN ADDR.

;SET 'TEST' AS KB DRIVER

;DE=TEST-1

;SET MEMTOP
; RETURN TO DOS

SET10

Line 750 should be JP 1A19H for tape systems

NOW test for <SHIFT> <DOWN-ARROW> <V>

B9DD 3A4038
B9E0 E610
B9E2 280B
B9E4 3A8038
B9E7 B7
B9E8 2805
B9EA 3A0438
B9ED E640
B9EF CA0000

B9F2 CD25BB
B9F5 3AFFBF
B9F8 B7
B9F9 2806
B9FB AF
B9FC 32FFBF
B9FF 1805

BA01 CD2EBB
UA04 18E9

BA06 06FF

00810 TEST

00820

00830

00840

00850

00360

00870

00880

00890

00900

00910

00920

00930

00940

00950

00960

00970

00980

00990

01000

01010

01020

01030

01040

01050

01060

01070

LD
AND
JR
LD
OR
JR
LD
AND
RETURN JP

A , ( ROW7 )

10H

Z, RETURN

A, (ROWS)

2, RETURN

A, (ROW3)

40H

Z.0000H

<Shift> <down-arrow> <V>
Check flag status.
Save all registers.
Save screen i then clear

CALL

XOR

NOTNOW CALL
JR

PL'S HAL
A, (FLAG)
A

Z , NOTNOW
A

(FLAG) ,A
NOKEY

POPAL
RETURN

B.255

GET DWN-ARW ROW

IS IT DWN-ARW?

GO IF NOT

GET SHIFT ROW

SET FLAGS

GO IF NO SHIFT KEY

GET P-W ROW

CHECK FOR V

SETUP PUTS VALUE HERE

have been pressed.

SAVE ALL REGISTERS
•GET FLAG REGISTER
•SET F REGISTER
*GO IF ZERO
•SET A TO ZERO
•SET FLAG REGISTER
•AND GO

•RESTORE REGISTERS

'GO TO NORMAL KB DRIVER

•SET FOR TIMING LOOP

Lifting I continued

80 Micro, December 1983 • 23

THE NEXT STEP

Lislmx 1 continued

BA08

3AFF3B

01080 NOKEY5

A, (3BFFK)

;*CHECK FOR ANY KEY

BA0B

01090

; *SET FLAGS

BAOC

2CFA

01100

NZ,NOKEY5

;*LOOP UNTIL ALL KEYS UP

bAOL

IDF 8

81118
C1120

DJNZ

NCKEY5

;«LOOP FOR KEY BOUNCE

BAie

11FOBB

01130 SAVE

DE.SCRBUF

;DE = = ■• SCREEN BUFFER

BA13

210C3C

01140

HL, VIDEO

;HL--> SCREEN

BA16

813084

31153

I.D

EC, 4001:

;EC = SCREEN LENGTH

BA19

EDBO

01168

LDIR

I MOVE SCREEN

RA1B

2A2840

01170

HL, (CURS AD J

;GET CURRENT CURSOR ADDR .

EA1L

22FDBF

01180

(CRSEUF) ,HL

;AND SAVE IT ALSO

BA21

CDC981

81190

CALL

CLS

; CLEAR THE SCREEN

3A24

21883F

01200

HL,PRTPCS

;CET PRINT POSITION

M27

222040

01210
01220

, CURS AD) ,HL

;MOVE CURSOR AWAY

C123C

Now g

et list

cf si-ple (not

array) variables and print

01240

each

on the

screen .

0125?

bA2A

DD2AF940

01260

IX, (SVT)

;IX==>VARIABLE LIST

BA2L

21003C

0127e

HL, VIDEO

;HL--> SCREEN

BA31

FD21E2BB

C12e8

I Y, TYPES

;IY--> VAR. TYPE TABLE

BA3 5

01290 \

'AS 1

PUSH

;SAVE SCREEN PTR.

EA36

DDES

81300

PUSH

;MOVE VAR. LIST PTR

BA38

1 3 1

POP

; TO HL

BA39

ED5BFE40

01320

DE, (AVTJ

;GET END OF VAR. TABLE

BA3D

31338

RST

18H

;C? HL:DE

BA3E

8134C

POP

• ; RECOVER SCREEN PTR.

BA3F

333E

01350
01360

NC, ARRAY

;GO IF NC MORE VARIABLES

BA41

DD4600

01370

B, (IX)

;GET VARIABLE TYPE

BA44

DD7E82

01380

A, (IX*2)

;1ST LETTER OF VAR. NAME

BA47

31390

(HL) ,A

; PRINT IT

3A4 8

01403

INC

;BUMP POINTER

3A4 9

DD7E01

01410

A,(IX*1)

;2SD LETTER OF VAR. NAME

BA4C

01420

;SET FLAGS

3A4D

2802

81430

Z, VAR 20

;GC IF ZERO

BA4F

C1440

(HL) ,A

;ELSE PRINT IT

BA50

01450

INC

;AND BUMP POINTER

BA51

01460

/AR2C

A,B

;GET VARIABLE TYPE

BA5 2

01470

DEC

; DECREASE BY TWO TO

BA53

01480

DEC

ALIGN KITH TABLE

BA54

3259BA

01498

(IYPTR+2) ,A

;USF. FOR OFFSET

BA57

FD7E0O

01500

YPTR

A,(IY*0)

;GET TYPE SYMBOL

BA5A

01510

(HL) ,A

;PUT ON SCREEN

BA5B

01520

INC

[BUMP POINTER

BA5C

01533
01540

I HC

;ANU AGAIN FOR SPACE

BA5D

DD23

01550

INC

;GET PAST HEADER

BA5F

DD23

01560

INC

; KITH THREE

BA61

DD23

01570

INC

; INCREMENTS

BA63

DD23

01560

1/AR30

INC

;KOVE PAST VAR. INFO

BA6 5

leFC

01590
01600
01610

cncck

DJNZ

screen

VAR3 8

; DEPENDING ON VAR. TYPE
;IX = = • NEXT VARIABLE

BA67

117B3F

0162C

DE,ENI)DSP

;LAST PRINT POS.

BA6A

01630

RST

18K

;CP HL:DE

BA6B

D437IS1)

01640

CALL

NC.F.NDSCR

;GC IF SCREEN FULL

BA6E

7T'

01650

I.D

A,l.

;GET LSB OF SCREEN PTR.

BA6F

E6 3F

01660

AMD

JFH

; riAHi: BITS 6 i, 7

BA71

FE3C

31670

3CH

;Ef.'D OF LINK?

EA7 3

3 8C0

01680

C, VAR 18

; RETURN IF NOT

BA7 5

1140OC

01690

DE,40!i

;I.IME OFFSET

BA78

B17B0

ADD

;HL=-> NEXT LINE

BA79

01710

A,L

;GET LSB

BA7A

E6CC

01720

AND

OCCH

.-MASK OUT BITS 0-5

5A7C

01730

L,A

;KL==> START OF NEXT LINE

3A7D

16B6

81740

81750

VAR 10

;./: 7 ,•■:: 7HFR VAFIABLE

."1768

•Now snow arrays

017 7

BA7F

CD37BB

01780

ARRAY

CALL

EKDSCR

;NEW SCHEEN FOR ARRAYS

BA82

DD2AFB48

81790

IX.(AVT)

;IX-= ARRAY TALL:

BA86

DDE5

81838

ARR18

PUSH

; TRANSFER PTR TO

BAee

>"• 1 ;• 1 C

POP

; TO HL

BA8S

ED5BFD40

01620

DE, (FREE)

;DE">EHD OF ARRAYS

BA8D

01r38

RST

18H

;CP HL:DE

BA8L

3075

01840

01858

nc.dcn:

;GO IF END OF TABLE

BA90

DD46O0

01868

B,(IX+0)

;GET VARIABLE TYPE

3A93

DD7EC2

01870

A, (IX*2)

;1ST LETTER OF VAR. NAME

3A96

CD3A03

CI 880

CALL

PRINT1

;PPINT A

BA99

DD7E01

Clr.90

A, (IX-fl)

;2ND LETTER CF VAR. NAME

BA9C

81900

;SET FLAGS

BA9D

2803

01910

Z,ARR20

;GC IF

BA9F

CD3A03

01920

CALL

PRINT1

;ELSE PRINT IT

3AA2

01930

ARR20

A,B

;GET VAR. TYPE VALUE

BAA 3

81940

DEC

; SUBTRACT TWO TO

BAA 4

01950

DEC

; ALIGN WITH TABLE

BAA 5

3 2AABA

01960

;IYP7P.2*2) ,A

; ADDRESS TABLE

BAA8

FD7E00

01970

IYPTR2

I.D

A, (IY+0)

;GET TYPE SYMBOL

BAAB

CD3A83

01980

CALL

PRINT1

;AND PRINT IT

3AAE

3E28

C199C

A,'( '

(PAREN. CHAR.

BAUD

CD3A03

02800
02018

CALL

PRINT1

;AND PRINT IT

BAB 3

DD4E0 5

02020

I.D

C.UX+5)

;GET • OF DIMENSIONS

BAB6

DD5E0 3

02838

E,(IX+3)

;DF. WILL HAVE OFFSET

BAB9

DD5604

02040

I.D

D, (IX+4)

TO NEXT ARRAY

BABC

DDE5

02058

PUSH

; TRANSFER IX VALUE TO

BABE

206

POP

; HI. REGISTER

BABF

02070

ADD

HL.DE

;ADD OFFSET

Listing t continued

single precision, or double precision). If
the variable is a string, its VARPTR ad-
dress is loaded into the accumulator in-
stead of its value.

Next, the program checks the vari-
able type flag. If the type flag equals 3,
the variable is a string, and control pass-
es to STRDSP in line 3140. Otherwise,
the ROM routine ACUSTR, which I
described last month, changes the vari-
able's value into an ASCII string and
the program prints that string. Then the
ROM routine WAITKY (0049 hex),
which waits for any keyboard input, is
used to freeze the display until you press
any key before the program loops back
to END10. WAITKY takes the place of
last month's GETENT, which is no
longer included in the program.

If the variable is a string, IX points to
its VARPTR address (line 3210). Then
the program loads B with the string's
length and HL with its location in mem-
ory. Because the string is not terminated
with a 00 hex byte, you cannot use the
normal Print routine. Instead, the pro-
gram calls the PRTSTR routine at line
3280 to print the string.

PRTSTR first checks the string's
length. If it is zero, control returns im-
mediately without any further process-
ing. Otherwise, the program prints the
string with a DJNZ loop until B is dec-
remented to zero.

For quick reference, the Figure sum-
marizes the ROM routines and low-
memory pointers used by this month's
and last month's programs. Before you
add the ROM routines to your own pro-
grams, you must exercise caution. Some
ROM routines (2B75 hex is a notorious
example) only work properly if Basic is
initialized. If you use a tape system, you
never have to worry because Basic is ini-
tialized automatically when you turn on
the power.

However, if you use a disk system,
you can use programs with ROM rou-
tines only if you've loaded Disk Basic
since you turned on the computer. If
you find a program, particularly a mag-
azine program, that doesn't work as it
should, try going to Disk Basic, re-
turning to DOS, and rerunning it.

The problem is that ROM Basic was
written to be expanded in two ways.
Each expansion necessitates an exit
from ROM to a patch point in low
memory. The first type of expansion is
the addition of Disk Basic command
verbs (CMD", INSTR, OPEN, DEF,

24 • 80 Micro, December 1983

TRS-80 MODEL 4

Word Processing Program

Works with TRSOOS 6.0

90K TEXT BUFFER when expanded memory is installed.

Built-in FORM LETTER and MAIL-MERGE capabilities.

Performs PROPORTIONAL-SPACE right-margin justification on

over 60 different printers (all drivers included FREE).
□ Same powerful editing features as ZORLOF II, with dozens more

features added.
a Versions also available to run on MODEL I, MODEL III, LNW-80.

PMC-80, and MAX-80 (80x24 display).

LeScript costs '200 less than

competing products matching its capabilities.

^^^^^^Bj

CALL 1-305-259-9397 yANZTEK

FREE SHIPPING WITHIN THE U.S.; OUTSIDE THE U.S. ADD $10.00 FOR SHIPPING; FLORIDA RESIDENTS ADD b% SALES TAX ALL ORDERS PREPAID
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THE NEXT STEP

Listing 1 continued

BAC0 110500

02080

DE,5

; OFFSET FOR HEADER

BAC3 19

02090

ADD

HL F DE

;HL"> NEXT ARRAY

BAC4 E5

02100
02110 ;

PUSH

;SAVE ADDRESS

BAC5 0606

02120

B,6

rBUNP IX 6 TIMES

BAC7 DD23

02130 ARR3

INC

; SO IX==> SIZE OF

BAC9 10FC

02140
02150 ;

DJNZ

ARR30

; 1ST DIMENSION

BACB 41

02160

B,C

;GET # OF DIM.

BACC CB20

02170

SLA

.•MULTIPLY BY TWO

BACE DD23

02180 ARR40

IMC

|BUHP POINTER

BAD0 liPC

C2190
02200 ;

DJNZ

ARR40

; UNTIL PAST DIM SIZES

BAD2 41

02210

B,C

;GET # OF DIM. AGAIN

BAD3 DD2B

02220 ARR50

DEC

;DROP IX UNTIL IT

BAD5 DD2B

02230

DEC

; POINTS TO NEXT DIM.

BAD7 DD6E00

02240

L,(IX+0)

;CET LSB OF DIM SIZE

BADA DD6601

02250

H, (IX+1)

; AND MSB

BADD 2B

02260

DEC

; CORRECT FOR ELEMENT

BADE CDB2BB

02270
02280 ;

CALL

ASCPRT

;PRINT AS ASCII

BAE1 3E2C

02290

A, ' , '

;GET COMMA CHAR.

BAE3 CD3A03

02300

CALL

PRINTl

;AND PRINT IT

BAE6 10EB

02310
02320 ;

DJNZ

ARR50

; REPEAT FOR ALL DIM.S

BAE8 212040

02330

HL,CURSAD

;HL==>CURSOR POS'N

BAEB 3 5

02340

DEC

(HL)

;MOVE BACK OVER LAST ","

BAEC 3E29

02350

A,') '

;GET CLOSE PAREN.

BAEE CD3A03

02360

CALL

PRINTl

;AND PRINT IT

BAF1 3E20

02370

A, ' '

,-NOW AN ASCII SPACE

BAF3 CD3A03

02380

CALL

PRINTl

,-AND PRINT IT

BAF6 2A2040

02390

HL, (CURSAD)

;GET CURSOR POS'N

BAF9 117B3F

02400

DE,ENDDSP

;END OF PRINT AREA

BAFC DF

02410

RST

18H

;CP HL:DE

BAFD D437BB

02420
02430 ;

CALL

NC, ENDSCR

;GO IF SCREEN FULL

BB00 DDE1

02440

POP

;IX==> NEXT ARRAY

BB02 C386BA

02450
02460 ;

ARR10

;GO TO WORK ON IT

BB05 CD37BB

02470 DONE

CALL

ENDSCR

;ASK FOB ENTER

BB08 21FDBB

02480

HL,SCRBUF

;HL«=>SCREEN BUFFER

BB0B 11003C

02490

DE, VIDEO

;DE==>SCREEN

BB0E 010004

02500

BC400H

;BC » SCREEN LENGTH

BB11 EDB0

02510

LDIR

;MOVE TO SCREEN

BB13 2AFDBF

02520

HL, (CRSBUF)

;GET OLD CURS. POS'N

BB16 222040

02530

(CURSAD) ,HL

;AND RESTORE IT

BB19 3EFF

02540

A,0FFH

;*VALUE FOR RECUR. FLAG

BB1B 32FFBF

02550

(FLAG) ,A

;*RESET RECURS. FLAG

BB1E CD2EBB

02560

CALL

POPAL

; RESTORE REGISTERS

BB21 AF

02570

XOR

;A & Z-FLAG SHOW

BB22 C3EFB9

02580
02590 ;

RETURN

; RETURN TO BASIC

BB25 E3

02600 PUSUAL

(SP) ,HL

;HL ON STACK; SAVE RET

BB26 C5

02610

PUSH

;SAVE ALL REGS

BB27 D5

02620

PUSH

BB28 DDE5

02630

PUSH

BB2A FDE5

02640

PUSH

BB2C E5

02650

PUSH

;ORIG. RET ADDR.TO STACK

BB2D C9

02660

2670 ;

RET

BB2E El

026 80 POPAL

POP

;GET RET. ADDR.

BB2F FDE1

02690

POP

; RESTORE ALL REGS.

BB31 DDE1

02700

POP

BB33 Dl

02710

POP

BB34 CI

02720

POP

BB35 E3

02730

(SP) ,HL

;GET ORIG. HL

BB36 C9

02740
027 50 ;

RET

BB37 CD25BB

02760 ENDSCR

CALL

PUSHAL

;SAVE REGISTERS

BB3A 21883F

02770 END10

HL,PRTPOS

;*HL==>PRINT POSITION

BB3D 222040

02780

(CURSAD) ,HL

;SET CURSOR ADDRESS

BB40 3E1F

02790

A,1FH

;*1F=CLEAR TO END OF FRAME

BB42 CD3A03

02800

CALL

PRINTl

;*PRINT IT

BB45 21C8BB

02810

HL,MSG

;HL==>PROMPT MESSAGE

BB48 CD752B

02820

CALL

; PRINT IT

BB4B 21E9BB

02830

HL.VARBUF

;*HL==> INPUT BUFFER

BB4E 0614

02840

B,20D

;*B=MAX. INPUT LENGTH

BB50 CDD905

02850
02860 ;

CALL

LINEIN

;*GET KEYBOARD INPUT

BB53 38E5

02870

CEND10

;*GO IF <BREAK> HIT

BB55 78

02880

A,B

;*GET INPUT LENGTH

BB56 B7

02890

;*SET FLAGS

BB57 200A

02900

NZ,END20

;*GO IF VARIABLE REQUESTED

BB59 CDC901

02910

CALL

CLS

;ELSE CLEAR SCREEN

BB5C CD2EBB

02920

CALL

POPAL

.•RESTORE REGISTERS

BB5F 21003C

02930

HL, VIDEO

;HL==>SCREEN TOP

BB62 C9

02940
02950 ;

RET

;AND RETURN

BB63 C5

02960 END20

PUSH

;*SAVE VARIABLE LENGTH

BB6 4 0608

02970

B,8

;*FOR 8 SPACES

BB66 3L20

02980

A, ' '

;*A=ASCII SPACE

BB68 CD3A03

02990 END30

CALL

PRINTl

; PRINT

BB6B 10FB

03000

DJNZ

END30

;* 8 SPACES

BB6D CI

03010

POP

.-•RECOVER LENGTH COUNT

BB6E 21E9BB

03020

HL,VARBUF

;*HL==>BEGINNING OF VAR.

BB71 E5

03030

PUSH

;*AND SAVE IT

BB7 2 CDA7BB

03040

CALL

PRTSTR

;*PRINT VAR NAME AS STRING

BB75 3E20

03050

A, ' '

j*A»ASCII SPACE

BB77 CD3A03

03060

CALL

PRINTl

;*AND PRINT IT

BB7A 3E3D

03070

A, '='

;*A= EQUAL SIGN

Listing 1 continued

LOAD, and so on). The execution ad-
dress for each of these new verbs al-
ready exists in ROM, but the operation
code does not — DOS must supply it.
When you boot up a tape system, each
Disk Basic command patch point is
filled with the L3 error's address.

The second type of patch point to
DOS is completely different. Several
ROM routines, including many of the
output routines, include a call to a low-
memory address. When you use a tape
system, a return instruction (0C9 hex) is
loaded into each of those addresses;
when you load Disk Basic, either a re-
turn, or a jump to a special Disk Basic
routine is loaded into each address.
However, when you first boot up DOS,
no values are specifically loaded to
those patch points and any program
that calls them will probably find itself
wandering off into oblivion.

The purpose of the second set of
patch points is to let DOS writers add
new, more powerful features to Basic.
But if you are writing Assembly-lan-
guage programs meant to be compatible
with disk systems and run under DOS,
and you want to use ROM routines, you
should close any patch points your pro-
gram might come across with a 0C9 hex
byte before the ROM routines are
called. The patch points are at addresses
41AC hex, 41AF hex, 41B2 hex, and so
on up to 41E2 hex, on both the Models 1
and III.

Defining Variables

Besides showing the current active
variables, this month's program can
help you improve your Basic program-
ming. Your programs store all simple
variables in memory below all array
variables. If your program uses arrays,
they have to be moved every time you
define or use a new simple variable. If
one of your first program lines dimen-
sions all arrays, it will slow down your
program considerably by the pauses
necessary to shift the arrays up in mem-
ory whenever you use a new simple vari-
able. Your program will run faster if
you define all simple variables before
you dimension arrays.

There are two ways to define simple
variables at the beginning of the pro-
gram. The first, and more structured, is
to give each a pre-set value (such as
A = 0, B = 2, and C = .479). However, if
you're going to set many of the vari-
ables to zero, or if the program will set

26 • 80 Micro, December 1983

THE NEXT STEP

them as it uses them, you can define
simple variables the same way you
define arrays: with the DIM command.
DIM A,B,C defines, and sets up space
for, the three variables listed.

Therefore, a sensible order of com-
mands at the beginning of a program
would be:

• Clear sufficient string space;

• Define or Dimension simple vari-
ables;

• Dimension array variables.

The second lesson to be gained from
variables displays is that the order of
variables in memory makes a differ-
ence. Whenever Bask has to deal with
any variable, it searches the appropriate
'table from the beginning. If it finds the
variable, it continues to process the cur-
rent command. If it can't find the vari-
able, it (usually) must make room for it
and add it to the table.

If your most frequently used vari-
ables are at the bottom of the table, they
will be found faster and your program
will run more quickly. To place them at
the bottom of the table, be sure to de-
fine them first.

One interesting side note — if you ask
Bask for the value of a simple variable
that you have not previously defined,
it searches the SVT and, failing to
find the variable, answers zero for a
numeric variable or " " for a string
variable. However, it will not add the
variable to the SVT.

If you ask Basic for the value of an
element in an array that you haven't
previously defined, Basic first creates
the array in the AVT, using the default
value of 10 for the maximum of each in-
dex, and then reports that the value of
the array element is zero or " ". Be
careful when you use arrays; they can
fill up memory qukkly. The innocuous
looking statement:

DIM A/K7,8.8,8)

requires 46,666 bytes, and uses up al-
most all available memory in a 48K
tape-based Model III.

Random Numbers

In my own programming and in
questions from readers, the subject of
random numbers has come up several
times. There seems to be a misunder-
standing about what a random number
is and how random numbers are gener-
ated internally in Basic.

Listing I continued

BB7C CD3A03
BB7F El
BB80 CD4025

BB83 3AAF40
BB86 FE03
BB88 2B0B

BB8A CDBDBF
BB8D CD752B
BB90 CO4900
BB93 18A5

BB95 DD2A2141
BB99 DD4600
BB9C DD6E01
BB9F DD6602

B3A2 CDA7BB
BBA5 18E9

3BA7 7 3
BBA8 B7
BBA9 ce
BBAA 7E
BBAB CD3A03
BBAE 23
BBAF 10F9
BBB1 C9

BBB2
BBB2
E-BB3
BBB6
BBB7
BBBA
BBBD
BBC0
BBC1
BBC4
BBC 7

CD2SBB

CD9A0A

CDCCOA

CDBDOF

CD752B

CD2EBB

BBC8 56
BBE1 00

BBE2 25
BBE3 24
BBE4 21
BBE5 0000
BBE7 00
BBE8 23

0014

40 3

C332

3FFF FF

B9C5

23000 Tot3l E

03080
03090
03100
03110
03120
03130
03140
03150
03160
03170
03180
03190
03200
03210
03220
03230
03240
03250
03260
03270
03283
03290
03330
03310
03320
C3330
03340
03350
03369
C3370
03380
03390
03400
03410
03420
03430
03440
03450
03460
03470
03480
03490
l'3D0O
03510
03520
U3530
03540
03550
03560
03570
03580
03590
03600
03610
03620
03630
33640
03G50
0366(1
03670
03680
03690
U373i!
03710

CALL
POP

CALL

LD
CP
JR

CALL
CALL
CALL

CALL

PRTS7R LD
OR

RET
LD

CALL
ISC

djn:

RET

EQU

CALL

I J1C

CALL

RET

PRINT1

VALACU

A,(VTFLAG)

Z,STRDSP

ACUSTR
PRINT
WAITKY
END10

IX, (4121H)
B, (IX+0)
L, (IX+1)
H,(IX+2)
PRTSTR
END4C

A,B
A

A,(HL)

PRINT1

HL
PR71D

DE,HL

PL'SHAL

DE,ML

IILACUM

AC I MSN

ACUSTR

POPAI.

;*AND PRINT THAT
;*HL">VARIABLE AGAIN
^VARIABLE'S VALUE* >ACCUK .

;*GET VARIABLE TYPE MASKER
;*IS IT A STRING?
;*GO TO STRING ROUTINE

;*TURN VALUE INTO STRING
;*AND PRINT IT
;*WAIT FOR KEYSTROKE
;*AND REPEAT

;*IX ■ STRING'S VARPTR
;*B- STRING LENGTH
;*NSB OF ADDR.

*HL-->STRING

•PRINT THE STRING

•AND GC

*GE7 STRING LENGTH
•SET FLAGS

•RETURN IF NO LENGTH
•GET CHARACTER
•AND PRINT IT
•BUMP POINTER
•LOOP UNTIL DONE
•RETURN TO CALLER

PRINT HL VAI, ON SCREEN
SAVE HL REG.
SAVE REG?.

recover oric hl value
hl==> accumulator
accum i::t«> single rrec
make accum into string
skip leading space
print value
restorc regs.

; Now tablet message ■ & but Ears

;;sg DtFii

DEFB

TYPES DEFB
DEFB
DEFB
DEFW
DEFB
DEFB

VARBUF DEFS

SCRBUF DEFS
CRSBOF DEFS

FLAG DEFB

'Variable Naxe
00H

BOH
'# '

20D

400K

IFFH

SETUP

>r CENTER > ' ;*
;END OF MSG MARKER

;LIST OF VARIABLE TYPE
; MARKERS

;PAD WITH 3 SPACES

•BUFFER FOR VAR. NAME
LUFFER FOR SCREEN
BUFFER FOR CURSOR POSt
•RECURSION FLAG
END OF PROGRAM

LOOP

A,(3BFFH)

;LOOK FOR KEYSTROKE

;SET FLAGS

Z.LOOP

;LOOP UNTIL STROKE FOUND

A,R

;ELSE GET R VALUE

AND

7FH

;MASK OUT BIT 7

;A HAS RANDOM NUMBER

Program Listing 2. Trigger routine for reading the R register.

First, generating a random number is
simple on a Z80-based machine. The
Z80 uses the R register internally to
signal memory refresh cycles. During
the decoding and execution of every
machine-language instruction, Z80 in-
crements the R register, places it on the
address bus, and generates a memory

refresh signal. Since this occurs while
the Z80 is processing a program instruc-
tion, it takes no extra execution time
and is generally transparent to the run-
ning program.

If, at an unpredictable time, the Z80

reads the R register, its current value is a

random number. For the read's time to

80 Micro, December 1983 • 27

THE NEXT STEP

be truly unpredictable, some event must
trigger it, that, even if repeated fre-
quently, would take much longer than
several machine cycles to occur. One
such triggering event might be a key
pressed by the computer operator.

Try the following experiment to see
how the computer generates random
numbers. Take a digital watch that has
a stopwatch function and can record
hundredths of a second. Start the
watch, wait a moment, and then press
stop. Record the digit in the hundredths
column. Now try to repeat the experi-
ment and stop the watch with the same
value in the hundredths column. Slow
human reflexes combined with the stop-
watch button's resistance make the
digital stopwatch a reasonable random
number generator for numbers between
zero and 9 in the hundredth's column.
No one could purposely stop the watch
with the same digit showing each time.

The Z80 updates the R register much
more frequently than the relatively slow
hundredths of a second display on a

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digital watch. Because bit 7 of the R reg-
ister never changes (you can set that bit
by loading a value into R), reading the
R register at random times produces a
truly random number between zero and

"The Z80 updates

the R register

much more frequently

than the. . . display

on a digital watch. "

127. By pressing a key, you can trigger a
read, and the code would look some-
thing like Program Listing 2.

When you execute the Basic com-
mand Random, it also uses the R regis-
ter, but in a different manner. The en-
tire code for RANDOM is:

A.R

;GET CURRENT R
VALUE

(40ABH),A

;SAVE IT

RET

;END OF ROUTINE

The exact instant when Random is exe-
cuted is certainly unpredictable: It de-
pends on your loading a program that
contains the Random command, typing
RUN, and pressing the enter key. The
only mystery in those three lines of code
is why the value is stored in 40AB hex.

The RND function in Basic produces
pseudo-random numbers. The values
produced seem random, but you could
easily predict the next random number
if you knew the present state of the
computer. Pseudo-random numbers
are generated by taking a "seed" value
and performing a specific series of
arithmetic operations on that value.
The new seed value becomes the new
pseudo-random number.

The computer stores the random
number seed in both the Models I and
III at memory locations 40AA hex,
40AB hex, and 40AC hex. The specific
algorithm used to generate each succes-
sive seed is unimportant here; what is
important is that if you know the cur-
rent seed value and the algorithm, you
can accurately predict the next pseudo-
random number. In some types of mod-
eling, it's important to be able to use the
same set of random numbers repeatedly

in a program to test various hypotheses.
To see how such a program might oper-
ate, run the following:

10 FOR I = 1 TO 5
20 POKE 16554,1
30 POKE 16555,2
40 POKE 16556,3
50 FOR J = 1 TO 8
60 PRINT RNDOOO),

70 NEXT J
80 PRINT
90 NEXT I
100 GOTO 100

Lines 20, 30, and 40 establish the cur-
rent seed value, thus determining the
series of pseudo-random numbers gen-
erated.

It should be clear now how the Ran-
dom command operates. It takes a truly
random value — the current value in R —
and uses it to re-seed the pseudo-ran-
dom number generator. The software
pseudo-random number generator al-
ways generates the same series of val-
ues; the computer uses the Random
command to start that series at a ran-
dom spot on the list. The total list of
pseudo-random numbers is long
enough that you will probably never
have a program that will notice a repeti-
tion of values.

If you wish to generate your own
pseudo-random numbers in machine
language, you'll need to do some re-
search about different pseudo-random
algorithms. You will find a great deal of
disagreement among the experts about
which algorithm is best, and what con-
stitutes a truly random pseudo-random
number (if such a beast exists). The
ideas are interesting, but the mechanics
soon become extremely complex.

Authors' Forum

As I mentioned last month, readers
who subscribe to CompuServe may take
part in open discussions of topics cov-
ered by "The Next Step." GO PCS-117
to the Software and Authors Special In-
terest Group (SASIG) and leave your
questions or comments addressed to me
on the message board. Feel free to join
in any discussions started by other
readers. ■

Write to Hardin Brothers at 280 N.
Campus Ave., Upland, CA 91786, or
contact him through CompuServe. His
e-mail address is 72165, 735.

28 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Be Amazed!

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That's the number of levels in the TELENGARD
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Each labyrinthine level holds hundreds ol dark chambers
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80 Micro, December 1983 • 29

THE COLOR KEY

by Scott Norman

I've got good news and bad news. The
bad news is that this will be the last
edition of The Color Key; the good
news is that next month, I'll be taking
over the Re:FLEX column in HOT
CoCo and expanding its coverage to in-
clude both FLEX and OS-9 software.

While most of the previous action in
the area of alternative operating systems
centered on FLEX, every indication is
that the long-delayed OS-9 software will
have a broad range of supporting appli-
cations programs for the serious user.

I recently spent an afternoon with
Sue and Paul Searby of Computerware,
discussing some of their plans for new
products. It comes as no surprise that
they will market a rather complete line
of OS-9 business software, and you can
bet that other suppliers will do the
same.

Since that's where much of my inter-
est lies, I'm looking forward to working
with and writing about the new system.
1 expect to be in the thick of it by the
time you read this column.

And by the way, the fact that Radio
Shack is advertising Basic09 for the
Color Computer is the best news to
come out of Fort Worth in a while. I
can hardly wait.

Unfinished Business

Some bugs are subtle and some are
just plain dumb, and one of the latter
kind has surfaced in my Expgraph pro-
gram (September 1983, p. 30). Let's see
if I can make amends.

You might recall that Expgraph cre-
ates a high-resolution graph of expendi-
tures as a function of time for periods of
up to a year. The program automati-
cally scales the dollar axis to maximize
the resolution of the graph, while
restricting the major interval to an in-
tegral multiple of $2, $5, or $10 times
some power of 10. It also extrapolates
the rate at which you spend money, so
the user can compare the prediction for
year's end with a budget target.

The bug appears in the routine that
converts the value used for the expendi-
ture-axis interval to a string in prepara-
tion for drawing it on the high-res
screen. As I learned when working with
one particular set of project cost fig-
ures, I should have included code to
force this interval to be an integer.

30 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Final words
on the
CoCo

As things stand, the program is ca-
pable of arriving at an interval of, say,
$50000.01. This in turn would appear
on the graph, sans decimal point, as a
scale factor: $5000001 . Very sloppy, to
say nothing of downright wrong.

The solution is simple enough.
Change the first half of Expgraph line
1140 from

C$ = STR$(C)

C$ = STR$(INT(C))

to enjoy classy displays.
Sorry about that.

What Do You Really Use?

A number of people have written
with similar questions: How can I pos-
sibly use all the software 1 review? Why
does anyone need 15 data file managers,
half a dozen word processors, and three
or four spreadsheets? In fact, do I use
the stuff at all, or do I give it a quick
once-over before consigning it to the
wastebasket?

Fair enough. I confess that until I
began to get some reader feedback, it
never occurred to me that people would
think everything I reviewed favorably
I'd automatically add to my own collec-
tion of everyday tools. I should be flat-
tered, I guess.

Actually, my correspondents are quite
right; limits exist to what anyone really
needs, and limits to what anyone can

profitably use. It makes little sense to
spend all your time learning new com-
mand sequences so you can have the
latest wrinkle in a particular type of
program — unless you need that wrin-
kle. Therefore, my standard software
library changes fairly slowly.

At the same time, I think it's incum-
bent on me to thoroughly wring out the
products I review. I try to spend enough
time with each program to explore all its
major features.

That takes a fair amount of time, and
occasionally it isn't possible to exercise
every option of a complex product.
Naturally, when reviewing software I
only report on the features and com-
mands that I have actually used.

I rely on a fairly standardized set of
procedures to test the major types of
programs: word processors, file or
data-base managers, spreadsheets, and
so forth. For example, I test spread-
sheets with some dummy research and
development (R&D) project budgets,
departmental salary plans, and IRS
forms. These simulate my principal
real- world applications, and give me an
opportunity to see how each new review
subject handles a typical set of opera-
tions.

I often have to depart from my rou-
tine to explore novel features of a pro-
gram, though, and such explorations
sometimes convince me to add a prod-
uct to my stable.

That's how I decided to start using
Derringer Software's Pro-Color-File
(P.O. Box 5300, Florence, SC 29502)
for my heavy-duty data file manage-
ment. Its particular capabilities for
computation and report generation ad-
dress some of my special needs, so I
thought it worth converting many of my
files to Pro-Color-File format .

This involves a fair amount of effort,
and I certainly wouldn't recommend
that everyone start from scratch when-
ever a new program shows up. My point
is that in trying to keep my reviews hon-
est, I have the opportunity to be
tempted to buy more software than the
typical user. As a result, I probably get
involved in more file modification and
rewriting than a sane person would
tolerate.

I don't always change every file over
to accommodate a new product, since I

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THE COLOR KEY

32 • 80 Micro, December 1983

have some duplication in my working
collection.

Now I'll answer the question I raised
as the title of this section. Please re-
member the strong personal component
in this business before you write to
squawk about my choices. I've favorably
reviewed plenty of software that failed to
make me switch for my own use.

I have used Telewriter (Cognitec, 704
Nob Ave., Del Mar, CA 92014) for the
bulk of my word processing ever since
its inception. When the current version,
Telewriter-64, became available, its
ability to right-justify text caused me to

'CoCo users are lucky

where spreadsheets

are concerned. "

abandon my second word processor.

I previously used Trans Tek's C.C.
Writer (194 Lock wood Lane, Bloom-
ington, IL 60108) for anything resem-
bling formal correspondence, but now I
had no motivation for continuing with
two programs for one job.

Telewriter's new-found ability to
produce ASCII files doesn't hurt,
either. Now it's much easier to use aux-
iliary programs such as spelling check-
ers; I use Spell 'N Fix (Star-Kits, P.O.
Box 209, Mt. Kisco, NY 10549). I can
read and edit files generated by some
other programs, too.

The whole topic of file compatibility
between programs is something of a
sore spot with me, incidentally, and I'll
return to it later.

I've already mentioned using Pro-
Color-File for heavy file management.
This is an area in which I indulge myself
a little; I have two other file managers in
my household.

I still use Trans Tek's C.C. File for
casual, unstructured applications like
my file of addresses and phone numbers
of CoCo vendors. Some of the entries
include reminders of what the vendor
produces, others do not, and the whole
thing is gloriously loose. Ditto for my
family's file of favorite restaurants.
C.C. File's lack of structure and limited
command set are especially welcome
since I call on it sporadically without
reference to the documentation.

I also have specific applications for
Radio Shack's Color File. For some time,
I have used it to maintain a text file I call
COCOFACTS, which contains notes
about various aspects of Color Com-
puter operations.

This is where I keep track of all the
PEEKs and POKEs I use in program-
ming. How else would I remember
where the Next-Data-Item pointer is?
Color File's two-level indexing scheme
and on-screen prompts seem right for
these applications.

In principle, I could probably handle
all my file management chores with one
program. I have used Homebase
(Homebase Computer Systems, P.O.
Box 3448, Durham, NC 27702) and can
vouch for its ability to handle data and
text files.

The trouble is, I've become comfort-
able with my existing three-tier system
and don't feel like adding a fourth com-
ponent or translating all my data files.
The urge I had to unify my word pro-
cessing is lacking here.

CoCo users are lucky where spread-
sheets are concerned. For a while the
Spectaculators, disk and ROM pack,
were pretty much the whole story, and
their capabilities were relatively limited.
Then Trans Tek's C.C. Calc acted more
like VisiCale et al., but was hampered by
being written in Basic.

Then this spring Elite Calc (Elite
Software, Box 11224, Pittsburgh, PA
15238) became available, and suddenly
unmodified CoCos have a full-blown
spreadsheet. In the meantime, FLEX
users could call on the big-league power
of Dynacalc (Computer Systems
Center, 13461 Olive Blvd., Chesterfield,
MO 63017).

I've used all four, and still have both
Elite Calc and Dynacalc files in abun-
dance. I could happily switch to 100
percent use of either program, but other
considerations (see the end of this col-
umn) make me want to stay sharp on
both. That's not too tough; Elite Calc
has a simple command syntax, while
Dynacalc's resembles that of Super-
Calc, the CP/M-based spreadsheet I
use regularly at my office.

Those are my big guns — the pro-
grams I use almost daily. Of course, a
lot of utilities come into play for special
purposes: Master Control (Soft Sector
Marketing, 6250 Middlebelt, Garden
City, MI 48135) and Colorkit (Arizin,
P.O. Box 8825, Scottsdale, AZ 85252)
to name two.

THE COLOR KEY

I've also been experimenting with
several math and business graphics
packages and expect to become a steady
user of one or more, but it's early to de-
clare my allegiance. My reviews have
been appearing here and in HOT CoCo
on a fairly regular basis; look for more
on graphics over the next two or three
months.

Odds and Ends

I'd like to return to the question of
the Color Computer versus other se-
rious 8-bit machines. The CoCo pro-
grams I use (and many of their major
competitors) are the equals of the bet-
ter-known applications programs for
other computers. I use CP/M software
almost daily, but that doesn't mean it
overwhelms me.

Both Elite Calc and Dynacalc are bet-
ter in some respects than early versions
of Supercalc, which is itself arguably
better than VisiCalc. It has taken the
newer Supercalc 2 to incorporate some
features of the CoCo programs: the
ability to sort a spreadsheet by row or
column data, for example.

Telewriter-64 is far easier to use than
WordStar, and does a perfectly satis-
factory job on anything but the most
specialized text processing. For that
matter, Super Color Writer (Nelson Soft-
ware Systems, 9072 Lyndale Ave.
South, Minneapolis, MN 55420) can
take on WordStar, too.

As for file and data-base managers, I
haven't done enough work with CP/M
material to form a definite opinion. I
know that dBase II is very powerful but
quite complex — more complex than
Pro-Color-File, Homebase, or several
other top CoCo file managers. The
CP/M program might do all kinds of
exotic tricks, but for the moment I feel
that CoCo users have some competitive
software at their command.

What troubles me, though, is that it's
a real chore to use the output of one
program as the input to another. Life
would be a lot simpler if I could pop an
Elite Calc data file into Radio Shack's
Disk Graphics to produce a bar chart,
or if I could get such a chart into a
Telewriter report.

Of course it's possible to write a con-
version program for almost any specific
application, but wouldn't it be nice if
CoCo programs talked to one another
with less fuss?

Some CP/M software does better:
You can use WordStar with auxiliary

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 33

THE COLOR KEY

programs to prepare indices and foot-
notes, for example. I don't think this
desire for well-integrated software is a
fetish of mine alone. The best feature of
Apple's Lisa is its elaborate suite of
business programs, and integrated
packages like 1-2-3 promise to be huge
sellers in the IBM PC community.

Qearly, someone else cares about
this problem. The existence of a stan-
dardized operating system helps, and
maybe the official blessing of OS-9 will
result in better-integrated software for
Color Computers.

Super CoCo

The 64K Color Computer and the
Color Computer 2 are now appearing in
Radio Shack catalogs, and the first
samples of the Dragon 32 are out. The
former and the latter have some appeal-
ing features, but neither is perfect.

Therefore, I'd like to share a few fan-
tasies with you and set down some of
my thoughts for a dream machine. This
isn't a truly radical proposal, just some
ideas I'd like to see incorporated into a
next-generation Color Computer.

I'll start with a baseline machine hav-
ing 64K of RAM and the best of the
full-travel keyboards. Now, how about
adding an official clock speedup to 1.8
MHz. Maybe the operating system
would have to shift in and out of high
gear for I/O, but this shouldn't concern
the user. Add an internal muffin fan if
necessary to preserve IC lifetimes.

The machine needs a few user-defin-
able keys like the ones on the Model 100
and some of today's add-on keyboards.
I hope software vendors would prepare
patch areas so you could add customized
definitions for such keys to their pro-
grams. One of the things WordStar
does right is allow control/digit key to
represent a series of keystrokes, making
it much easier to enter frequently used
command sequences.

"I'd like to

share. . . my thoughts

for a dream machine. "

A baseband video output for use with
a monitor could be a monochrome sig-
nal, and would be used primarily for
word processing and an 80-column
spreadsheet. The Dragon 32 has base-
band and RF outputs already.

I'd like better A/D converters. Eight-
bit resolution would be nice, to increase
today's 64 resolvable analog input levels
to 256. An integral Centronics parallel
port should go along with the RS-232.
Let's get serious about printing, and do
away with the external boxes and PC
boards.

I want gold-plated cable connectors
everywhere. Weak links like the CoCo's
disk controller connectors aren't charm-
ing idiosyncrasies; they're embarrassing
flaws.

Dedicate a second 6809, with perhaps
another 64K of its own RAM, to con-
trol the display. I'm not kidding; at least
one such machine already exists in
Japan. It would be great to have this
kind of power for graphics of all kinds.
Consider the possibilities of 40 PMODE 4
pages, for starters.

One of the nicest things about design-
ing dream machines is that you don't
have to worry about cost.

The End

It's the end of the road, ladies and
gentlemen. I've enjoyed writing The
Color Key, and I hope that many of you
will find something of interest in the
new FLEX/OS-9 applications column.

I don't intend to abandon the rest of
the CoCo world. One of my major cur-
rent projects is a book in which I'll treat
applications software in more detail than
the column/review format permits.

With any luck at all, the book will be
out in the autumn of 1984. The
publisher is Scott, Foresman.

In the meanwhile, I'll see you in HOT
CoCo. ■

Contact Scott Norman c/o The Col-
or Key, 80 Micro, 80 Pine St., Peter-
borough, NH 03458.

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MAGICHECK'S OTHER FEATURES INCLUDE:

• Pay-by-Phone Accounting

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• Checks can be Divided into Different Ledger Accounts

• A Listing of your Personal Tax Deductable Payments

• Extensive Error Correcting Capabilities

• Automatic Calculation of First Year Depreciation

• Automatic Calculation of your Investment Credit

• Divide Deposits into different Sources to Aid Planning

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34 • 80 Micro, December 1983

5tff-^c

IIV 1

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See List ol Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 35

SUITE 16

by Dan Keen and Dave Dischert

Perhaps the most powerful asset of
any 16-bit microcomputer is its abil-
ity to become an office or interoffice
hub that other terminals can access. Its
multi-user and multi-tasking capabili-
ties blur the fine line that separates
minicomputers from microcomputers.

Terminals, commonly referred to as
work stations, are typically less expen-
sive than complete computer units.
Using several terminals to tie into one
host computer allows many people to
take advantage of the main computer si-
multaneously.

The host computer, in its standard
configuration, has a hard disk drive
connected to it. All of the terminals can
access information stored on the same
hard disk.

Currently, Radio Shack offers two
ways to add external remote work sta-
tions to the Model 16. These network-
ing systems are called Arcnet and
Xenix.

Arcnet

Arcnet, an acronym for attached
resource computer network, lets you
connect up to 255 computers to the
Model 16.

The terminals can use all of the pe-
ripherals connected to the host
machine. These include both floppy
and hard disk drives and printers. You
cannot use the host machine, called a
file processor, as a terminal. Its key-
board and video display aren't available
to the operator.

Arcnet also runs on the Models II
and 12. It doesn't require the MC68000

Arcnet and

Xenix

hubbub

board, but every computer in the system
must have an Arcnet circuit board in-
stalled. Have your local Computer
Center do this. ,

Hubs, similar in function to a TV
antenna splitter, join the work stations
and the host machine together. One
cable connects to a hub's input and pro-
vides several outputs to feed other work
stations. Passive hubs let you connect
together four units up to 200 feet from
the hub.

Active hubs boost the data signals
with internal circuitry so you can place
terminals as far away as 2,000 feet from
the hub. Combining many active and
passive hubs together yields a maximum
distance of four miles between the far-
thest work station and the host com-
puter.

Obviously, Arcnet is a good choice
for multi-user applications where work
stations are located in different
buildings (such as a college campus).

The owner of multi-user work sta-

tions must run the necessary cable wires
through the buildings. Radio Shack
computer technicians help with the in-
stallation of their computers in an Arc-
net system but you must get an electri-
cian to prepare the necessary wiring.

We haven't had the opportunity to
work with an Arcnet system and wel-
come comments from readers who use
one. Our understanding is that it oper-
ates at a speed of 2.5 million bits per
second. With that kind of speed you feel
as if you are the only user on the host
computer.

Xenix

The second multi-user system cur-
rently available is TRS-Xenix, or simply
Xenix. In contrast to Arcnet, which is a
hardware configuration, Xenix is soft-
ware based and requires no special cir-
cuit modifications on any of the system's
microcomputers. Since it uses the
MC68000 microprocessor, you need a
Model 16, 16B, 11/16, or 12/16 to run it.

Unlike Arcnet, the host computer's
video and keyboard are available as a
work station. However, you can con-
nect only three terminals (including the
host) at one time. The other one or two
terminals interface by way of the two
RS-232 jacks on the back of the host
computer. A null modem adaptor does
the job along with RS-232 cables.

Under Arcnet, each work station is a
complete computer, not just a data ter-
minal. Xenix requires that only the host
machine be an independent computer.

As of this writing, you need a hard
disk drive to run the system, but a floppy

Assembly-Language Comer

Prior to displaying any information
on a video screen, it's usually nec-
essary to clear the screen and position
the cursor at a point where you want
to begin printing. This month we take
a look at some of the supervisor rou-
tines available to perform these screen
formatting functions.

The video character generator cir-
cuit in the Model 16 is identical to that
of the Models II and 12. Therefore, all
graphics characters and ASCII codes
are compatible.

Normally the screen format of these
computers gives us 80 character posi-
tions horizontally and 24 vertically.

The video generator is capable of print-
ing characters in a larger mode. While
the vertical count remains 24, you can
double the width of each letter. Thus,
in the large character mode, a maxi-
mum of 40 letters fits on a horizontal
line.
Also at our disposal is an inverse

A-L Comer continued on next page

36 • 80 Micro, December 1983

SUITE 16

version is in the works. Naturally such a
version is limited due to less disk space
on a floppy.

Xenix's basic structure builds around
Western Electric's popular and estab-
lished Unix operating system. Xenix
comes from a thoroughly tested pro-
gram in the field for 10 years.

Since more than one person can work
on the same disk file at the same time,
imagine the disaster if two people try to
write the same record to a file simulta-
neously. Fortunately, Xenix designers

took this into consideration. The pro-
gram doesn't allow two users to write
information to the same record and ac-
cidentally lose data.

Xenix divides the computer's RAM
into separate sections for each user. In
this way, each of the two or three users
can run programs independently. One
can run payroll while another works on
accounts receivable, for instance. Xenix
runs with a minimum amount of 256K
RAM. However, certain combinations
of programs run simultaneously may

require 384K or even 512K.

Both Arcnet and Xenix have their
pros and cons. Your choice depends on
your business's particular needs. Xenix
doesn't require you to make any hard-
ware modifications to existing com-
puters; Arcnet does. But Arcnet handles
up to 255 computers; Xenix accom-
modates only three. With Xenix, the
remote work stations need only be data
terminals such as Radio Shack's Model
DT-1. Under Arcnet, each work station
must be a computer. ■

A-L Corner continued from previous page

video option. Normally the back-
ground of the screen is unlit or black
and the letters light up (green or white,
depending on your machine). You can
reverse this to cause the background
surrounding a letter to light up and the
letter itself to appear as a darkened
area within the block.

Built within the disk operating sys-
tem is a routine (referred to as a super-
visor call) that you can use to establish
the size of the letters and the nor-
mal/inverse printing font.

Placing a zero into byte-offsets 6
and 7 of the SVC block (a buffer area
you set up to pass values to the DOS
routine) switches the video size to the
40-character-per-line mode. A value
of 1 placed there produces 80-charac-
ter lines. In byte-offsets 8 and 9, a zero
indicates inverse video and a 1 indi-
cates normal printing.

The supervisor number that identi-
fies this routine from other supervisor
calls is 7. Always place the identifying
supervisor number in byte-offset zero
of the buffer. The set-up to call this
routine looks something like this:

LDA

.AO.SVC BLOCK

MOVW

@A0,*7

MOVW

6@A0,#1

MOVW

8@A0,#1

BRK

RET

SVC BLOCK

RDATAB

32,0

Use the move-a-word (movw) com-
mand to load the necessary values into
the buffer area. This is an indirect ad-
dressing mode where register A0 stores
the address pointing to the location of
the SVC block buffer.

With the values you use in the ex-
ample, prepare a normal screen for-
mat — 80 characters per line and no in-
verse video.

Supervisor call 7 automatically per-
forms two other functions. It clears
the screen (similar to the Basic CLS
command) and it homes the cursor —
moving it to the top leftmost position
on the screen.

You can use another supervisor
routine to clear the screen. This is call
number 8 which sends a character to
the video display. Examine the ma-
chine's ASCII code chart in the own-
er's manual and note that the decimal
number 30 is a control code for clear-
ing the screen. By sending this ASCII
code to the routine that prints a char-
acter on the display, you can clear the
screen. However, unlike the last rou-
tine, this doesn't set up the inverse/nor-
mal and 80/40 screen formats.

LDA

.A0.SVC BLOCK

MOVW

@A0,#8

MOVW

6@A0.X30

BRK

RET

SVC BLOCK

RDATAB

32,0

Positioning the Cursor

Before printing any letters or graph-
ics characters on the video display,
you may want to position the cursor at
a specific point to start printing. Su-
pervisor call number 10 lets you place
the cursor at any printable location on
the screen.

You must move values for the hori-
zontal (x) and vertical (v) coordinates
into the SVC buffer area to instruct
the computer as to the row and col-

umn on which you desire to place the
cursor.

Place the value for the row position
in byte-offsets 6 and 7. The row posi-
tion refers to the number of lines
down from the top of the screen. Off-
sets 8 and 9 store the column position.
This is the number of character posi-
tions from the left-hand side of the
screen.

Since there are 24 lines down the
screen and 80 positions across, halving
these values to 12 and 40 places the
cursor in the center of the screen.

LDA

AO.SVC BLOCK

MOVW

@A0.#10

MOVW

6@A0,#12

MOVW

8@A0,#40

BRK

RET

SVC BLOCK

RDATAB

32,0

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^ Sm> Ust of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 37

REVIEWS

edited by Lynne M. Nadeau

Figure I. Monty and Eric play Scrabble.

Review Contents

Monty Plays Scrabble 38

The Statistician 39

Newbasic 2. 1 42

Instant Assembler 46

Model 100 Games 50

Microspooler 54

Using Scripsit 56

OmikronCP/M 61

Businesspak + 65

Our reviewers use a five-star rating system.
One star represents the low end of this spectrum,
while five stars represent the spectacular and high
end of the spectrum.

• •••

Monty Plays Scrabble
Tandy/Radio Shack
One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Model m, 32K
One disk drive
Back-up limited
$34.95

by Eric Maloney

80 Micro staff

Monty Plays Scrabble isn't going to
win any tournaments. But it's
good enough to give the average player
a run for his money, and challenging
enough to give the experienced player a
stimulating practice partner.

To play Monty, you need a Scrabble
board and a good dictionary. Either
you or the game can pick the tiles. The
program provides a board on the
screen, showing you where it placed its
word and letting you indicate where you
want yours.

Among other features (see Table 1),
Monty gives you four skill levels, keeps
track of the score, and lets you save a
game in progress. A game takes about
one hour and 40 minutes to play.

But enough detail. What kind of
Scrabble does Monty play?

At first, I was disappointed. I won
my first game by the depressing score of
38 • 80 Micro, December 1983

468 to 288, and took the next five as
well. The average tally was 431 to 302.
This, I thought, is no way for a com-
puter with a 54,000-word vocabulary to
perform.

But Monty surprised me in game sev-
en, reeling off three seven-letter words
en route to a 440-383 win. And while it
hasn't beaten me since, it has occa-
sionally given me a game worthy of a
capable human partner.

A Typical Game

The best way to demonstrate
Monty's abilities is to recount an actual
game. This one is our eighth, and is fair-
ly typical. We play at the highest
(Scholar) level, and Monty goes first.
Figure 1 shows the final board.

1. My letters: FTAODRT. Monty
starts off with CAY, whatever that is. I
counter with FART. (So who says
Scrabble has to be polite?) "Good
play!" Monty responds. He says that a
lot, even for words like IT. Score after
one turn: 16-26, my lead.

2. Letters: *IINODT. Some good
possibilities here — DICTION comes
immediately to mind. I wait patiently
while Monty thinks; it takes him about
three minutes of disk I/O to make a
move.

After much grinding and gnashing,
he plays MOAN, MAY, OR, and AT
for 22 points. Not too bad. Since I have
no place to put DICTION, I play

DICTATION instead for a quick 65.
"Very great word!" Monty exudes.
Monty might have an elephantine
memory, but he has yet to learn how to
use adverbs well. Score: 38-91 .

3. Letters: ETEEOID. Monty's re-
venge. I need to get rid of some of these
E's. Too bad EDICTATION isn't a
word. What's taking Monty so long? I
could spin off a game of Galaxy Inva-
sion in the time he needs to think.

"Aha!" he exclaims. That must
mean he's done. He lays down GAP,
AD, and PI for 19, and opens up the tri-
ple word score. Unfortunately, I can't
use it for anything. I play DECEIT and
GAPE for 23. Score: 57-114.

4. Letters: RHQPOOE. Stuck with
the Q— and with no U in sight. "I'll be
ready soon," says Monty. I've heard
that line before. Think I'll go change
my oil. He finally plays BUM, BO, and
UN. Wait a minute— UN??? Monty's
played some weird words, but this one's
a bit too much. Seeing, however, as I
don't have an official Scrabble dic-
tionary, I let it go.

Figuring that two can play the weird
word game, I put down HOOPER,
HUN, and OM. But wait— Monty
challenges OM! Is it a word? he asks. I
look it up in my Webster's, and sure
enough, there it is. "Monty regrets his
error," he says. Score: 76-160.

5. Letters: IEARGDQ. Monty loses
his turn for an unsuccessful challenge.

REVIEWS

Taking full advantage, I play AGED,
BOA, and HUNG for 25. Score:
76-185.

6. Letters: IEARGLQ. This rack
looks suspiciously familiar. Monty
starts thinking. I go out for dinner and a
drink. I return to find that Monty has
played BUNG. Isn't he a character in
The Wizard of Id? I play GLARE.
Score: 97-207.

7. Letters: OKSVXQI. Talk about a
constipated rack. Monty plays TOWEL
for 26. I counter with XI, XI, and IT
for 31. XI is one of my favorite Scrab-
ble words, and I'm delighted to be able
to play it twice on one move. Score:
123-238.

8. Letters: OKSVTQC. It's getting
worse. Monty plays IDS and XIS for
18. 1 put down LOCK for 30. Vowels! I
need vowels! Score: 141-268.

9. Letters: ERSVTQE. That damned
Q! Monty plays RUIN for 15, I can't
take it any more and exchange my Q,
getting an A in return. With my luck,
I'll pick up the Q again later. Score:
156-268.

10. Letters: ERSVTAE. Monty plays
YARNS for 24. Getting rid of the Q
pays off— I play AVERTERS for 62.
Score: 180-330.

11. Letters: OLIIEQW. There it is

Exchange tiles

Pass or forfeit

Save game to disk

Current totals

Check your tiles

Change skill level

End the game

Table 1. Monty plays scrabble options.

again. Monty plays JEE for 26. I play
WILIER for 18. Score: 206-348.

12. Letters: VIZNOOQ. I shout at
the Q to stop torturing me. Monty dives
into the well of contemplation; I go
reshingle the house. He finally puts
down HATSFUL for 26. He picks up
the remaining tiles, thus sticking me
with the Q for all eternity. I play AZO
for 32. Score: 232-380.

13. Letters: NVIOQ. Monty plays
EASE, ETA, DOS, and WE. DOS!
This is too much. I play VIOL for 14.
Score: 257-394.

14. Letters: QN. The end is near.
Monty goes through his usual gastroin-
testinal tremors and lays down VI*A
for 12 points. That, as they say, is that.

Final score: 280-383.

Final Comments

Clearly, a huge vocabulary doth not a
Scrabble player make. You need to be a
good strategist, too. Monty is not; it is
apparently programmed to go for the
highest possible point total, whether
that means throwing away an S, break-
ing up a potential seven-letter word, or
opening a triple-word score for its
opponent.

Monty wins an occasional game, but
it is through brute force rather than
cunning.

Still, you don't need a great opponent
to exercise your own Scrabble skills.
Monty gives you enough of a challenge
to keep you from getting bored. And it
sends you to your dictionary enough
times to increase your own vocabulary.
In recent games, it has spun off such
words as indium, llano, uta, rabbet,
vug, aff, erne, and dommir.

One final note: Monty Plays Scrabble
allows you only one back-up. This is a
serious problem with a program that ac-
cesses the disk some 200 times per game.
Monty could have a short life if you
don't figure out a way to break the pro-
tection scheme and give yourself a full
supply of copies. ■

• • • • Vi
The Statistician
Quant Systems
P.O. Box 628
Charleston, SC 29402
Models I, D, and in
$125

by John Dunkelberg

The Statistician is an excellent
statistical and forecasting system
that contains a wide variety of simple and
sophisticated statistical analyses. The pro-
gram is especially' useful for business
forecasting and complex statistical
analysis. The Statistician is also an ex-
cellent tool for an instructor in an elemen-
tary or advanced statistics course.

The Statistician is completely menu
driven so it's easy to use, even for a
microcomputer novice. Thirty minutes
after reading the documentation, I was
running my first regression.

Multiple Regression

One of my principal reasons for ac-

quiring The Statistician was the multiple
regression package. The Statistician
contains five different regression pro-
cedures including Stepwise, Ridge,
Backward Elimination, and All Subsets
regressions. I haven't seen Ridge,
Backward Elimination, or All Subsets
procedures in any other statistical
package for micros.

You can create large models with up
to about 50 independent variables. This
is enormous, especially when compared
to the Radio Shack statistical analysis
program that only allows five indepen-
dent variables.

The output (see Table 1) closely resem-
bles that of mainframe packages and in-
cludes t values for the individual coeffi-
cients as weD as their standard errors.
Also, the program includes the Durbin
Watson statistic, which is useful in resid-
ual analysis and is found on few other
statistical programs for microcomputers.

You can list or print the variance/
covariance and sums of squares matrix
as well as the correlation matrix of the
estimates. Residual analysis is also

good. You plot residuals or list them
with the actual and predicted values on
the screen or printer.

Another feature I like is that the pro-
gram saves the predicted values to disk.
This lets you estimate simultaneous
equations models. In addition, the Son
utility ranks the residuals by actual or
predicted values of the independent
variable.

I tested The Statistician's accuracy on
the Longley data, a benchmark for test-
ing statistical accuracy. I found The
Statistician superior to the mainframe
programs tested by Longley in 1967.
The program's accuracy was amazing.

Data

The Statistician provides an easy data
entry and editing system. You specify
the number of variables, then the pro-
gram displays the appropriate number
of fields on the display. By pushing the
appropriate arrow keys, you move
around the fields or up and down through
the rows of data.

All files that the editor writes out

80 Micro, December 1983 • 39

REVIEWS

TRS-80 1, 2, 3, 4, 12. 16
CPM XENIX

Multiple Regression

Stepwise

Ridge

All Subsets

Backward Elimination
Time Series Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Transformations

Survey Research
Nonparametncs
X-Y Plots
ANOVA

Random Samples
Data Base
Search & Sort
Hypothesis tests

Please call TOLL FREE
1-800-334*0854 (Ext. 814)

for more information

or write

Ouant Systems ^194

Box 628

Charleston. SC 29402

•VISA-M/C Accepted

Upgrade Your Radio Shack Software

Turn your SHACK

into a MANSION

With software enhancer

BLOCK ISLAND TECHNICAL SERVICES, Inc.

Full value for your money hi a New Fngland tradition,
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enhance their performance, speed and ease of operation.

Model lit Accounts Receivable (26-1555)
Upgrade No. 1 (524.95)

• Lightning fast machine laniuagr sorts 10-30
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1 Set up a price file for your products for easy
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Model II Payroll (26*4503)
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become part of your data base and any
of the programs in the package can use
them. The edit program contains a good
data report formatting system that
automatically centers titles and head-'
ings and aligns data.

One of the most important compo-
nents of the package is the data trans-
formation function. It takes some time
to become accustomed to this particular
program, but it's worth it. Using any of
the 24 transformations, you modify
data or create new variables as func-
tions of existing variables.

The transformation capability is es-
sential for non-linear multiple regres-
sion and many techniques in explor-
atory data analysis. Using this feature,
you can easily create the necessary
variables for a polynomial or interac-
tion regression model.

Some of the data transforms are
quite unusual but occasionally useful:
for example, the additive and multipli-
cative accumulators. These accumula-
tors calculate the cumulative sum and
product of a vector.

Some of the transformations are de-
signed for time series modeling. In par-
ticular, the nth order lag lets you create
lagged data of any specified order.

Other Features

The descriptive statistics component
computes the following numerical de-
scriptive measures: mean, median, geo-
metric mean, harmonic mean, variance,
standard deviation, maximum and min-
imum values, mean absolute deviation,
and range. In addition, the program
produces excellent frequency histo-
grams (see Fig. 1).

DEPENDENT VARIABLE — >PR ICE/DAT

CONSTANT
FEET/ DAT
AGE/DAT
BEDS /DAT
BATHS /DAT
GARAGE/DAT
RESORT/ DAT

B 1

B 2

B 3

B 4

B 5

B 6

SOURCES OF VARIATION

COEFFICIENT

33482
-30.2504
-608.578

17597.7

27221.1
-5487.06

40420. 5

ANOVA

STD. ERR.
32100.7
21.2985
450.463
7304.79
6765.33
6052.39
7913.66

T-VALUE
1.04303

-1.42031

-1.35101
2.40906
4.02362

-.906593
5.10769

REGRESSION
ERROR

1.67561E+10
5.5722E+08

2.79268E+09
6.96525E+07

TOTAL SS

F=« 40.0945

R SQUARED- .967816

DURBDJ WATSON STAT.

1.73133E+10 14

2.35218

Table 1. The Statistician 's output.

1 LINE - 1 OBSERVATION (S )

14
13

> 25

Figure I. Frequency histogram.

40 • 80 Micro, December 1983

THE RESULTS ARE IMPRESSIVE..."

Dennis Kitsz, 80 Micro* ompurjfcg: 12/82

Langley-St. Clair's* Soft-View

Replacement CRTs

eliminates the strobe,
flicker and fatigue
from TRS-80's:

Mow you can upgrade your monitor with
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State-of-the-art systems such as IBM ,M
and Apple III"" do not use the less costly
"P4" B&W display tube because it is
actually intended for TV viewing and its
rapid strobes (60 times per second)
cause irritating eye fatigue.

No amount of "green plastic" will solve
this problem. But the new Soft-View
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will.

Available In slow decay Green or medium decay
"European Amber" (the standard in Europe)

Made with Lead/Strontium impregnated glass that
stops X-ray emission.

Of high-contrast face glass that also stops most
(J.V. radiation.

Available in frosted glass with extra Anti-Glare
benefits.

Easily installed... comes with pre-mounted
hardware,

Warranted for one full year against manufacturing
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The finest quality double-dark glass phosphor
fields to produce dramatic contrast.

Id<<il for Word Processing and Programming, yet
fast enough for Games and Graphics.

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Son \ ■ BM

REVIEWS

The program also permits several
types of hypothesis testing, including
tests on a single mean, single variance,
and difference in means (paired and un-
paired). The paired difference test uses
the differencing functions in the trans-
form package, then performs a test of a
single mean on the differences. One-
way ANOVA measures the difference
in unpaired means.

The ANOVA provides one- and two-
way analysis of variance; however, the
program doesn't support multiple ob-
servations per cell in the two-way
analysis.

The nonparametric component con-
tains six commonly used nonparametric
tests: Median, Mann-Whitney, Wilcox-
on, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's Rho,
and the Runs Test.

The forecasting program is one of the
strongest available. It performs no less
than eight different time series models,
including moving averages, single and
double exponential smoothing, sinusoi-
dal models, Holt's two-parameter linear
exponential smoothing, Winter's ex-
ponential smoothing model, and adap-
tive filtering.

It calculates the mean squared error
and the mean absolute deviation of the
forecast. The Statistician also produces
tables and plots of the predicted, actual,

and forecasted values on the screen or
printer.

The program generates random vari-
ables from seven different types of dis-
tributions: Normal, Gamma, Exponen-
tial, Uniform, Poisson, Binomial, and
Geometric.

Another component that particularly
applies to teachers and students of sta-
tistics is the sampling program. You can
get sampling distributions from any
data set. The program obtains all ran-
dom samples of a given size if you have
sufficient disk space on your system.

The documentation is well-written
and tutorial in nature. Since the system
is menu-driven, it's more than ade-
quate. I quickly obtained answers to my
few questions with a telephone call.

Conclusion

A second version of The Statistician
with enhancements is due for release in
September. The new version will cost
$295, and a regression subset will be
available for $145.

The Statistician is an excellent pro-
gram for anyone interested in perform-
ing statistical analysis. Moreover, if
you've already purchased statistical
software, you certainly should consider
acquiring The Statistician; it contains
many features that just aren't available
in any other package. ■

• •••

Newbasic 2.1

Modular Software Associates

209 18th St.

Huntington Beach, CA 92684

Models I, ED, and 4 (in Model ffl mode)

$39.95

by Richard Green

Newbasic 2.1 is an enhancement to
Disk Basic for the TRS-80 Models
I, III, and 4. Newbasic includes 49 new
Basic commands. You can add any or
all of them to Basic at your discretion.
The program comes on a 35-track,
single-density Model I disk. This disk
contains programs for both Model I
and Model III users. Model III users
have to run the Convert utility before
they can make a working copy of
Newbasic. The disk also includes four
sample programs written in Newbasic

42 • 80 Micro, December 1983

that display its capabilities.

The distribution disk does not con-
tain a Newbasic program. It has two
programs, Creator I and Creator III,
each of which builds a Newbasic pro-
gram for the appropriate computer.
When you run the Creator program, it
presents you with each Newbasic com-
mand, a brief description of that com-
mand, and the opportunity to include
or discard that command for the
Newbasic disk you're making.

Once you make all the choices, the
program tells you the total size of
the Newbasic program you've made.
You must then specify a file name
under which to save the Newbasic
program.

Newbasic executes exactly as Disk
Basic does. You must boot the system,
answer the options required by the op-
erating system you're using, then speci-
fy Newbasic instead of Basic. From
here on, Newbasic operates identically
with Disk Basic, but with the inclusion

of the commands you have chosen.

Program Description

Newbasic's commands fall into three
general areas: graphics commands, pro-
gram development aids, and command
enhancements.

Fully half of Newbasic's commands
are for graphics and sound generation.
Additionally, several of the enhance-
ments and program development aids
lend themselves to rapid and easy
handling of screen graphics. The graph-
ics handling abilities of Newbasic are
quite impressive.

You can draw circles, ellipses, and
arcs by using a single command. You
can even construct figures larger than
the video display, although you can dis-
play only a portion of such a figure at
any one time.

The command you use is Circle. You
can modify Circle with up to seven
parameters, specifying the center point,
radius, rotation angle, and, in the case
of ellipses, the radius along each of the
X and Y coordinates.

The Draw command draws straight
lines. You can state 15 different param-
eters to modify this command. These
parameters let you draw lines vertically,
horizontally, or at angles that bisect the
X,Y coordinate.

You can draw straight lines at any
other angle by specifying the starting
and ending points of the desired line. If
you like, you can define the starting and
ending points as points off the screen.

In effect, you can draw on a grid
measuring 255 by 255. The upper left
corner of the video screen is 0,0 and the
lower right corner of the screen is 15,63.
One of the nice effects of this is that you
can make graphics rotate around this
universe of 255 by 255, but they are in
view only when the figure is in the por-
tion represented by the screen.

Draw is not limited to producing sin-
gle straight line segments. By using
several parameters with the command,
you can specify complicated figures
with a single Draw.

The most interesting parameter for
Draw is the X parameter that lets you
define a figure as a string expression.
For example, you can draw a simple
rectangle with the command DRAW
"R20,D20,L20,U20" (which means
draw a line right 20 graphics blocks,
down 20 graphics blocks, and so on).
Alternately, you can define the rec-

an advanced personal computer

Basic $599 kit (not shown) includes:

• Software compatibility with TRS-80 Model III and Model
IV, plus CP/M

• 128k RAM card (64k normal plus 64k bank-selectable),
less RAM

• 80 x 24 and 64 x 16 U/L case alphanumeric displays
(software selectable)

• Z-80 CPU. with bootstrap ROM and hardware/software
selectable 2 MHz and 5 MHz clock

• High resolution 512 x 256 graphics circuitry, with
alphagraphics (less 16k high resolution RAM)

• Disk controller for any mix of up to four disk drives
(5-V4"/8", single/double sided, single/double density,
built-in/external)

• Parallel printer and light pen interfaces.

• Built in audio

• Provisions for readily available system ROM

• Tan polyurethane enameled metal enclosure, with
power supply

• Standard typewriter keyboard, plus numeric keypad

• CPU board, with six expansion slots

• Parts kit, including ICs. sockets, fasteners and
mounting hardware

• Assembly manual

Complete $1699 kit shown includes:

• High-resolution 12" green screen monitor

• Two SSDD slimline 5-%" floppy drives and power
supplies

• Hand rubbed, solid walnut end panels

• RS232 Interface board

• System ROM

• 128K system and user RAM

• 16k high resolution graphics RAM

Additional Options

• Single or dual built in slimline 5*4' SSDD or DSD:
floppy drives and power supply

• Single or dual external slimline 8" SSDD or DSDD
floppy drives, enclosure, power supply

• 128k bank selectable RAM board (for 256K total)

• 4164 RAMs

• Monitor

• Color Graphics (available 12/83)

• Light Pen (available 10/83)

• Hard disk host adapter (available 10/83)

• Factory assembled units (available soon)

PWXKILWVIS l:l.l=C7WNICS

TRS-80 is a Tandy trademark

44 • 80 Micro, December 1983

537 East Main Street • Lancaster, Ohio 43130 • Tel: (614) 687-1019

CP/M is a Digital Research trademark

Dealer Inquiries Invited

•143

REVIEWS

tangle as a string: BOX$ = "R20,
D20,L20,U20". Then you can repro-
duce the rectangle anywhere in the pro-
gram with the command DRAW
"XBOX$".

You can do a little more magic by
specifying scale, which can cause the
box to be larger or smaller by factors of
V*, with a maximum range from 1 to
255. In other words, the normal size rec-
tangle (scale defaults to 4) could be up
to 63 times as large by setting the scale
to 255 with the command DRAW
"S255,XBOX$".

Over 20 other graphics commands
exist, including GSAVE to save a
graphics memory into a disk file and
GLOAD to place the graphic file back
into memory. PGET saves a specific
graphic into a memory array, PPUT
restores the array back into the video
memory, and Paint fills in a specified
video area, making it all white or all
black.

These and the other graphics com-
mands make possible the fastest graph-
ics you can get in a Basic program.
Combine the fast graphics animation
with the five-octave range (from D
below middle C to E three octaves
above middle C) of the sound com-
mands and you can achieve truly spec-
tacular games effects.

The program development aids in
Newbasic include 12 new commands.
One of these, QUICKEY, enables
single-key entry of 39 different Basic
commands. For example, when you use
QUICKEY, holding the clear key while
pressing the 4 key causes CHR$( to ap-
pear immediately on the screen.

Holding the clear key while pressing
the 5 key displays INKEYS, and press-
ing C displays CMD". It takes a while
to become accustomed to QUICKEY,
but once you gain familiarity with it,
you'll find it a real time saver.

Another nice feature, the DEFKEY,
lets you use any 10 keys to call an entire
string of characters. One key can call a
maximum string length of 127 charac-
ters. All 10 keys can call a total of 221
characters.

NTRON is a program tracing routine
that lets you set a specific range of pro-
gram lines you want traced. Additional-
ly, you can specify any expression that
you wish traced, and NTRON returns
the value of that expression each time
the program encounters it.

Yet another tracing function is

SPOOLON used in conjunction with
the PON command. PON sends every-
thing displayed on the screen to the
printer. Preceding PON with
SPOOLON sends everything from the
screen to a disk file. You can then
redisplay the disk file on the screen or
send it to a printer. This way, you can
make a permanent copy of the working
of a program.

The handiest program development
command is LOC. LOC. followed
with a string you want found searches a
Basic program for that string. For ex-
ample, if you want to find and change
X$ to Z$ in a program, you could find
X$ with the command LOC"X$".

Newbasic searches for the first occur-
rence of X$ in the program with which
you are working. You can change X$ to
Z$, then look for the next occurrence of
X$ with the command LOC. If you
want, you can do this for the entire
program.

Among the Basic enhancements are
the commands Call, DPEEK, DPOKE,
and Do. . .Until. You use Call to call a
machine-language subroutine. With
this command it isn't necessary to use
DEFUSR to identify the subroutine.
You can locate the routine in high
memory at will.

You can follow Call with the exact
memory location of the routine in either
hexadecimal (hex) or decimal form.
Alternately, you can follow Call with an
expression that corresponds to the
routine's location. You can use any
number of routines with this command.

Think of DPEEK and DPOKE as
double PEEK and POKE. These com-
mands return and insert 2 bytes into
memory at the specified location and at
that location plus one. The number
returned is in the most significant byte,
least significant byte form.

Do. . .Until lets you loop a routine
that continues as long as the test follow-
ing Until isn't met. The Until test can be
any logic or arithmetic expression that
you want tested. You can nest up to 10
of these loops (one Do . . . Until expres-
sion inside another).

The manual for Newbasic is a spiral-
bound book showing each command. It
includes an explanation of the com-
mand and one or more specific ex-
amples of its use.

The explanations are reasonably sim-
ple, but you'll need some knowledge of
Bask and of programming to understand

them. This isn't a serious flaw, as few
neophyte programmers have any use
for a set of enhancements like
Newbasic.

The manual's best feature is its in-
stallation instructions. These step-by-
step instructions tell you how to install
the program, with specific instructions
for TRSDOS, LDOS, DOSPLUS, and
NEWDOS80.

Conclusions

Newbasic seems to be a reliable pro-
gram. Try as I might, I couldn't get it to
crash. Nor was 1 successful in finding
any bugs in the time I was able to use
Newbasic.

The program development tools 1
discussed are fairly valuable. The trace
functions could have saved me hours of
debugging time if I'd had them in the
past.

The spooler functions are much eas-
ier to use with a Basic program than the
spooler that comes with NEWDOS80.
And once you've become familiar with
the use of QUICKEY, it saves hours of
typing when you are keying in a Basic
program.

If you're writing a program that re-
quires any amount of screen graphics,
Newbasic greatly simplifies your task.
However, the graphics commands take
some practice to use easily. Most have
several optional parameters, and the
results of the parameters can be
surprising.

Circle is initially confusing. It begins
drawing each circle from the three
o'clock position on the screen. For the
last 23 years, in flying and in reading
blueprints, I've used the 12 o'clock
position (top of the screen) as zero
degrees for circles and arcs. It took
quite a while for me to consistently get
the results I expected from the Circle
command.

Once you become accustomed to the
commands, they are fairly easy to use.
You'll probably need to keep the man-
ual handy if you're attempting compli-
cated graphics, but straight lines are a
snap. With a little practice, you'll find
that setting up formatted screens for
user input is actually easy with
Newbasic.

The program's greatest value, how-
ever, is as a game development tool.
The rapid graphics and sound genera-
tor make near-arcade results easily
achieved. ■

80 Micro, December 1983 • 45

REVIEWS

MOST WANTED
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SUPER UTILITY PLUS 3 2 —

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MICRO' A MUST HAVE program if you have disks, as reviewed Dy
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PowirMAIL PLUS

The most powerful mailing information system yet tor the TRS-80
Runs under most current DOSes as well as hard drives lOO^t
machine language tor maximum speeo* Features ?4 definable
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POWERDOT II

A GRAPHICS BREAKTHROUGH' The ULTIMATE in graphics
design This version is MUCH MORE POWERFUL than previous
ve-sions and includes BETTER documentation as well Sew
features ixlude AUTODRAW* and CIRCLE commands Now
allows you to design your own character sets' includes tots of
examples on ask Your screen is only a pic! jre window" to a much
larger drawing rea' You are only limited By disk slo-age no!
memory Works on EPSON Series (Grattrax ol Grati-ax* required)
or the C Itoh 8510 (PROWRITER or NEC version) Coming soon lor
DMP2100 DMP400 and LP-8

I POttlRDRAW

WIS

A fuK screen graphicstext editor Allows you to design your
graphics and merge them with your BASIC or assembly program m
Six different formats The files may be used aione or chained
together tor animation effects MANY programs being produced
:ommerc:al'y today incorporate POWERDRAW graphics' No
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Allows you to use ALL of Supe'Scnpsit's* teatures with your
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drive Now ixiudes DISKFILE driver Save formatted text to disk
now

D«hf $29.95 mci

Please Specify

Powe-DRIVER'P Cltoh 8510 PROWRITER
PowerDRtVERE EPSON or GEMINI Series
PowerDRIVER F ■ Cltoh STARWRITER (Leading Edge

^ The TOOLBOX for LDOS" -~

The utilities to perfect LDOS* are available m PowerSOFTs
TOOLBOX You also get patches and filters to make your system
manageable" "The TOOLBOX should Be part of every LDOS*
users' system,'' quoted trom Sept '83 80-MiCRO. who gave
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(214)484 2976 „ ^,

SuperScripsit is a Traoema-k o! lanoy Cap

LOOS is a trademark of LSI

46 • 80 Micro, December 1983

• •••

Instant Assembler
Mumford Micro Systems
P.O. Box 400
Summerland. CA 93067
Models I and IH
32KRAM
$39.95 cassette
$49.95 disk

by William J. Schauert

Instant Assembler, a complete As-
sembly-language development sys-
tem, provides many enhancements to
the Radio Shack Editor/ Assembler. It's
a good system for beginning Assembly-
language programmers, and an ade-
quate system for advanced programmers.

Instant Assembler is unique from
other editor/assemblers in that it assem-
bles code as you type it in, line by line.
This way, you catch mistakes without
the tedium involved in re-editing to cor-
rect errors that occur on assembly and
later debugging the program for logic
errors.

Instant Assembler contains an editor
to create your source files, a built-in
symbolic debugger, and a linking pro-
gram that lets you create separate mod-
ules and link them together into a single
program.

I tested the program under TRSDOS
1.3 on the Model III, and under LDOS
5.1.3 on my MAX-80. The manual
states that the program runs under most
popular DOSes for the Model III.

This package includes a program disk
and a 65-page user's manual. The pro-
gram disk is a TRSDOS data disk. For
those of you with a single drive system,
the disk self boots into a special pro-

gram that transfers the programs to
your system disk.

The programs include the Instant As-
sembler program, three versions of the
linking loader, a stand alone version of
the debugger program, and a program
to restart the assembler with the source
file in place (if you have to reset during a
debugging session). The main program,
DSKIAS, contains the editor/assembler
and a built-in debugger.

In the traditional method of creating
an Assembly-language program, you
enter your source code with an editor,
then run the assembler. The assembler
checks the syntax of each source state-
ment, and generates machine code or an
error message. You then re-edit the
source file to eliminate errors and try
the assembler again.

Once you have an error- free source
file, the assembler generates object
code, the machine code for execution.
Since neither the editor nor the
assembler checks for logic errors, you
must debug the object code. Most
operating systems include a debug
program.

The author of the Instant Assembler
takes a different approach to Assembly-
language programming. This program
assembles the source line when you hit
the enter key while in the edit mode.

It checks for proper Z80 syntax of the
opcode and operand data, and it looks
for any duplicate use of the label. It also
checks the range of relative jumps. If
you have any errors in the line, the sys-
tem reports the error and places you in
the line edit mode with the cursor at the
first character in the offending field.

After you finish your source file, you
can assemble it directly into memory
and debug your program with the built-
in debugger. Since the source file is still
in memory, you can also debug using
the symbol names in your program.

If you discover an error, you can re-
turn to the editor mode, correct the bug,
and try again. Having all these pro-
grams in memory at one time helps
speed up the process of developing an
Assembly-language program.

The Assembler

The assembler portion of the pro-
gram is actually both editor and assem-
bler. The editor accepts text from the
keyboard and places it in the proper
fields for the assembler. The input data
is in the form of Z80 mnemonics and
comments.

NEWBASIC

Adds over 40 commands to Disk BASIC

"Of all the software packages I've purchased since I bought my
TRS-80* in Dec. 78, this is the best." - R. Hunter, Roswell, NM

Customize NEWBASIC-include only
those commands you need.

Over a dozen easy-to-use and powerful
graphics commands (e.g., DRAW, LINE,
CIRCLE, PAINT).

Produce sound for music & effects.
RS-232 initialization & I/O.

Pre-defined and definable keys.

Disk-based spooler /despooler.

Execute strings, label lines, 2-byte
PEEK /POKE, restore to any DATA
line, block memory move, set
hi-mem. and much, much more.

70 page manual; summary card.

"NEWBASIC is a very useful tool for anyone programming in BASIC . . . At $39.95.
NEWBASIC offers a lot for the money." — Basic Computing; July, 1983

"Why weren't some of NEWBASIC s commands part of standard (Disk) BASIC?"

- R. Haley; Castro Valley, CA
' 'NEWBASIC is easy and fun to work with. Within hours we were creating stunning high
speed graphics and interesting sound effects. I'd recommend NEWBASIC to anyone. "

— J. Ryan; Mt. Vernon. IL

Now NEWBASIC's more powerful than ever! For a very small, one-time fee, you can
include our "execute only" version of NEWBASIC along with your programs. Now anyone
can run your NEWBASIC programs-even if they don't own NEWBASIC!

1 %$

The Collecton^p^ The Analyst

Improved
r^^j| Garbage Collector

mitten

Eliminate long garbage collec-
tion (string compression)
delays! The Collector uses
only 500 bytes, plus 2 bytes
per string (during collection).
Use it with almost any BASIC program, without changing a thing'

Just look at what The Collector can do, then decide:

Duration

sees)

Irnprovwntnt

# strings

ROM

ThoCetecter

(x faster)

250

12.1

0.7

17.3

500

46.3

1.6

28.9

1000

180.6

3.6

50.2

2000

713.3

7.8

91.4

(Typical garbage

cowctxxi riotoyv)

Helps speed up
BASIC programs!

Speed up most BASIC pro-
grams by 15-50%. The
Analyst makes it easy. And
you can use it on commercial
software, as well as your own

Just run your program while The Analyst "analyzes" it. After
displaying the results, you add 1 or 2 simple lines to your program.
The changes enable BASIC to find the frequently used variables
more quickly, speeding up your program!

Why settle for slow? Get The Analyst, and speed it up!

Juki 6100 - $550.00 Daisywheel Printer

Proportional spacing, 10. 12, 15 CPI, 18 CPS Bold, underline, superscript, etc Uses
Diablo 630 codes The best printer for the price 1

Centronics parallel $550.00 ($583 00 in CA)

Senai $600.00 < $636 00 in CAI

Printer terms: Add $10.00 snipping Credit card orders add 3 5°/o US O'ders orry

NEWBASIC (Model l/MI disk. 48K) $39.95 ($42.95 in CA).

'Execute only" option $ 9.95 ($10 55 m CA)

The Collector (Model I/Ill disk) $24.95 ($26 45 in CA)

The Analyst (Model l/ ill disk) $24.95 ($26 45 in CA)

Some DOS's require 2 drives tor installation. Compatible with most DOS's Diskettes
ate no\ copy protected.

Terms: Check, money order. Visa. M/C. and CO D. (+ $2 00) Add $2 50 ship-
ping m US & Canada. $5 00 elsewhere *US funds only)

"MSA — Making excellence affordable"

Modular

Software

1V4-1Q

Associates

" ■ -=■

209 18th Street

Huntington Beach CA 92648

(714)960-6668

• 58

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80 Micro. December 1983 • 47

REVIEWS

The manual covers each of the 37 edi-
tor commands in enough detail to let
even a beginner operate the program. If
you're familiar with the TRSDOS Basic
line editor, you already know how to
use most of the line editing commands.

The assembler expects the input line
to follow a fixed format. You can enter
an optional six-character label as the
first field. If the first character of the
label is the ampersand, other program
modules can use this label. In Z80 talk,
this label is global or public. If the label
doesn't have an ampersand, it's known
only to the current program module.

The next field is a four-character op-
code field that can contain any known
Z80 opcode. It can also contain two un-
documented Z80 opcodes that let you
access the upper and lower halves of the
index registers separately.

The last field, the operand field, can
contain up to 45 characters and include
any type of operand data or comments.
If you want a comment, enter a semico-
lon followed by your comment. How-
ever, you don't need to align your com-
ments; the editor does this automatically.

The editor/assembler works quickly
and efficiently to help you produce
Assembly-language source code. On a
global level, the editor has commands
to insert code, delete lines, and move
blocks of code from one area to
another.

It's possible to list your source code
to the display or the line printer. When
you send code to the printer, the pro-
gram paginates it, but doesn't add a title
to your list. You can also save code to
the disk or tape. You can save source
code in the Instant Assembler com-
pressed format (a semi-assembled code)
or in standard Radio Shack EDTASM
format.

If you choose the latter, the program
saves the source in ASCII format with
line numbers. You can then edit this
code with Radio Shack's EDTASM.

You can also include other sections of
source code in your current program by
using the Merge command, which ap-
pends one Instant Assembler file on
disk to one in memory. As the program
adds the source code, it checks for Z80
syntax errors, just as if you entered the
code from the keyboard.

Other assembler commands let you
read the disk directory, delete a file
from the disk, and find instructions in
the code that reference a certain label.

48 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Another command lets you assemble
your code directly to memory so you
can debug it as soon as you finish
without saving and then reloading it
with a debugger program. You can also
save your object code to disk or tape
when you have a finished product.

The assembler allows only a few
pseudo-ops, including the Z80 types of
DEFM for messages, DEFB for byte
data, DEFW for word data, DEFS for
storage allocation, and EQU for sym-
bolic equates. These have some surpris-
ing limitations.

You cannot use the EQU pseudo-op
to define byte data. A statement like:

LINEFEED EQU 10
LD A, LINEFEED

is not allowed in this assembler. You
can assign only word length (16-bit)
equates.

You can postfix symbols with an ex-
pression, but the range is limited to - 31
to +287. This means that LD
HL,(BEGIN + 31) is allowed, but an
expression like LD HL,(THEEND
BEGIN) isn't allowed.

The storage allocation is limited to
4,095 bytes in a single DEFS statement,
but you can use multiple statements to
obtain greater allocation areas. The last
limitation is that a DEFM statement can
only define a string of 43 characters due
to the length of the operand field.

You can break your message string
up into several statements of 43 or fewer
characters. The assembler also does not
recognize any ORG, End, or DEFL
pseudo-ops. The assembler automati-
cally supplies ORG and End when you
list the program.

The Debugger

After you assemble your program
into memory, you can switch to the
built-in debugger program called
MicroMind. This program is also fur-
nished in a stand-alone version. Micro-
Mind has over 21 commands. As with
the assembler, the manual explains each
in detail.

The main routine used in the de-
bugging process is the Step command.
This mode lets you step through your
program in half steps, each step broken
up into a Fetch and then an Execute
cycle. You can step through any area of
the program including sections that
might be in ROM.

When you enter the step mode, the
program asks you for the first address.
After you enter a valid address, the pro-
gram fetches the Z80 opcode at that ad-
dress. The CRT displays the machine
instruction, the disassembled code, and
the contents of all registers and most
flags.

When you hit the enter key, the pro-
gram executes the instruction. The dis-
play keeps the old information and
shows the new register information.
This lets you compare the before and
after effects of the instruction as the
program executes it. Some commands
let you fast step up to 99 steps, and exe-
cute through a call that has already been
tested.

MicroMind also supports traditional
breakpoint debugging. This lets you set
a break location in your code, then run
the program until you reach the break
location. The display then shows the
current state of the registers. The break-
point is not restored when you reach it;
restoring a breakpoint requires a sepa-
rate command.

Two blocks of memory appear on the
display at all times. These blocks are 19
bytes long and you can set them to start
anywhere in memory. This is handy if
you want to keep an eye on a buffer in
which you're changing data.

MicroMind also lets you display a
block of memory in ASCII so you can
detect string information. The display is
50 characters long (five lines of 10
each), and you can move it forward or
backward with the up- and down-arrow
keys. Other commands let you modify
memory and the processor registers.

Instant Assembler includes some util-
ity routines in the debugger program.
The Find Number routine lets you
search memory for any 1- or 2-byte se-
quence.

The Disassemble command shows
you the Z80 mnemonic code starting at
any first address and incrementing by
one instruction each time you press the
enter key. The program sends this infor-
mation to the screen or to your printer.
The debugger also has Hex-to-Decimal
and Decimal-to-Hex number conver-
sion routines.

The MicroMind program is easy to
use and a good debugging tool. It's
much better than Radio Shack T-Bug
and good competition for the disk-
based debug program included with
TRSDOS. The disassembler feature is

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» Makes a great holiday present!

• Hanging a calendar in your home or
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» Source code included - versions
available for the Model I, II, III and IV,
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REVIEWS

nice because you can see your code as
you write it in source as well as in
machine code.

The only objectionable item in the
debugger is that the Z80 prime registers
aren't included in any of the displays.
To view these, you must execute an ex-
change opcode and display the registers
again.

The linking Loader

An old computer saying states: "A
program expands to fill available memo-
ry." Well, in case it does, the Instant
Assembler package has a program to
help you manage large programs.

With the Linking Loader, you can
break your source files up into related
sections, define entry labels by prefixing
the ampersand to them, and combine
the entire program at the end to create
your final object code.

The Instant Assembler contains sev-
eral versions of the linker to create pro-
grams that start at the top of memory
and work their way down, or start in
low RAM and work toward the top of
memory. All the linkers use the Instant
Assembler source as their input file.
You must save your modules in com-
pressed format to use this feature.

As you load each module, the pro-
gram checks it again for proper Z80
syntax, for ranges of relative jumps,
and for duplicate labels. At the end of

the loading session, you receive a sum-
mary of error count and a list of unde-
fined labels.

You can also search for the location
of any symbol with the Symbol com-
mand. This lets you find the absolute
address of any global symbol. If you
like, the linker sends a list of all global
symbols and their addresses to the
printer. After you have all your source
modules linked, you can save the resul-
tant object code on tape or disk.

Conclusion

The unique feature of this assembler
is the instant assembly of your source
code as you enter it. This is a good fea-
ture for a new Assembly-language pro-
grammer, because it immediately elimi-
nates simple syntax errors from your
source code.

The editor lets you save your source
code in the Instant Assembler com-
pressed format or in Radio Shack
EDTASM format. If you choose to
save your programs in compressed for-
mat, you can save about two and a half
times the number of bytes of the ED-
TASM format on your tape or disk.

The only serious problems with the
assembler are the limitations on the
range of expressions and the restriction
to 16-bit equates. These problems be-
come severe for commercial applica-
tions, but might not affect the average

home user or beginner.

The MicroMind debugger is easy to
use and rivals almost any other debug-
ger available for the Model III. The
source code linker lets you break up the
program into smaller sections, and later
combines them into a single object pro-
gram for execution.

The documentation includes a com-
plete description of each command and
examples of how to use each one. The
manual uses a sample program as an ex-
ample of all other portions of the devel-
opment system, including the debugger
and the Linking Loader.

Because of some compatibility limi-
tations between this assembler and the
Radio Shack EDTASM assembler, the
manual devotes a chapter to adapting
your programs to EDTASM. It would
be more helpful if the author of the pro-
gram corrected these limitations rather
than discussing how to program around
them.

In general, the Instant Assembler is a
good Assembly-language development
system. It provides many enhancements
to the Radio Shack EDTASM system.

It also works quickly and improves
user efficiency by having the editor/as-
sembler and debugger in memory along
with your program. This is a good start-
er system for beginning Assembly-lan-
guage programmers, and a usable sys-
tem for advanced programmers. M

■k-kVi

Model 100 Games #1

SflverWare

P.O. Box 21101

Santa Barbara, CA 93121

24K Model 100

$24.95 cassette

by Eric Grevstad
80 Micro staff

Tf you've been waiting for high-
.Iquality, fast, machine-language games
for your Model 100, keep waiting. In the
meantime, SflverWare (a spinoff of
CLOAD and Chromasette magazines)
has converted a quartet of simple Basic
programs for the portable — one or two of
which are modestly entertaining if you
have modest expectations.

The cassette includes two copies each
of two adventures and two graphics-

50 • 90 Micro, December 1983

oriented games. All loaded easily on the
first try; the documentation includes a
handy table showing their locations on
a Radio Shack CCR-81 recorder's tape
counter, as well as the memory re-
quirements for each.

The games, Blockade and Reversi,
can share RAM with other programs on
the menu, but each of the adventures,
Alexis and Frankenstein, fills most of a
24K machine.

By that criterion, Alexis (18,500
bytes) wins the Not Worth Killing
Everything But ADRS.DO Award. The
plot is interesting: As the imprisoned
son of the late king, you must escape the
usurping General Tarkaan, sail to each
of four neighboring islands to collect an
army, and then return to battle Tar-
kaan, surviving in effect four adven-
tures and a combat strategy game.

But Alexis combines this sophisticat-
ed premise with the clumsy syntax and

limited range of an antique (1980,
perhaps) Basic adventure. Given the
100's 40-column screen, even terse two-
word commands are too long to fit on
the same line as the windy "What is
your command, Alexis?" prompt.

Other nagging lines— "You can't go
that way, Alexis"; "You have boarded
the boat, Alexis"— make the name
begin to sound like fingernails on a
blackboard.

Alexis has annoying random ele-
ments, too: Sometimes Pluto gives you
the Crystal Sphere of Hades if you bring
him the giant pearl, but sometimes he's
cranky and demands something else.

While sailing from island to island,
you have to keep an eye on the weather
and type WAIT if it looks stormy. Even
if you do, the program occasionally kills
you off, saying "You should have
waited."

Adventurers used to brain-busting

The STX-80 printer for Christmas '83 !

What a great gift idea!

It's the STX-80 printer from Star. Sleek,
compact and priced under $200, it's sure to
put you in a very giving mood.

The STX-80 prints whisper-quiet print-
outs. It features true descenders, foreign
language characters and special symbols. It
offers both finely detailed dot addressable and
block graphics.

And you can give it with confidence
knowing that it can run with virtually every type
of personal and business computer.

The STX-80 printer from Star. It's
the perfect gift for every computer user in your
life. Especially if one of them happens to be you!

Enjoy your presents and have a happy
and healthy holiday.

micronics'inc

THE POWER BEHIND THE PRINTED WORD.

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REVIEWS

puzzles will be sorely disappointed.
Alexis begins his odyssey in a jail cell,
where the guards put him without re-
moving the skeleton key he carries.

On the first island, I worried about
natives or monsters but found only stut-
tering strings: "Alexis, you are on the
shores of the island of Skiros on the
island of Skiros."

By contrast, while no one would call
Frankenstein a great adventure — simple
two-word commands ("Untight candle"),
slow Basic that lets you type in a com-
mand before the display's processed your
previous one — it's a pleasant few hours'
exercise.

Frankenstein (15,000 bytes) is rela-
tively easy, but has a couple of clues or
items that form a good introduction to
adventuring logic. I can't recommend it
for children, though, because it involves
digging up and hacking at corpses. As
the last surviving relative of Victor
Frankenstein, you must finish his work
and activate the monster, who's short a
few parts.

But once you get into it — scurrying
between the mansion, the graveyard,
and the old mill; trying to get at and
open the safe; and dodging quicksand,
werewolves, and finally the awakened
monster — Frankenstein is ghoulish fun.

Like Alexis, however, it might tempt
portable players to cheat. For people
used to Model I/III disk adventuring,
it's all too easy to hop into Basic for a
simple LIST. (That's how I learned the
trick of getting past the wolf; I'd never
have been gruesome enough to think of
it myself.)

Both Frankenstein and Alexis have one
wonderful feature, the best thing about
Model 100 adventuring — you can save a
game in progress to RAM (your position
is stored as a bunch of numbers in a
350-byte do-file), replacing disk or
cassette I/O with "Save game" or "Load
game" and a tap of the enter key.

Key work isn't so easy in Blockade
(6,500 bytes), a semi-Centipede game in
which you steer a snake around the
screen, trying to reach targets and grow-

ing longer as you do so. The targets ap-
pear and disappear randomly, some-
times for no longer than an LCD
flicker; each is worth a random one to
nine points.

Hit the wall or your tail, or your op-
ponent in two-person games, and you
lose five points. Blockade then displays
your current score and restarts with new
snakes.

The word that springs to mind, espe-
cially after the opening instructions take
eight seconds to appear, is "slow"; only
the fastest of three speeds is at all in-
teresting, and sluggish response makes
maneuvering difficult. Rather than the
Model 100's arrow keys, the Esc, tab, /,
and shift keys steer single players up,
down, left, and right respectively.

Two-player games are awkward. Not
only is the 100's screen hard for two
people to see at once, but the second
player has to use the apostrophe, slash,
comma, and period keys to steer, revers-
ing the order (left hand up/down, right
hand left/right) of the other arrangements

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RADIO SHACK • CENTRONICS • COMMODORE • EPSON - ANADEX - BASE 2 - IP1

RIBBON SALE

PRINTER

MAKE, MODEL NUMBER

(Contact us it your printer is
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RELOAD /our old cartridges I

ANADEX 9000 Series

BASE 2

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NEC 8023

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CARBON FILM (1419)
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DM P-20o! 1 20 (26- 1 483)

DM P-500 (26-1482)

DMP-2100 (26-1442)

LP III- V (26-1414)

LP VI-VIII DMP-400 (26-1418)

LP VII DMP-100 (26-1424)

EPSON MX 70-80 IBM
MX 100

CENTRONICS 3S2OS2W000 Sartas

COMMODORE 8023P

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SIZE

INSERTS EZ-LOAD,.

DROP IN, NO WINDING 1

EXACT REPLACEMENTS

made in our shop.

Cartridges not included

IIS/3

$66/12

S380V72

$15/3

$5*12

$280/72

: r

$45/12
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154/12
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$288/72
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$360/72

$15/3

$288/72

RELOADS**

You SEND your used
CARTRIDGES to us. We put
OUR NEW INSERTS in them

-«]0*« Exact Replacements

S§£ C. ITOH - IDS - DATA ROYAL - OTHERS

$ 7«a./2or more

$ 8««/2or more

$ 6 »«./2or more

$ 6eaJ2of more

$ 4ea. 12 or more

$ ■•*. 3-11
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$ 7 •« J2 or more

$ 7/1
S 7/1
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$ 6 en 12 or more
$ 6ei./2or more
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$ 6eaJ2ormore

NEW CARTRIDGES

(from the various

manufacturers Subject

to availability *)

$30/2
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$ 6eaJ2or more

$ 6 ea .'2 or more
$ 7 ea./2 or more

$ 7/1

$13 eaJ2 or more
$ 6ea-/2ormore

WORRIED ABOUT ORDERING BY MAIL' Rela> We ve been in business tor many years and can please Ihe
smallest and largesi account You receive some o' the finest ribbons available made ot our own exclusive IMAGE
PLUS + i- fabric and carbon turn Our ribbons lit your printer exactly COMPARE bul BEWARE 1 We order all Ou'
competitor's products and are amazed at what we get Have you ever received a new fabric ribbon you nad to
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ribbon sensor' Or cartridges with only HALF enough r.bbon WITHOUT a Mobius Loop'' (No bargain al ANY price 1 )
We use the latest stale-ot the art production equipment and are blessed wilh a line, dedicated slaft We guaraniee
everything we make, period Our ribbons are made Iresh daily and our goal is to ship your order within 24 hours
Write for our brochure, price list and newsletler. INK SPOTSm

$27/2
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$81/ 6
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WIND to LOAD

WHY DO Wt SELL THESE 7

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the me!

e type ribbon you get if y
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ind

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unwinding and dumping this type
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Simplify your lite not make it more
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You are welcome to order these if you
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INSERTS RELOADS or NEW CART
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One more caution be sure to check
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RADIO SHACK COMPUTERS SOFTWARE SUPPLIES ACCESSORIES

Caf^o^ase^rwr/fe^oMjurCOSTPU/STOIj^n'EflM/

80 Micro, December 1983 • 53

REVIEWS

or the Model III arrow keys.

As if that weren't enough, the game
drags on until someone reaches 100
or - 100 points, or until a player leads
his opponent by 100 points. This can
take some time. The playing options
and default values (one player, sound,
medium speed) are nice touches, but
Blockade remains basically a dull game.

Reversi, on the other hand, is the
same old Othello that's been on micros
for years, but the Model 100 version is a
first-rate use of 5,250 bytes. The docu-
mentation is poor — I'd never played
Reversi before and learned by trial and
error — but the game is neat, simple, and
fiendishly challenging.

On a Model I or III, Reversi was in-
teresting. Scaled to fit in your lap, it's an
ideal armchair or plane-ride diversion.

While two can play, Reversi is best as
a solitaire duel against the 100. A # sign,
steered around an 8-by-8 grid with the
arrow keys, lets you enter your move,

capturing enemy pieces between two of
yours. Then the 100 takes its turn, mov-
ing the # sign around the board as if
considering moves before making its
choice and capturing even more pieces.

Games become grim, vicious fights
for the crucial edge and corner spaces;
toward the end, the lead swings wildly
back and forth until a musical salute an-
nounces the victor. I've managed sev-
eral wins and a tie, but I'm by no means
through playing. Of the four Silver-
Ware games, Reversi is the only one I'm
keeping in my Model 100.

I can recommend Reversi because it
takes new life in a lap-sized version, but
the other Model 100 games have no real
attraction except portability. Probably
soon there'll be adventures with plots as
elegant as the save-to-RAM feature, or
arcade games that aren't anchored by
plodding Basic. The Model 100 will be a
great game computer. It just isn't one
quite yet. ■

• •*•

Microspooler Buffer/Interface
Consolink Corporation
1840 Industrial Circle
Longmont, CO 80501
$199 (16K parallel to parallel)

by Mare-Anne Jarvela
80 Micro Technical Editor

If you've ever waited impatiently for
your printer to stop printing so you
could use your computer again for other
tasks, here's a microspooler that makes
work much easier for you.

The microspooler stores data until the
printer is done, letting you continue your
work. Data acceptance rate is up to 5,800
characters per second.

You can also use the microspooler be-
tween a phone modem and a printer, or
the modem and your computer.

The four spooler models available in-
clude parallel to parallel, parallel to serial,
serial to serial, and serial to parallel con-
figurations. The model I describe in this
review is parallel to parallel.

You can configure each model to store
16K, 32K, or 64K of data. The price is
slightly higher for 32K and 64K, and
serial models are more expensive than
parallel.

54 • 80 Micro, December 1983

The microspooler is small: 6.3 inches
high by 2.6 inches wide by 8.3 inches
deep. It's a white box with black edges
that weighs two pounds, 15 ounces and
stands vertically to save space.

A two-digit numeric display on the
front is the status readout that tells you
how much data is in the spooler or how
many copies are left to run. On the
front you'll also find the copy/pause
button and the reset button.

"The microspooler

stores data until

the printer is done,

letting you

continue your work. "

The back has two ports, one for input
and one for output. The on/off switch
is also on the back. Connectors for
parallel ports are 36-pin Centronics
compatible; the input port is the recep-
tacle and the output port is the plug. For
serial ports, the input port is the DB-25S
receptacle and the output port is the

DB-25P plug.

Using the Microspooler

The microspooler hooks up to most
standard printers, but lack of standard-
ization in the printer industry might give
you problems in getting the right kind
of cable for your printer. Consolink is
helpful if you need advice or help in
building your own cable.

It's simple to hook up a parallel
printer and microspooler. With the
serial microspooler or printer, you have
to set a few switches. The serial ports
also have selectable baud rates. The
manual is easy to follow and tells you
exactly what to do.

When you first turn on the micro-
spooler, you can perform a self-test.
Press and release the reset button while
holding in the copy /pause button. This
is a software test of ROM (read-only
memory).

If this test is successful, your printer
tells you ROM is OK and how much
memory is available. Now you can start
filling your buffer.

The minute you start sending data
from your computer to the printer, the
microspooler fills up and control re-
turns to the computer. The printer starts
printing simultaneously. The status
readout changes from 00 to 01 (IK) and
so on as you send data.

When you stop filling the buffer, the
readout decreases until it reaches
when the printer finishes printing. Reset
the buffer to 00 if you don't want an ex-
tra copy. While the printer is running,
you can press the copy/pause button if
you need to change the paper or make
adjustments.

When printing is complete, press the
copy/pause button for one more copy
of whatever is in the microspooler's
memory. It's also possible to preset the
number of copies (up to 99) you want
before you start printing. Press the
copy/pause button until the desired
amount of copies appears on the
readout.

You also have the option of pausing
after every copy. The microspooler also
has a pause on form feed function.

I found the microspooler simple to
install and easy to use. It's a helpful tool
if you have a lot of printing to do. The
microspooler frees you and your com-
puter to do other things while the print-
er works. All in all, the microspooler is
a good buy. ■

TRS-80

THE WAIT IS OVER

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• FORMAT utility permits up to 52 disk formats to be con-
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Specifications subject to change without notice
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80 Micro, December 1983 • 55

TIRED7I

of typing DBfc 1, COfT "FILSMAMI": 1 TO

"nUNJUO": 0, rOMB "TBJOUkMME": 0. LIST
"mnUlO": 1, LOAD """mm" (P = 3),

MMUVI = and on and on and on)
Then you are ready tor DOSTAMDt Imagine
over 140 commands that TOU define, exe-
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Instant sorted directories with 1 key. Load
Basic, protect memory, run your program
with 2 keystrokes. List a rile to the screen or
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disk and lor Newdos BO owners, change a
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Your DOS has a lot ol great features The
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DOSTAMUt is configured tor each DOS.
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REVIEWS

• • • • Vi

Using Scripsit

William J. Haga

Wadsworth Electronic Publishing Co.

10 Davis Drive

Belmont, CA 94002

Softcover, 250 pp.

$21.95

by S.F. Tomajczyk
80 Micro staff

It's said that you can't teach an old
dog new tricks. It seemed true until I
began reading Using Scripsit by William
Haga. That's when I realized that, al-
though I've actively used Scripsit for the
past year, I haven't really been using it.
Using Scripsit is truly user-friendly. It
represents what a reference book should
be: comprehensive and informative con-
cerning the subject matter, readily
accessible for locating specific informa-
tion, and most importantly, communi-
cative in an understandable fashion.

BREAK FREE FROM "CANNED" SOFTWARE

leO** 1

to CONTROL YOUR TRS-80

Better BASIC and Machine Code

by Ian Stewart, Robin Jones, and Nevin B. Scrimshaw

CONTROL YOUR TRS-80 will teach you techniques
for writing more creative programs quickly and clearly
while having more fun along the way. Plus, you'll be
introduced to MACHINE CODE — the computer's
inner language. Let this book show you how to:
■ Program a simple word processor

* Build a game tree

* Perform a real-life simulation study

* Take advantage of split-screen capacity
AND MORE

CONTROL YOUR

TRS-80

Better BASIC and Machine Code

In short, everything you need to

CONTROL YOUR TRS-80!

P«p«rb»ck/200 pp/ISBN 3 7643 3143-7/$14.95

2X5 ORDER YOUR COPY — CUP THIS COUPON

From BIRKHAUSER BOSTON, Inc.
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Signature.

(please print)

Name

Address

City

St*t«_

Zip.

Send To: BIRKHAUSER BOSTON. Inc.
Bos 2007 M
Cambridge, MA 02139

The book discloses everything you
ever wanted to know about using Scrip-
sit's capabilities on your Model I or III.
The information applies only to Scripsit
versions 3.2 and 1.0, so if you have
Scripsit on a Model II the book won't
be of any use to you.

Using Scripsit employs a hands-on
approach to learning to get the most out
of Scripsit. You should read it with your
computer in front of you. William Haga
presents each procedure in numbered
steps that tell you what to do, what your
video display looks like when you do it,
and how the printed result looks on
paper.

You'll never feel lost or confused.
And to make certain that you won't,
Haga includes exercises to test your
growing skills in using Scripsit.

At the end of each chapter, a Com-
mon Mistakes section lists the problems
and solutions you're most likely to en-
counter. Also, the left margins are filled
with comments that clarify the text,
provide helpful and humorous tidbits,
and direct you to other sections of the
book for further information.

At a Glance

The first section of Using Scripsit is
an introduction aimed at the first-time
user. In Chapters 1-7, Haga method-
ically takes the reader through the fun-
damentals of disk use, writing and for-
matting the video screen, saving and
retrieving Scripsit files, basic editing
commands, and formatting and print-
ing a document.

The second part of the book deals
with more complex applications for the
experienced user. Chapters 8-15 include
valuable information and explanations
of Scripsit that you'll refer to time and
time again. They cover block moves,
search and replace routines, creative
formatting, and chain loading.

They also clarify the forbidding
headers, footers, and page numbering
system, as well as clearly explain the
Hot Zone of Scripsit's hyphenation
function, and how to save a half-ruined
printout without reprinting the entire
document.

The best is yet to come: In the re-
maining three chapters, Haga shows
you how to merge VisiCalc with Scrip-
sit, create personalized form letters, use
Scripsit to write computer programs in
Basic, and print documents in special
formats.

Continued on p. 61

56 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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BUILT FOR ETERNITY-WARRANTED FOR A LIFETIME

BASF Qualimetric FlexyDisks' offer
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your most vital information will be
secure for tomorrow when you enter
it on BASF FlexyDisks today.

We can offer this warranty with
complete confidence because the
Qualimetric standard reflects a con-
tinuing BASF commitment to perfec-
tion... a process which begins with
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and continues through coating, pol-
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100% error-free certification. Built
into our FlexyDisk jacket is a unique
two-piece liner. This BASF feature
traps damaging debris away from
the media surface, and creates extra
space in the head access area, insur-
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ment. The result is a lifetime of
outstanding performance.

When your information must
be secure for the future, look for
the distinctive BASF package with
the Qualimetric seal. Call 800-343-
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Enter tomorrow on basf today

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58 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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^seeustot A&miiscn on Page 29i 80 Micro, December 1983 • 59

^sm

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A maintenance tool for "CMD M
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Z-80 assembler/editor supporting
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Transfer files directly to DOS
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Disassemble directly from disk

files or memory. The disk file

source output generates 100%

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UHLI

A 4-function utility package
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This

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A utility to build and maintain
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MISOSYS

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60 • 80 Micro, December 1983

REVIEWS

Continued from p. 56

He explains, step by step, how to
send Scripsit files by phone across town
or across the globe, and how to
manipulate your operating system's
password protection system to protect
your Scripsit files from prying eyes.

When I reached the end of Chapter
18, I was convinced that William Haga
had a sadistic streak in him. Why else
would he continue to throw so much
valuable information at me in his ap-
pendixes?

One appendix provides the symptom,
cause, and solution to errors you fre-
quently encounter. It covers everything
from Scripsit error messages to printer
difficulties, and from drive unit prob-
lems to DOS troubles.

Another appendix lists reference
sources that include computer mag-
azines, books and manuals, and inde-
pendent sources of equipment and
software. And yet another appendix
functions as a glossary for Scripsit
users! The author had done the impossi-
ble: I actually learned some new tricks.

What exactly did I learn? Well, did
you know that Scripsit has a widow sup-

pressor? That you can change the screen
width to up to 132 characters? That
with the Search command you can find
several variations of a word for spelling
errors? That Scripsit can hyphenate
wrapped-around words with its hyphen-
ation block?

That you can create a paragraph pan-
try to easily and quickly customize form
letters? Or that you can chain files to-
gether in order to print and number an
entire document? I didn't until Using
Scripsit told me. Now 80 Micro's
technical editors ask me for advice on
Scripsit.

With the information in this 250-page
book, I've found Scripsit to be much
more powerful than I thought. Now I
use it to finish office paperwork more
quickly, write and edit chapters in my
book, create and print form letters and
memos, and write Basic computer pro-
grams.

For the skeptics out there, Using
Scripsit does have its drawbacks, but
they are trivial. For instance, 1 feel that
the chapters concerned with screen edit-

ing should have been introduced earlier
in the book.

This would let you go from booting
up Scripsit, writing and formatting the
video display, to screen editing, saving
the file, and formatting and printing the
document. Trivial, but it would make
for a more useful chronological
reference.

The only legitimate complaint I have
deals with the omission of an easy refer-
ence sheet that lists in abbreviated form
all the Scripsit commands and functions
so you don't have to browse through the
entire book for an obscure command.

Such a sheet would save a lot of an-
guish and time. Haga does, however,
include an incomplete facsimile that
lists only the screen format defaults.
Useful, but not what 1 was looking for.

Using Scripsit is comprehensive, well-
written, and useful. Every Model I/III
owner with Scripsit, whether a first-time
user or an old dog, can benefit and learn
from this book.

It belongs next to your computer and
its operating manual. Using Scripsit will
soon become your most valuable guide, fl

• ••••

CP/M 2.2, MBasic 80

on the Mapper I (48K)/ffl (64K)

Omikron Systems

1127 Hearst St.

Berkeley, CA 94702

Models I and HI, 48K

One disk drive

Model 1, $139

Model m, $199

by John B. Harrell Dl

Omikron Systems distributes hard-
ware and software for TRS-80
computers that allow full implementa-
tion of the CP/M operating system —
not another attempt to work around the
TRS-80 internal memory structure. I
used the Mapper and its software almost
daily for three months. The system per-
formed flawlessly — no glitches, sur-
prises, or snags.

Because the hardware used in this
modification is part of another review
(see "CP/M III Ways," p. 122), I'll
consider only the CP/M 2.2 operating
system and the MBasic 80 interpreter

distributed with the hardware modifica-
tion as the starter system.

CP/M Operating System

CP/M isn't just another disk operat-
ing system; it's the most widely distrib-
uted operating system for the 8080 mi-
croprocessor. CP/M derivatives now
exist for the 8086 family and the 68000
family of 16-bit computers. Radio
Shack's introduction of the Model 4
with CP/M reinforces the fact that
CP/M has become the de facto industry
standard in operating systems.

The CP/M operating system is a
monitor and control program for mi-
crocomputer systems that use floppy or
hard disks for back-up storage. It is es-
timated to be in use in over half a mil-
lion microcomputer systems through-
out the world.

The system distributed with the
Omikron Mapper I/III modification is
CP/M 2.2. CP/M is logically divided
into four parts: the Basic input/output
system (BIOS), the Basic disk operating
system (BDOS), the console command
processor (CCP), and the transient pro-
gram area (TPA).

These component parts provide fea-
tures found in many other systems
available for TRS-80s. For example, the
BIOS provides system-dependent prim-
itive operations necessary to access the
disk drives and to interface with the
standard system peripherals, BDOS is
the disk management part of CP/M,
and the CCP provides the interface be-
tween the operator and the system.

CP/M commands break down into
three categories: built-in commands,
transient commands, and user-imple-
mented commands. See Table 1 for the
commands in the first two groups (stan-
dard on CP/M system disks. The latter
group are those commands pro-
grammed by the user in Assembly lan-
guage and executed from the disk (sim-
ilar to CMD files).

In addition to the standard Digital
Research software and documentation,
Omikron provides many specialized
features particular to the TRS-80 imple-
mentation. This documentation is pro-
vided in The Omikron Mapper Owner's
Manual. This contains all the instruc-
tions on the Mapper's installation and
the documentation for the many special

80 Micro, December 1983 • 61

REVIEWS

features required for TRS-80 systems.

One example of the customization
Omikron provides is a sophisticated
keyboard driver that maximizes the
capabilities of the CP/M software inter-
faced with the TRS-80. Features include
full keyboard debounce, a single-key
control key, upper-/lowercase support
with caps lock, and production of the
full 128 characters in the ASCII set.

Several of the keys have control func-
tions for single-key ease.

Omikron provides serial and parallel
printer drivers to support all printer in-
stallations. The default printer driver is
parallel, supporting the majority of Ra-
dio Shack hardware configurations.
The routine Serial.COM (provided by
Omikron) establishes the serial driver
and initializes the RS-232 interface to

REN
Save

Type

User

Bull-In Commands

Command Description

ERA Remove the specified file(s) from currently logged-in or

specified disk.
DIR List the names of all files in the specified directory on
the console device.

Rename the specified file to the designated name.
Save the specified number of pages (256-byte blocks) to
the file designated. Pages are taken from the Transient
Program Area beginning at 100 hexadecimal (hex).
Type (display) the contents of the specified ASCII file
to the console device.

Allow specification of different user numbers for
maintenance of separate files in the same directory.

Transient Commands

Command Description

ASM Load the CP/M assembler and assemble the specified
program. The Assembly source code is assumed to be
in Intel source mnemonics and the assembler produces
8080 machine language in the Intel hex format.
DDT Allow dynamic interactive testing of programs while
operating within the CP/M environment (DDT in-
cludes a limited disassembler).
Dump Dump the contents of the specified file to the system
console in hex form (displays the file's contents, repre-
senting each byte with ASCII letters for the hex codes).
ED Allow the creation and editing/correction of ASCII
character files in the CP/M environment.
Load Load the assembled program in the Intel hex format
and convert it to an executable machine code file.
MOVCPM Allow reconfiguration of the CP/M system for any
memory size.
PIP Allow movement of files from one form of storage to
another. You can specify many powerful parameters to
control file movement.
STAT Provide status and general purpose access to pertinent
system and disk parameters from the CP/M command
level.
Submit Allow the submission of CP/M commands in a batch
manner. This is similar to the TRSDOS Do command.
Parameter substitution is allowed within Submit files.
The compiled Submit file is executed after Submit
completes. You can chain Submit commands.
SYSGEN Allow the generation of a system disk by properly in-
itializing the CP/M operating system on the disk.
XSUB Extend the power of Submit to allow input to user
programs as well as to the Console Command Pro-
cessor.

Table I. CP/M Version 2.2 Commands.

the default conditions established with
the sense switches.

The video driver emulates a Soroc
IQ120 video terminal on the TRS-80. It
provides full upperVlowercase support
and maintains full graphics capabilities.
Also, the video driver provides a routine
that allows cursor addressing (position-
ing the cursor to a specific location on
the screen).

Omikron provides two versions of
SYSGEN and Format on the distribu-
tion disk. The manufacturer specially
tailors a version of each utility to the
5'/4- and 8-inch disks normallv used
with CP/M on the TRS-80s.

OMCOPY.COM is a disk copy rou-
tine provided by Omikron to allow
more rapid back-ups. The standard
routine, Peripheral Interchange Pro-
gram (PIP), provides a method to copy
all files from one disk to another. The
operation is similar to the "back-up by
class" LDOS uses or the "copy by file"
NEWDOS80 uses.

To circumvent the delay inherent in
this method, OMCOPY provides a
track-by-track back-up of one disk to
another. Options allow copying only
user files, only system information, or
the entire disk.

MEMTEST.COM and DSKTEST
.COM evaluate your system's perfor-
mance. The functions of each are ob-
vious.

Setup.COM lets you customize the
Omikron software according to your
personal preferences and as certain soft-
ware applications require. You can
store the options changed by Setup per-
manently on the system disk.

TRSCPM.COM provides a mecha-
nism to transfer files from TRSDOS
formatted single-density disks to CP/M
formatted disks. Both systems use a
soft-sector disk; however, both sector
lengths and directory structure differ.
This program moves data from the
TRSDOS-format system to the CP/M
system.

This feature also allows moving Basic
programs from one system to the other
as long as you save the TRSDOS pro-
gram to the disk in ASCII format. The
program transfers the files sector by sec-
tor, copying extraneous information in
some cases (the bytes past the TRSDOS
end-of-file location, for instance).

In addition to the many utilities in-
cluded on the system disk, you can see
from Table 1 that the standard CP/M
system disk includes a powerful context

62 • 80 Micro, December 1983

REVIEWS

editor (ED), an Intel-compatible 8080
assembler (including the ability to per-
form conditional assembly), and a dy-
namic system debugging monitor
(DDT).

Microsoft Bask 80

CP/M does not come with a Basic in-
terpreter. On many systems, you have
to add this feature by purchasing an in-
terpreter compatible with the operating
system. Owners of TRS-80s have been
spoiled by having a high-quality Basic
interpreter available at the flick of a
switch.

The Omikron Mapper package comes
with the industry-standard Microsoft
interpreter in two versions for 8080/
8085/Z80 microprocessors and CP/M,
MBasic.COM 5.2, and OBasic.COM
4.51. OBasic is for those users who have
software compatible with this inter-
preter and who don't wish to change to
MBasic.

MBasic 5.2 is the most extensive and
powerful Basic interpreter available for
microprocessors. It meets the require-
ments for the Basic ANSI standard and
supports many features not normally
found in other Basic interpreters, such as
complex string manipulation routines.

MBasic is similar in almost all re-
spects to the Basic interpreter imple-
mented on the Model 4. In many re-
spects, this is the same Basic currently
on the Models I and III.

The most significant difference from
Model I/III Basic is in variable naming
conventions. MBasic allows variables
names to be of any character string Get-
ters, numbers, and decimal point) up to
40 characters, whereas Model I/III Ba-
sic recognizes variables names with a
maximum of two characters; the re-
mainder of the variables name is insig-
nificant.

In MBasic, you can't use reserved
words as variables names but a vari-
ables name can contain a reserved word
within it. This generally leads to a pro-
gram error of some type in Model I/III
Basic.

This feature causes most of the in-
compatibility between MBasic and
Model I/III Basic. In MBasic, you must
surround each reserved word with spaces
or delimit it in some other manner. The
internal structure of the tokenized pro-
grams is different.

In order to transfer Basic code from
the Model I/III to the CP/M system,
you must first write or edit the program

so the interpreter can clearly identify the
reserved words (contrary to the pro-
gramming hints that obtain maximal
speed from these Basic programs) and
you must store the programs on the
TRSDOS disk in ASCII format. This
requires a significant programming
conversion for those programs written
without spaces in the lines.

"New" features of MBasic include
the while/wend structure for program
control, the ability to call a subroutine
written in another language and pass
arguments to it, chaining programs
while preserving variables, erasing array
variables under program control, re-
numbering program lines, and swap-
ping variables in a single statement.
These features are new to those who
have used Model I /III Basic exclusively.

One significant feature implemented
in MBasic is the Call subroutine.
MBasic provides a linkage to external
subroutines via a Call statement.

This subroutine linkage allows prep-
aration of segments of code using an
assembler or other language translator
and calls it from MBasic with a
sophisticated argument list. The calling
linkage is compatible with the Micro-
soft compilers (Fortran, Cobol, and
Basic), letting you compile complex
routines for speed and use them directly
from MBasic.

Conclusion

As anyone experienced with the
CP/M system knows, its heart is the
BIOS implementation of system-
specific functions. Omikron has out-
done itself with a superb BIOS module.

When I ran some benchmark tests on
the MBasic interpreter, I was astounded
to find that this interpreter outperforms
its relative in the Model I TRS-80 mode.
Operating the interpreter in a Model I
with no speed-up, I obtained execution
times indicating a significant increase in
speed for equivalent routines (MBasic
compared to NEWDOS80 Disk Basic).

When you consider that MBasic al-
lows 40-character names and requires
that reserved words have some type of
delimiter around them, this is even
more surprising.

As with any product, the Mapper
software has some negative aspects. The
distribution medium is the standard
5 Va -inch disk. The CP/M software is
written on this disk in 35-track format
with 18 sectors (128 bytes) per track.

Due to the CP/M format, these disks

y out our

books for
your

TRS-80

THE

all

Krtorials Annotated

a »*L • BASIC

utilities ,,v-"™

#0*

Call today!

1-800-343-0728
extension 191

rns»ooi;.s

80 Micro, December 1983 • 63

From the people
who brought you...
Busines

Businesspan+

R1HIMMI vvAHill»i«^K4UP

Five NEW programs

designed for the
businessperson.

Each on its own cassette
with interesting manual.

You have made BUSINESSPAK+ an over-
whelming success! Now, we are introducing
five new programs for the Model 100.

PCSG continues to be first in innovative
programming for the businessperson using
the TRS-80 Model 100 Computer.

Look at these five new programs.

DATA+ $59.95

With DATA+ the Model 100 becomes virtually a
true data base. You can input data rapidly from
a 16 field screen that you make yourself like our
PUT+. Here is the difference:
REVIEW / Using function key 1 you can recall
any record, by searching any field.
EDIT / Change or update any record you select,
instantly on the screen.

LIST / Using function key 5 you can print add-
ress labels, list records or selected fields of records
in columns or other configurations. You can
even pause, and reset left margins.
MERGE / Function key 6 lets you merge. You
can automatically print any fields of any records
into forms or letters, wherever you designate.
With all four of these functions you have full
search and selection capability.

With LIST and MERGE DATA+ remembers
your favorite formats, quickly defaulting to them
by simply pressing the ENTER key. The added
feature BUILD lets you build and print a file of
unrelated records that could not be selected
either alphabetically or numerically.

On cassette with excellent, easy to understand
manual.

TYPE+ $59.95

The Model 100 now becomes, with the addition
of any printer, the finest, most feature rich,
electronic typewriter available today. You can
type directly to the paper. (Some printers have
a one line buffer.)

SCREEN BUFFER / To allow you to edit before
printing, you can control the screen buffer from
1 character to the last line.
CENTER / Center on / canter off controlled
with function keys.

MARGINS / Set margins with function keys.
Audible end of carriage, automatic carriage
return and function key Tab Set.
DIRECT CONTROL / If your printer responds to
backspace commands, you can backspace and
overstrike. Paper advances with carriage return.
With TYPE + , everything you print is stored
simultaneously in a RAM file, formatted as you
composed it. You can reprint instantly, or edit
it in the file. On cassette with excellent, easy
to understand manual.

TUTOR+ $29.95

Learn keyboard skills by playing a delightfully
exciting game. While experiencing the thrills of
a space invaders type game you become profic-
ient at manipulating the keyboard. A game that
forces you to learn touch typing, utilizing all
the keys. On cassette with excellent, easy to
understand manual.

PCSG provides hotline software support
for the Model 100. Give us a call at
1-214-351-0564.

SORT2+ $29.95

You can sort a file in place with SORT2+. It
consumes only 1k free memory, while sorting file
in RAM you entered with PUT+ or DATA + . Our
original SORTt allows you to sort from cassette,
but requires more memory while sorting. SORT2+
is for those times when memory or cassette sorting
is a problem. SORT2+ also has upper case fold,
and true numeric field sort. On cassette with
excellent, easy to understand manual.

TENKY+ $59.95

With TENKY+ the numeric keypad on your Model
100 emulates both a ten-key desk calculator, and a
financial calculator. The right side of the screen
represents the tape, which can also be directed to
a file and/or a printer. Ten working registers are
visible on the left of the screen, each one function-
ing independently as a calculator with functions
including exponentiation and logarithms. Registors
are accessible from each other, including the tape
which stores up to 1 20 values, each associated with
a note of up to 26 characters.

Financial functions available at the touch of a
key include IRR, MIRR, and NPV on up to 120
cash flows, plus any of its six annuity variables
(n, PV, FV, PMT, i). Function key F2 gives a
printed amortization schedule, and businessmen
will love the breakeven analysis they can receive
simply by pressing function key F1.

Portable Computer Support Group is
pleased to offer these program additions.
We endeavor to continue as The Leaders in
Software for the Model 100.

TRS-80 Model 100 is a

trademark of Tandy Corporation

84 • 80 Micro, December 1983

RDRTABLE GOMRJTER UFPORT GROUP

11035 Harry Hines Blvd. No. 207, Dallas, TX 75229 ^ 170

MASTERCARD / VISA / COD

REVIEWS

suffer a reduction of 10 percent capacity
over the TRSDOS single-density for-
mat. After creating a 40-track system
disk, working user storage is 81K
(82,944 bytes out of 92,160 bytes due to
system overhead). Compare this to the
102,400 bytes available on a 40-track,
single-density TRSDOS disk.

Because of the limited storage avail-
able with the 5 14 -inch disk, Omikron
has to delete some of the standard files
resident on CP/M system disks in order
to include their specialized programs.
These deleted routines are available to
you at a nominal fee of $25 from Omi-
kron and include items such as the As-
sembly source code to the BIOS and the
Boot loader, MOVCPM.COM (relo-
cates CP/M system BDOS and CCP for
different memory configurations), and
DEBLOCK.ASM (the source code for a
CP/M disk deblocking algorithm).

Unlike Level II Basic, the manual sup-

plied with MBasic doesn't offer the
beginner an easy understanding of the
language. Since this is not the sole source
of Basic for your computer, this should
be no problem.

Omikron now has a new software/
hardware package available that further
increases the TRS-80*s power. At addi-
tional cost, they will provide TUR-
BODOS and a replacement PROM chip
for their Mapper installations.

Consider the wealth of software you
obtain in addition to the hardware mod-
ification. CP/M 2.2 generally retails for
approximately $150 and you must in-
stall the system (this usually means
rewriting parts of the BIOS to add func-
tions or change existing ones-
no easy task for a beginner). MBasic
usually retails for approximately $249. I
cannot imagine where else you can get a
bargain like this. ■

• ••••

Businesspak +

Portable Computer Support Group

11035 Harry Hines Blvd. #207

Dallas, TX 75229

$89.95

SORT2 +

$29.95

Model 100

24K required

32K recommended

by Carl Oppedahl

Businesspak + is a nice collection
of six programs for the Model 100.
It augments the existing ROM-based
word processing, telecommunications,

and Basic routines that come as stan-
dard equipment with the Model 100.

Businesspak + contains Write + , a
word processing program; EXPNS + , a
simple spreadsheet program; Put + , a
text entry program; Sort + , a routine
that sorts records entered through
Put + ; Telex + , a package that lets you
use Action Telex, a commercial telex
service; and Graph + , a program that
graphs data entered to EXPNS + on the
Radio Shack DMP-100 printer.

Each program runs in Basic and relies
occasionally on a machine-language
routine hidden in memory. In addition,
each relies on a corresponding do-file
containing various operating param-
eters. You can change the do-file, often
called a SPEC file in the documenta-

Continued on p. 69

SOFTWARE

2 Tanglewood
Lexington, Kentucky 40505

MasterCard or Visa orders call collect
606/293-6561

^497
•TRS-80 trademark o< Ti

BO Micro. December 1983 • 86

Stretch the Twelve Days of

Give a gift subscription to 80 Micro today
and relax . . . you can't find a better gift for ac-
tive computerists. Every issue gathers to-
gether the latest programs and projects for
Radio Shack's personal computers, business
computers, and portables. Your favorite com-
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Powerful Utilities— save time and effort
and do more computing than ever before. Re-
cent issues have included ways to improve
Electric Pencil*, a program-to-program data
transfer, and a cassette operating system.

Programming Techniques learn how to
program and spend less on software. Pick up a
second language for special applications. Get
faster results with machine-language sub-
routines. . the monthly column "The Next
Step" shows how.

Hi-res Graphics »ake better business
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games with eye-catching details. Create unique
3-D art. It's all possible with articles on ad-
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Business Applications —increase office ef-
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Exciting Games— enjoy arcade games, ad-
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Home and Hobby —break the ice at a party
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Whatever the subject, there's always some-
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Buyer's Guides— comparison-shop from
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Candid Reviews— use "Reviews" and "Re-
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and weaknesses before it leaves the store.

micro

• >.. ■ t. ■ tn, TDC-On- nana! vV

tht magmn* for TflS 90" jit's

Christmas into Twelve Months

Know all about the latest releases with "New
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Give a gift subscription to 80 Micro today
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micro

PO Box 981
Farmingdale, NY 11737

63DRa

EPSON

FX, RX & MX

The FX-80 features 1 60 cps. a
correspondence font. 10. 12 4 17
cpi. italics, double-stnke/width/
emphasis, etc . dot graphics, friction/
pin feed (the adjustable tractor is
optional) & a 2K buffer. The 256
programmable characters use the
2K buffer space The FX-100 is the
136 column version & includes an
adjustable tractor.

The RX Sorios replaces the MX. &
offers 1 00 cps print speeds, but
nothing more remarkable.
RX-80 f 309.88

MX-80 F.'I $409.88

MX-100 1864.88

FX-80 $884.88

FX-80 Tractor $88.88

FX-100 8788.88

C. ITOH

Prowriter

C. Itoh's venerable Prowritnr has
speed (120 cps). a buffer (1 5i<). 10.
1 2. & 16 cpi (plus a proportional font
with correspondence quality) and
dot graphics (160x1 44 dpi). The
Prowriter 2 is the 1 36 column
version

Prowriter $399.88

Prowriter 2 8719.88

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10X/15
Delta 10/15

The Qemini 10X features 1 20 cps.
1 0. 1 2, 17 cpi, italics, a corres-
pondence font, dot graphics & a 1 K
buffer Friction/tractor feed. Use
plain spool ribbons. The Qemini 18
is the 132 column version. The

Smith-Corona
Memory Correct III Messenger

Here s the printer you ve been
waiting for The Smith-Corona
Memory Correct m Messenger

is ideal for the home or small
office. It combines the features of
an electric typewriter mnd a letter-
quality printer And it's designed to
handle both jobs with ease

Features 1 2 cps. 3 pitches ( 1 0.
12 4 15). variable line spacing,
10.5" writing line, backspacing &
auto-correction Comes complete
with parallel/serial interface.

Memory Correct III Messenger $629.88

TP-1/TP-2 $CALL

Dolta 10 has all the features above
plus parallel & serial interfaces. 160
cps print speed, an 8K buffer. The
Dolta 18 is the 136 column version

Gemini 10X $309.88

3emini '5 $489.88

Delta 10 $829.88

Delta 15 8CALL

OKIOATA

Microline Series

Tho Microlino 92 i80 col) & 93

(1 32 col) are ideal for word pro-
cessing They offer a 1 60 cps draft
mode, a 40 cps correspondance
mode. 10, 1 2 & 1 7 cpi (w.'double-
width), pin/friction feed itractor is
optional on the 92) & dot-address-
able graphics (120 x 1444) Cen-
tronics parallel interface is standard

The Microlino 84 1 1 32 col) la the
Step 2 version, featuring 200 cps at
1 0. 1 2. & 1 7 cpi (w/double-width), all
with a correspondance mode & dot
addressable graphics Parallel
interlace are standard issue

The Microlino 82A is a data
cruncher, with 1 20 cps, 10 4 17 cpi.
double-width, friction/pin feed on 80
columns The Microlino 83A is the
136 column version Dot-address-
able graphics are optional
Microline 82A . $389.88

82A/92 Tractor $89.88

Microline 83A $899.88

Okigraph I Dot Graphics

ROM (82A/83A) . $49.88

Microline 92 . . $489.88

Microline 93 $789.88

Microline 84 $1024.88

MANNESMANN TALLY

MT-160 L

The MT-1 80 L 1 1 60 cps) has 8
fonts, parallel 4 serial interfaces,
friction/tractor feed. 4 menu-driven
installation from the control panel.
The print quality is superior The MT-
1 80 L is the 1 36 column version

A new. low cost draft printer, the
Sprite (80 cps). is also available

MT-160 L $879.88

MT-1 80 L $849.88

MT-Sprite $329.88

We sell other dot matrix printers,
including the Anadex WP-80O0,
IDS'm Prism 80, Priam 132 A
MicroPriam. 4 the Inforunnor
R.t.man Call (803) 881-9888 for
technical details For prices, or to
order, call (800) 343-0728

Letter-Quality Printers

C ITOH

Starwriter

The C Itoh Starwritor offers top
speed (40 cps) at a good price
Starwritors use Diablo code,
wheels 4 ribbons. 1/48" line space.
1/1 20" horizontal spacing— ideal for
proportional modes (For high speed
output, there's the Printmaator. at
55 cps Same specs as above )

Staiwnter Parallel $1219.88

Printmaster Parallel $1879.88

SILVER REED

EXP-550

The Silver Reed IXP-SBO is a 1 6
cps. 132 column letter-quality
printer with frue Diablo 1610/1 620
emulation (sub/super scripts 4
underlmingi. making it compatible
with most word processing software
It's ideal for medium duty office
work For light duty, there's the
■ XP-800 at 1 2 cps ( 1 00 col).

EXP-550 (Parallel) $71 9.88

EXP-500 (Parallel) $489.88

We sell a variety of letter-quality
printers including the Comros
ComRitor Diablo 820 A 030. the
NEC 2030, 3830 A 7730. the
Qumo Sprint 1 1 +.

STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS

Microterm

Microtorm supports auto-dial.
answer modems like the Hayes
Smartmodem. Features pre-pro-
grammed dial 4 transmit, direct file
transfer, 34K capture buffer and a
certified 2400 baud operation rate.
Specify Model I or Model III when
ordering
Microterm $79.88

DC Hayes Smartmodems
(300 baud) $219.88

(1200 baud) $839.88

Novation Modems

J-Cat (300 baud) 81 39.88

SmartCat (300 baudl ... $199.88
SmartCat(l200baudi $499.88

information/Orders:

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All our equipment is shipped
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We're authorized for warranty work
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4 prices do change, so call to verify
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THE BOTTOM LINEB

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68 • 80 Micro, December 1983

REVIEWS

tion, to modify the behavior of the
Basic program.

Write + is a delightful program that
lets you print out files created through
Text. You can arrange to skip perfora-
tions, pause between pages for printing
on single sheets, and print multiple cop-
ies, double- or triple-spaced output, and
page headers and footers with the time
and date.

The two types of word processors in
the world are those that display on the
screen exactly what will appear on the
printed page, and those that display raw
text on the screen and format the text
for printing after you complete all your
editing. Write + is the latter type.

For instance, text that is double-
spaced on paper appears single-spaced
on the screen. Given that the Model 100
screen is much smaller than most CRTs,
that is the best choice.

The Model 100 input and output rou-
tines are largely device-independent.
Any of several devices with appropriate
file names can be the object of Open
and Close statements. These include
RAM, LCD, CAS, MDM, LPT, and
COM.

Write + takes advantage of this. You
can take the output that would usually
go to the printer and route it to RAM
for later editing or to COM for printing
on a serial printer. Similarly, though
you usually use Write + to print files
put in RAM by means of Text, it can take
its input from any other device, such as
a file on cassette.

Write -i- is easy to use. You can easily
print out text files created long ago with
Text, skipping perforations, within 20
minutes of opening the Businesspak +
package.

Write + uses simulated form feeds.
When the time comes to skip forward to
the top of the next page, the program
uses individual line feed commands
with an ASCII value of 10. Many print-
ers, however, are capable of responding
to a form feed character with an ASCII
value of 12.

This accomplishes motion to the top
of the next page much more quickly and
quietly than a series of line feeds. It
would have been nice if W + SPEC let
the user select simulated or actual form
feeds.

I have, however, determined a way to
modify Write + so that form feeds ac-
complish the perforation skip and blank
page skips. The new lines appear in Pro-
gram Listing 1 .

EXPNS+ is an aid to travelers who
must keep an expense record. Though
it's described as a spreadsheet program,
it is quite limited in capability. The pro-
gram sets up an array of numbers,
drawing up totals for up to 18 rows and
12 columns.

It does not let the user define relation-
ships between and among different lo-
cations in the array, but merely adds up
each row and column. Thus EX PNS +
is far less versatile than programs like
VisiCalc.

"EXPNS+ is an aid

to travelers

who must keep

an expense record. "

You can store the numerical values in
the array in RAM, then transfer them to
and from other devices, such as a cas-
sette. You can use the RAM file as input
for the Graph + program or merge it in-
to a word processing file using Text.

Put + is a simple data entry program.
Given a user-defined P + SPEC file, the
program accepts user keyboard entries
and assembles uniform-length ASCII
records composed of fields of user-de-
termined fixed lengths. The program
defines the fields within records in a
SPEC file that the user creates. When
you run the Put + program again later,
the program adds new records to the
end of the existing file.

During keyboard entry of data, you
go from one field to the next by means
of the down-arrow key, and store the
record by pushing the enter key. I found
that to be awkward, and often pressed
the enter key at the end of a line when the
software expects the down-arrow key.

Also, when filling in, for example, a
three-character field with a three-digit
entry, I often found that Put + jumped
ahead to the next record when it should
have simply accepted text for the next
field in the same record. PCSG has
since corrected both of these awkward
situations in Put + .

Given the SPEC file and assuming
you have fewer than 256 records, the
Sort+ program then sorts the records
as discussed below. You can also easily
search the records using SCHEDL and
ADDRSS (or even Text).

he Phone Line

Hwv. 11 South Trenton. GA

1-404-657-6948 _ —

UOW

prices

RADIO SHACK:

(All equip is 100% pure RS)

Model 100, 8k ram $ 650

Model 100. 24k ram $850

Model 12. 2-dnve $3250

Model 4. 64k. 2-dnve $1650

5 meg hard drive $1658

DMP-2100 printer . $1599

DMP-200 pr.nter $ 599

All Radio Shack Software 10% Off

Call for other
LOW, LOW RS prices not listed.
Miscellaneous
All Eagles list come with "Spellbinder".

"Ultracalc". CP/M & CBasic
Eagle HE 2-dnve w/390k per drive $1995
Eagle HIE. 2-onve w/780k per drive $2999
Eagle IVE. 780k floppy. 10 meg hard $3999
Complete line of Eagle - Call for others -

Daisy Writer w/48k buffer & cable $1295
ProWriter 8510 printer $ 399

ProWriter 1550 printer $ 675

Okidata ML-92P printer $ 525

OKidata ML-80P printer $ 350

Okidata ML-82PS printer $ 450

Box 10 Verbatim 5V4" diskettes

(SS.DD) $ 29

Box 10 Verbatim 8" diskettes

(SS.D0) $ 49

QUANTITY PRICING AVAILABLE
ON DISKETTES . . . CALL!
5V flip file, holds 50 $ 25

8' flip Lie. holds 50 S 35

5V4" flip-pak. holds 10 $ 5

8" flip-paK. holds 10 $ 6

D'Sk drive head cleaner kit

(VerDatim) $ 5

9V:" x 11" paper. 1250 shts.

disaperf $ 19

14%" x 11" green bar, 1500 shts$ 33

ProWriter Ribbons $ 6

J-Cat Direct Connect Modem . $ 115

Complete line of accessories —

CALL, CALL, CALL

(Prices subject to change.)

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THIS MONTH'S SPECIAL !

9V 2 x11 paper, 1250 sheets,
disaperf $19

he Phone Line

Hwv 11 South Trenton. GA
1-404-657-6948 „w

80 Micro, December 1983 • 69

REVIEWS

However, when you display the file
on the screen or print it on the printer, it
tends to look irregular. This occurs
because the program runs adjacent
fields together without spaces to sepa-
rate them, and because both the screen
display and print routines wraparound
entire words at the end of the line rather
than cut them off. According to PCSG,
a new program called Data + ($59.95) is
available that allows variable-format
displays and listings.

The Sort + program allows sorting of
up to 255 uniform-length ASCII rec-
ords according to any selected constant-
length field in the records. It's easiest to
use Sort + with records created through
Put + , but you can use Sort + on other
files too, as long as the records and
fields within records are of uniform
length. Simply create a Put + specifica-
tion file to match the fields in the file
you want sorted.

Also, when Sort + reads in the file it
will sort, it puts any lines of nonstan-
dard length at the beginning of the out-
put file. This is handy for two reasons:
You can leave explanatory material,
such as a heading or verbal summary, at
the beginning of the file and it isn't dis-
rupted by the sorting process.

Program

K to load

Free K to run

Write +

4.4

EXPNS +

7.0

Put +

2.8

Sort +

2.6

4 +

Telex +

3.9

Graph +

6.0

Table 1. Program sizes.

If you mistakenly include a line of in-
consistent length in the file, it appears at
the beginning as well. This brings the line
to your attention so you can correct it.

The sort is a simple sort in ASCII
order. The documentation claims that
you can sort 255 records in 15 to 20
seconds. One file I sorted actually re-
quired just over two minutes. I attrib-
ute this to the fact that Sort+ swaps
entire records whenever a comparison
so indicates.

This isn't really a drawback, but a
consequence of the Model 100's limited
memory. On a larger machine, it would
be possible to sort more efficiently by
extracting and sorting key fields, and by
swapping the entire records only when
the key fields are in order.

PCSG has also released another pro-
gram, Sort2 + , that does a few things
Sort + cannot. For example, it sorts
true numeric data so that 6 comes out
above 10 in order.

Or you can set Sort2 + to sort with
the uppercase flag bit suppressed: The
result is that the program treats upper-
and lowercase letters equally in the sort-
ing process. Finally, it performs the sort
directly on the RAM file, rather than by
reading the file into the Basic program
area. Sort2 + needs less free RAM than
Sort + .

Telex + helps you send telexes, mail-
grams, and the like from text files
you've previously typed in and saved.
To use Telex + , you must open an ac-
count with Action Telex, a company
based in Dallas that accepts messages
through a modem over phone lines and
sends them out via the Western Union
telex network.

This requires payment of a $150 an-
nual registration fee and a moderate us-

For Version 1.3:

1400 IF FF^oOO THEN PRTNT#2,MIDS(LFS,1.2*(BM^» + LCVo));: HF"7o = 2:GOSUB 1550

1405 PRTNT#2,CHR$(12);:IF BL«7o - PP<7o>0 AND PG«7o<PE°7© THEN 1490

1410 IF CN°7o<NC«7o THEN CLOSE:BL°7o = 160:PP% - 0:GOSUB 1450:GOTO 130 ELSE

PRINT«,CHR$(12);

For Version 2.1:

32 IFFF<>0THENPRINT#2,LEFT$ (LF$,2*(BM + LQ);:HF = 2:GOSUB43

33 PRINT«,CHR$(12);:IFBL - PP>OANDPG<PETHEN39

34 IFCN<NCTHENCLOSE:BL= 160 :PP = 0:GOSUB37:GOTO6
ELSEIFFDTHENPRINT#2,CHR$(12);

Program Listing 1. Formfeed modifications for Write + .

age charge. The advertisements I've
seen for Businesspak + don't make this
point very clear. The Businesspak +
documentation describes a free trial ar-
rangement whereby you can send three
free telexes or mailgrams.

I tried this by calling the phone num-
ber in the manual and supplying the re-
quested information. I was told that
Action Telex would contact me with an
identification code for the free trial.
Three weeks and three more phone calls
passed before I finally got a code.

When I tried it out, the program in-
dicated that Action Telex had accepted
my mailgram and two telexes for deliv-
ery, but none of them reached their des-
tination. When the local office finally
called with another code, I had better
luck. The mailgram got through all
right, but the telex was delayed eight
hours.

Though the documentation said
nothing on the matter, I found I had to
precede the destination telex number
with a zero. After that I had no trouble
with Action Telex.

I also had some problems with the
Telex + program itself. The Model 100
has a built-in modem with provisions
for acoustic coupling and direct-con-
nect autodial operation. However, one
constant feature of the program is that
it tries to dial the phone number for ac-
cess to the Action Telex computer
whenever you run it.

If you are using the acoustic coupler,
this doesn't hurt anything, just wastes
time. But if you are trying to dial the ac-
cess number manually for MCI access
or to get through a Touch-Tone-orily
switchboard, the dialing routine frus-
trates your efforts by hanging up the
phone for a second before listening for
the carrier tone.

It would be helpful if PCSG modified
Telex + to allow the equivalent of the
Term key in TELCOM, and thus by-
passed the autodialing routine. One
remedy is to use a duplex jack instead of
the silver phone cord. Plug in both the
phone and beige cable. Do not hang up
the phone until the Model 100 detects
the carrier.

Graph + lets you prepare graphs based
on numerical and text information
typed in using the EXPNS + program.
The graphs can be pie, bar, and line
charts.

Since Graph + takes its input only
from EXPNS + , and since EXPNS +

70 • 80 Micro, December 1983

SUPREME RULER

Have you conquered the World lately? Was It a
Challenge? If the answer to either of these questions
Is NO, you obviously don't have SUPREME RULER; You
haven't led your own country, managing your economy
and controlling the destinies of millions of people; you
haven't had the chance to overcome opponents
(Human and/or Computer) bent on achieving the same
goals.

In SUPREME RULER you must protect your economy (or else
risk a recession), support and feed your people, encourage
new business, manage government revenues, and control
your army. These and many other factors are interdependent,
making this a very challenging game/simulation.
Supports up to 9 countries (4 with 16K), either human or com-
puter controlled. The computer plays by all the rules, and makes a worthy opponent in single-player games.

16K and 32K versions together on Cassette, with 40 Page Manual. PRICE: $18.50

32K version (with SAVE GAME feature) on Disk with 40 Page Manual. PRICE: $20.50

1 Model l/llll

For those off you with 48K:

SUPREME RULER PLUS!

The extra memory is filled with many new features,
expanded reports, more intelligent computer opponents
with selectable "skill levels", and MUCH MORE!
Comes with a 50 page manual and a start-up booklet.

OUR "TRIPLE PROTECTION"
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In today's software world >l is nard 10 tell • good program I'oi" a bad one by only a magazine
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Sew Ust of Advertisers on Page 297

90 Micro, December 1983 • 71

REVIEWS

handles only up to 18 columns, that's
the largest number of points you can
graph. Thus any line graph is, of neces-
sity, quite bumpy.

The Businesspak + software comes
on cassette, all of which you can back
up. 1 found the cassettes themselves to
be of high quality and well recorded; I
had no load errors after dozens of loads.
You must load each program from cas-
sette before use, which takes as long as
four minutes.

Documentation and Support

The documentation, totaling some
108 pages, is written under the assump-
tion that the user is already familiar
with the connections to the Model 100,
has mastered the built-in program Text,
and has at least passing familiarity with
the other built-in software.

The documentation has no general in-
dex, but you don't need one since index
tabs for each program allow easy ref-
erence to explanatory material. In addi-
tion, Write + , perhaps the most complex
program, has its own index in the most
recently received documentation.

The PCSG telephone number ap-
pears prominently on the manuals and
instructions. I called several times at
various times of the day and night, and
always reached cheerful people.
Though I had difficulty getting signed
up with Action Telex, the frustration
was outweighed by the many other
times that my questions were answered
immediately and correctly.

Each time I called, PCSG asked for
the serial number of my software pack-
age. I consider this a perfectly reason-
able request as it helps protect against

software pirates, but the drawback was
that I was immediately identified as a
reviewer. Nonetheless, I sense that all
purchasers can expect good customer
support.

User-Friendliness

The programs are well error-trapped,
although occasionally I tripped them up
with unusual inputs. For example, each
program depends on one or more SPEC
files containing file formats, field
names, and so on. If the SPEC file is
not set up properly, the program using
it can go astray. I had particular prob-

usinesspak + provides

a good package

of routines for

the Model 100 owner.

They are easy

to learn and use. "

lems coming up with a P + SPEC file
suitable for use with Put + .

One problem anyone faces who
writes text-handling programs for the
Model 100 is that RAM files can have
arbitrarily long records. A Line Input or
Input that goes to a string variable can
cause an OS (out of string space) error
that's hard to protect against.

To alleviate this problem, Microsoft
provided the INPUTS function, which
gets a specified number of characters
from an input device regardless of line

CZZ)

xSOFTSPOOLxp^

SOFTWARE PRINT SPOOLER

B MODEL I, DISK BASIC 32/48K

B SPOOLS LPRINT. LLIST, JKL ETC.
H SET BUFFER SIZE FROM BASIC

H MODEL III VERSION COMING SOON

H SUPPLIED ON DATA DISK $34.95

OHIO RESIDENTS PLEASE ADD SALES TAX "^
ELCSOFT PO BOX 302 BRUNSWICK. OH. 44212 (218) 273-1070

72 • 80 Micro, December 1983

terminators. Even that function gener-
ates errors; for example, if three
characters are requested, and if only
two characters are left in the device
you'll get an end-of-file error.

The writers of Businesspak + use a
machine-code routine of about 166
bytes called from Basic. This routine
goes to the input device and gets the
next printable line of characters up to
the next carriage return or space.

One drawback of the machine-code
routine is that if no space occurs within
the next 160 characters, the routine only
returns a single character. I discovered
this when I attempted to list a Basic pro-
gram with all the spaces removed. Some
of the long lines in the file printed out in
a column, one character at a time. I had
to go back to the Basic program and in-
sert spaces to make listing through
Write + possible.

The programs are written in Basic
rather than machine code. The advan-
tage of Basic is that the user can easily
modify the code, perhaps to customize
it for a different printer or add a fea-
ture. The disadvantage is that machine
code can be faster and more compact.
For most of the programs, such as
Write + and Put + , the execution,
printing, and keyboard delays are not
even perceptible.

Even if you have the maximum RAM
available to the Model 100, 32K, you
don't have enough room to leave all the
Businesspak + programs in RAM all the
time. The instruction book suggests that
you purge the programs when you are
done and reload them later from tape.
Personally, 1 find Write + so handy
that I have left it in RAM continuously
since first loading it.

The advertising and the manual I ini-
tially received are silent on the required
RAM. Most of the routines fit in less
than 4K, leaving a little work space for
an 8K user (see Table 1). No serious user
should consider less than 24K, and I
recommend getting a full 32K.

Businesspak + provides a good pack-
age of routines for the Model 100
owner. They are easy to learn and use.
The graphing program works only on
the Radio Shack DMP-100, and the tel-
ex program involves a further expendi-
ture of $150 per year. But the word pro-
cessing, sorting, text entry, and simple
spreadsheet programs are general in
their scope and utility. I recommend
them. ■

.. &/

yAarfefr

Introducing

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Also, the Juki printer is lightweight and conventional in design,
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Assembly Language
Made Simple — Part I

by Hardin Brothers

Assembly-language programming is like swimming: If you've never done it
before and plunge in without any instruction, chances are you'll end
up over your head. However, with the proper lessons and step-by-step
guidelines, you'll learn the skill smoothly and without trauma. This
article is the first in a consecutive three-part series that describes
Assembly-language programming from start to finish.

Like Basic and all other computer languages, Assembly
language is a variation on the computer's only true lan-
guage, machine code. Machine-language programs
comprising only l's and zeros, are difficult to
write and prone to typing errors. Consequently,
programmers developed other languages that
use mnemonic code to replace machine code.
Although easier to work with, the further re-
moved from machine code these languages
are, the slower they execute and the less
powerful they are.

Assembly language provides a happy
medium. It combines the advantages of
simple code with the power of a lan-
guage that closely resembles machine
code. As a result, an Assembly-language
program runs faster and provides more

computational power than, say, a Basic
program.

Before you begin to write in Assem-
bly language, you need the proper
tools. Most important is a program
called an editor/assembler. If you don't
own one, the Radio Shack Series 1 Edi-
tor/Assembler is a good choice to get
you started. It's powerful for the price
($30 to $35), comes with excellent docu-
mentation, and while it doesn't completely
satisfy an experienced programmer, it's
powerful enough to satisfy all your needs
until you become an expert. NEWDOS80 in-
cludes Apparat's EDTASM module, also an
excellent first assembler.

Several other beginner programming tools are
helpful in addition to the editor/assembler, but they're
not mandatory. Most useful is a good monitor program.
Monitors let you single-step through a program and watch
the execution of each instruction. Radio Shack's T-Bug and
74 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Here's your first lesson in Assembly-language

programming. This article describes how the Z80

chip processes Assembly instructions.

Debug, as well as any DOS Debug, can start you off, but
more powerful monitors are available.

Other useful tools are a disassembler program, Nanos
Systems Corp.'s Z80 reference card, a printer for listings
(invaluable for complex debugging), several reference
books, and a disk system to simplify loading, saving, and
assembling programs. These are all extras that make As-
sembly-language programming easier; at first, all you
need is an editor/assembler.

TheZ80

The heart of your Model I, II, III, or 4 is a Z80 micro-
processor chip (or Z80A, the same thing but faster).
Though this is one of the most advanced 8-bit micropro-
cessors made, with 22 registers and a strong instruction
set, it still has a very limited repertoire of capabilities.

The Z80 can get a value from memory, put a value
into memory, move values around in between its internal
registers, add and subtract two values, perform simple
logical manipulations (AND, OR, and Exclusive-Or),
report some information about the results of its opera-
tions, keep track of where to find its next instruction,
and manipulate a simple data structure called a stack. It
can't multiply or divide, directly print to the screen or
printer, or do most of the things your computer does in
Basic.

Your job as an Assembly-language programmer is to
utilize the simple abilities of the Z80 chip to develop a
complex program, usually complete with input from
keyboard, tape, or disk and output to tape, disk, screen,
or printer. To do so, learn to think in terms of the Z80's
capabilities, which means you have to break each opera-
tion into specific, small steps. If you can train yourself to
analyze and build programs in these small steps, you're
well on your way to becoming an Assembly-language
programmer.

Assembly and Machine Language

The only instructions the Z80 understands are se-
quences of 5-volt and zero-volt electrical impulses. Gen-
erally we refer to those impulses as l's and zeros.

For example, the sequence of impulses represented as
1100101100100111 makes the Z80 copy a specific single
bit from one place inside itself to another. Because se-

quences of l's and zeros look like a binary number, pro-
grammers often think of them as such, and translate
them into hexadecimal or, rarely, decimal numbers. The
above instruction would thus appear as CBH 47H in
hexadecimal notation, 203 071 in decimal. When you
write programs by loading such values directly into
memory, either with POKEs or by using a monitor pro-
gram, you program in the Z80 native tongue, machine
language.

However, the Z80 recognizes almost 700 such instruc-
tions. Except in unusual circumstances, it's a waste of
time for a programmer to look up each instruction in a
table and enter its special sequence directly into memory.
That's why the first computer language ever developed
was "Assembler." Using an assembler, you can write in-
structions using mnemonic (memory' aids), 2- to 4-letter
abbreviations of program instructions. You can write the
binary instruction above as BIT 0,A which, while still far
removed from English, is much easier to remember and
understand.

The assembler changes the mnemonic into the appro-
priate bit sequence by looking it up in a table. The list of
mnemonic instructions, which you write, is called a
source code; the list of machine instructions, which the
assembler writes from the source code, is the object
code. The Z80 chip cannot act directly on source code in-
structions, so the translation into bit sequences is neces-
sary before you can run your program.

Unlike Basic, assemblers are not interactive. You must
write the source code, assemble it into machine language
(which you save on either tape or disk), then load the ob-
ject code back into the computer to run it. If a bug oc-
curs in the program (and one almost always does), you
must then reload the assembler program, reload your
source code, correct the source code, save your source
code back to tape or disk, assemble the program again
on tape or disk, load the new object code back into mem-
ory, and run it again.

Virtually all assemblers come with an editor, a sepa-
rate but related program that helps you write and correct
source code. The editor is a simple, line-oriented text
processor that includes the ability to number lines of
source code and to find lines by reference to their
numbers.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 75

■ 16 bits

-«— 8 bits — ►

-* — 8 bits — ►

Figure 1. The Z80 registers.

Whenever you use an editor/assem-
bler package to write a program, you
must go through a four-step process:

• Use the editor to write the source
code.

• Save the source code to tape or disk.

• Assemble the source code into object
code and save the object code to tape or
disk.

• Leave the editor/assembler program,
return to either Level II Basic or DOS,
load in the object code form of the pro-
gram, and run it.

The finished program probably loads
as a SYSTEM program, if it's on tape,
or as a /CMD program if it's on disk.

Memory and Registers

Your computer provides several dif-
ferent types of memory. Basic resides in
ROM, the keyboard and screen each
have specially dedicated random-access
memory (RAM), and programs and
data use between 16K and 48K (on the
Models I and III) of general-purpose
RAM. Each byte of memory has a
unique address which the Z80 uses to
find stored values and to place values in
the correct locations.

Like program instructions, memory
addresses are nothing but unique se-
quences of electronic impulses, but it is
easier to think of them in terms of hexa-
decimal or decimal numbers. You can
remember memory addresses more eas-
ily in hexadecimal once you become fa-
miliar with that numbering system.

In Models I and III, ROM occupies
addresses from 0000 hexadecimal (hex)
76 • 80 Micro, December 1983

to 37FF hex, the keyboard from 3800
hex to 3BFF hex, the video screen from
3C00 hex to 3FFF hex, and general
memory from 4000 hex to 7FFF hex,
BFFF hex, or FFFF hex depending on
the amount of RAM in your system. All
of the programs I include with this arti-
cle run with any size RAM (except 4K)
for a Model I, III, or 4 (in the Model HI
mode).

You may notice that memory holds
both program instructions and data,
and wonder how the Z80 distinguishes
the two. It doesn't. As far as the Z80 is
concerned, no difference exists between
the two; you and your program decide
which parts of memory hold instruc-
tions and which hold data. However, if
you make a mistake and allow the Z80
to operate on data as if it were instruc-
tions, you face the infamous "silent
death" — either a locked up computer

or a spontaneous reboot.

The Z80 contains 208 bits of memory
organized into registers (see Fig. I).
Each register is either 8 or 16 bits
wide — that is, each holds either 8 or 16
bits of information. As a programmer,
you manipulate the values held in these
registers, and copy information from
the registers to RAM and vice versa.

The A register, which holds 8 bits, is
the accumulator. It's a general pipeline
for moving data into and out of the Z80
chip, and also aids in almost all of the
arithmetic and logical operations the
Z80 performs.

The individual bits of a second regis-
ter, called the F or flag register, holds
information about the results of various
internal operations. The Z80 uses these
flags to perform conditional branches
(similar to the Basic If. . .Then com-
mand).

B, C, D, E, H, and L are all general-
purpose 8-bit registers that hold tempo-
rary data and operands for arithmetic
and logical operations. You can also use
these registers in pairs: BC, DE, and
HL. Each pair holds 16 bits and can
hold data addresses in memory, or large
values used in some arithmetic func-
tions.

The HL register pair also has a spe-
cial function. Whenever the Z80 per-
forms 16-bit arithmetic operations, the
HL register pair becomes an accumula-
tor and holds the results of the calcula-
tions. Using any register pair as two
8-bit or one 16-bit register is entirely up
to you, and you can change their func-
tion at any time.

Two 16-bit index registers exist, IX
and IY. They almost always hold ad-
dresses of data tables in memory, and
make accessing that much easier.

SP, the stack pointer, is a special-
purpose register that holds the address
of (points to) a data table called the
stack. Stack operations let the Z80
return to the appropriate location after

The Key Box

Model I and m
16KRAM
Assembly Language
Editor/ Assembler

■■111 J*

•1121 ;* The First Program —
08139 ;*

00148 ;* Print "HI" in the upper-
■fllSf ;* left corner ot the screen

88160 ;•

•
*
*
•
*
*

08180 ;

00190 ORG 7080H

II2II ;

■•211 START LD A, 4 SB

•1220 LD (3C00H) ,A

00230 LD A,49H

00240 LD (3C81H) , A

00250 LOOP JP LOOP

00260 ;

•1271 END START

Program Listing J. A

;Def

;48B
; an
;49B
1 an
;Loo

ssemb

ine beg. of prog.

is ASCII value of B
d put it on screen

is ASCII value of I
d put it on screen
p forever

ly-Language Lesson I.

Shape your TRS-80 to
communicate with any computer you want.

S^Sfe^:.

Omniterm is the most flexible, powerful
terminal program you can buy. Omniterm lets you
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set up their ASCII-coded systems to communicate
with EBCDIC-coded systems.

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And even review data that's scrolled off the top
of the screen.

Omniterm 's well-thought-out design makes it
easy to use. You can get a status display of all func-
tions while on line to tell you what's going on, and
make any changes at the same time. You can create
a special file of your settings to make it easier next
time. You also get X/Y cursor control, single keystroke
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You don't have to be a computer expert to use
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80 Micro, December 1983 • 77

it completes a subroutine, simplify sav-
ing data from registers temporarily, and
allow transfer of 16 bits of information
from one register pair to another.

The program counter, register PC,
always holds the address of the next
program instruction. The Z80 uses the
PC register to keep its place in the pro-
gram while it carries out an instruction.

A', F\ B\ C, D', E\ H', and L' (the
prime set) are a second set of general-
purpose registers. If you give the correct
instructions to the Z80, it saves the reg-
ular general registers (A to L) and the
prime set becomes active. A later ex-
change instruction switches the first set
of registers back into active service. It's
up to the program (and programmer) to
keep track of which set is in use at any
given time— the Z80 considers the inac-
tive set the prime set.

Finally, there are two 8-bit registers, I
and R, that programmers rarely use.
The R register holds the address of the
next bank of memory that needs re-
freshing (a kind of electronic tickling to
stay awake). The Z80 handles the mem-
ory refresh chores automatically. The I
register is useful for some interrupt pro-
cessing, but the Models I and III don't
include the hardware necessary to use it.

A First Program

The best way to understand Assem-
bly-language programming is to start
programming. Because every editor/
assembler package includes its own
unique editor instructions, I will not
give explicit instructions on using the
editor portion of your editor/assem-
bler. Load the program and run it, then
use the documentation to experiment
with the editor until you are comfort-
able with its commands. You probably
use a command like I to start entering
text on numbered lines, a Break to
return to the function prompt, a P to list
what you have written, and so on.

Your first Basic program was proba-
bly something like

10 PRINT "HI"

so I'll start you with a similar Assembly-
language program (see Program Listing
1). Even though this is a simple, short
program, there is much to learn from it.
The first nine lines, 100-180, are all
remarks and the assembler ignores
them. In most assembler formats, a
semicolon precedes all remarks.

It is wise to liberally include remark
statements in your source code pro-
grams—the remarks don't take up
memory space in your completed ma-
chine-language program and they help
78 • 80 Micro, December 1983

you understand program logic several
weeks later.

After the remark lines, everything in
the program falls into four neat col-
umns. The first column, or field, con-
tains a five-digit line number as supplied
by the editor. As I explained earlier,
these numbers are used only by the edi-
tor and ignored by the assembler. They
help you find the correct line to edit and
the right place to insert new lines. Just
as in Basic, it is normal in Assembly
language to increment lines by 10 so you
can insert lines later. Also, your editor
probably includes a simple renumbering
facility.

The second column contains labels,

each of which can contain one to six
alphanumeric characters. Labels can
represent either values (as I show in the
next program) or the addresses. The
labels in this program, Start and Loop,
represent the addresses of the instruc-
tions that follow them.

The third column contains either the
mnemonics for the machine-code in-
structions or pseudo-ops — direct in-
structions to the assembler program
that don't get translated into machine
instructions. Simple assemblers provide
only a handful of pseudo-ops that are
easy to understand and use.

The fourth column contains the oper-
ands for each instruction. Each mne-

Making Sense of
Those Crazy Numbers

by Amee FJsenberg
80 Micro Technical Editor

The Decimal System

For those of us with 10 fingers, a
decimal number system (based on
units of 10) has always made intrinsic
sense. You start at your thumb and
keep counting until you run out of
fingers. Then you make a mark to
signify one group of 10 and start at
your thumb again. Things are
counted in groups of 10s plus any left-
over l's.

We write numbers using a place
value system, placing units, or l's,
furthest to the right in a number. The
next place holds the 10s, and the next
the 10 times 10s, or 100s. Reading
from right to left, the value of the
place increases by a multiple of the
base. Thus, 1, 10, and 100 signify
one unit, 10 units, and 10 times 10,
or 100, units respectively. You can
represent this as follows:

Y Y Y (♦ 1)
CIO)
(♦100)

The Binary System

Your computer is based on a bi-
nary numbering system; that is, it
uses a two-unit counting system. It
counts with electrical impulses that
are either off or on, which we repre-
sent numerically as and 1. It also
uses a place value system to keep

track of larger numbers.

In a binary, or base 2, numbering
system, the places hold multiples of
2. So the first place represents units,
the next 2's, the next 4's. Thus, 1, 10,
and 100 signify 1 unit, 2 units, and 2
times 2, or 4, units respectively. This
is represented as:

YYY

C2)
C4)

Binary becomes ungainly for
humans as the numbers get larger.
For instance, the number 136
decimal is written 10001000 in
binary. That is, there are no l's, no
2's, no 4's, one 8, no 16s, no 32s, no
64s, and one 128. Adding the one 8
and the one 128 results in the decimal
equivalent, 136, as below:

(0* 1)

(0* 2)

(0* 4)

(1 * 8)

(0* 16)

(0 • 32)

(0* 64)

12X

(1 *128)

136

decimal

Since humans count in decimal
and computers in binary, a com-
promise counting system is necessary
to make conversations between hu-
mans and computers a little simpler.

monic requires that zero, one, or two
operands follow it. In most cases, the
number of operands is obvious — you
can't ask the Z80 to load (LD) a value
unless it knows where the value is com-
ing from and where it is going. So, two
operands always follow the Load
command.

Finally, Assembly code reserves the
last column of each line for remarks.
You can quickly leam to write cogent
remarks that fit on the same screen line
as the rest of the instructions and pro-
duce clean, easy-to-read source code.

Refer back to Listing 1. Lines
100-180 are remarks ignored by the
assembler. Line 190 starts with the

pseudo-op ORG, which defines the
starting address of the program so the
assembler can calculate addresses of
each of the instructions.

Notice that the program's address,
7000H, is a hexadecimal number fol-
lowed by the letter H. The same ad-
dress, in decimal, is 28672. Unless a suf-
fix of H or B follows a number, the
assembler assumes that number is in
decimal format. However, the assem-
bler accepts a suffix of D to indicate a
decimal number. Get into the habit of
adding a base suffix to the end of every
number you use in a source code, re-
gardless of its base; it makes debugging
much easier.

Enter the base 16, or hexadecimal,
numbering system.

The Hexadecimal System

Hexadecimal (usually abbreviated
hex), is just like decimal if you have
16 fingers. To count in hex, you say
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. A
is equivalent to 10 decimal, B to 1 1
decimal, C to 12, D to 13, E to 14,
and F to 15. Ten hex is equal to 16
decimal because, just like decimal
and binary, hex uses a place value
system to represent numbers. Ten
hex means that there are no units and
one 16:

(*i)

(*16)

When you write a hexadecimal
number, we append the uppercase
letter H to it to avoid confusing it
with binary or decimal. Additional-
ly, we write the numbers A through
F as 0AH, 0BH, 0CH, etc., the zero
eliminating confusing the numeral
with a letter.

To understand why hex is conve-
nient for the computer, you need to
think about how the computer stores
information. The Z80 microproces-
sor uses 8-bit logic. A bit is an elec-
tronic signal that's either on or off
(binary, remember?).

A group of 8 bits of information
clustered together is called a byte. A
single hex numeral can represent
half-bytes, or nibbles, consisting of 4
bits because the greatest value a four-
digit binary number represents is 16
decimal. Remember, 1000 in binary
is 10 in hex and 16 in decimal. So two
hexadecimal digits can represent any
8-bit value (a byte).

It's easy to convert a binary byte
to a hexadecimal byte. Take the
number 10001000 binary again. The
first step is to break the byte into its
component nibbles, 1000 and 1000.
Then convert each nibble to hex:

10 (0*1) 10 (0*1)

(0*2) (0*2)

(0*4) (0*4)

8 (1*8) 8 (1*8)

8H = 88H

Therefore, 10001000 binary is 88
hex. Check this by converting both
binary and hex values back to dec-
imal. Earlier I said that 10001000 bi-
nary is 136 decimal. 88H means 8
units plus 8 sixteens (or 128) which
equals 136 decimal.

Try another binary-to-hex conver-
sion, this time with 10011110. Break
it into two nibbles: 1001 and 1110.
Convert each nibble:

10 1 1 (1*1) 1110 (0*1)

(0*2) 2 (1*2)

(0*4) 4 (1*4)

8 (1*8) 8 (1*8)

9 E (14 decimal)
= 9EH

So, 10011110 is 9E hex. If you
check this by converting to decimal
you find 10011110 equals (128 +
16+8 + 4 + 2) or 158, and 9EH
equals (9x 16+ 14), also 158.

Working with binary and hex be-
comes easier as you do more of it.
And learning these other number
bases is necessary if you want to
speak in your computer's native
tongue. ■

Gets Mail

From unsolicited letters of testimonial

Gentlemen:

....Thank you for such an
excellent product! I spent part
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problems with the installation.
I wish all modifications could
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me.

Thanks again

D.C.

APO, NY

Dear Langley-St. Clair.

[This] letter [is] to thank you
for putting together a really
great addition to the Radio
Shack Model II.

I had unsuccessfully tried
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Not being an electronics ex-
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We hope you will develop
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We can be counted as an en-
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Gregory, Michigan

LSIS't NEW SOFT-VIEW
REPLACEMENT CAT

FOR THE
FULL STORY,
SEE PAGE 41

*■ S— Utt of MtmtlMn on P«g» 291

Langley-St.Clair

Instrumentation

^sterns, Inc

13? West 24th St NY. NY 10011
1 -800-221- 70 70

60 Micro, December 1983 • 79

10100

•fllf

•

91120

The Second Prograa —

•

08138

•

80148

l«

Fill the

screen with

•BI

88158
■ 8178

•

80188

VIDEO

EQO

3C00B

;3C00H - top of screen

08190

00200

ORG

7000B

08218

00220

START

BL, VIDEO

>BL-»> Top of screen

00238

BC,400B

jBC»length of screen

00241

LOOP1

A, 'H'

jGet first character

00250

(BL) ,A

;Put it on screen

00260

IMC

jBL--> next screen pos'n

00270

DEC

iBC-nuaber of pos'ns left

00280

A, 'I'

(Get next character

00290

(BL),A

j Put it on screen

00300

INC

;BL«»> next pos'n

00310

DEC

;one less pos'n left

00320

A r B

; Get MSB of count

00330

;Merge with LSB of count

00340

NS,LOOP1

;Loop er of pos'ns left

00350

LOOP2

(Then loop forever

00360

00370

END

START

00380

;

Program Listing 2. Assembly-Language Lesson 2.

Line 210 is the first line of actual in-
struction. It has the label Start, which
the assembler sets equal to the address
of the instruction (7000 hex). This in-
struction tells the computer to load
(LD) the A register with 48 hex, the
ASCII value of the character H.

Line 220 instructs the Z80 to take the
current value in the A register, and
place it in memory at address 3C00 hex.
Remember that the screen memory oc-
cupies addresses from 3C00 hex to
3FFF hex. Therefore, this instruction
causes the Z80 to place the value 48 hex
in the first location of screen memory.
The computer's screen electronics then
print an H in the upper left-hand corner
of the screen.

Four things in line 220 require special
attention. First, notice the parentheses
placed around the screen address. They
are necessary to indicate to the assem-
bler that 3CO0 hex is an address, not a
value you want manipulated. The in-
struction is best read as "Load the con-
tents of register A into the memory
location represented by the value 3C00
hex."

Second, notice that getting the H to
the screen requires two instructions.
The first instruction reads the H from
memory and the second stores it to a
different place in memory. In general,
the Z80 cannot simply move data from
one memory location to another. It only
moves data to or from the registers in
the chip. (Some instructions avoid this
restriction, however.)

Third, it is important to realize that
this instruction doesn't change the con-
tents of register A. It copies the contents
to location 3C00 hex, but A is not emp-
ty. An LD instruction never changes the
80 • 80 Micro, December 1983

value that it moves; it only transfers that
value to a new place.

Fourth, notice the order of the two
operands of each LD instruction. The
first operand receives the value trans-
ferred from the second. If you read line
220 as "Load 3C00H from A" you can
remember the correct order of
operands.

Lines 230 and 240 are now clear.
They load the A register with the ASCII
value of I and place that value at the
next screen location. When the comput-
er executes the instruction in line 240, it
prints HI in the top comer of the screen.

Line 250 introduces a new instruc-
tion, the Jump (JP) instruction. It tells
the Z80 to take its next instruction from
a new place in memory (like Basic's
GOTO). Notice that the line gives the
symbol LOOP, and the instruction says
"Jump to LOOP." This instruction
produces a tight, endless loop similar to
the Bask instruction "50 GOTO 50."
The computer seems to lock up and
there's no way to regain control except
by pushing the reset button. This in-
struction is necessary to stop the Z80
from wandering off and trying to exe-
cute whatever it finds scattered through
memory. Every program must come to
some specific end, either with a loop or
a return to Basic or DOS.

The last line of Listing 1 uses the
pseudo-op END for two purposes.
First, the assembler needs to know the
end point of the program. Every source
code must have END in its last line. Sec-
ond, if the address of the beginning of
the program follows END, the assem-
bler includes that information on disk
or tape so the program runs auto-
matically. Start is the label for the be-

ginning of this short program and, be-
cause it already equals 7000 hex, it tells
the assembler that the program starts at
that address.

Before you read further, try to enter
and assemble the program in Listing 1.
Use the Insert command to get auto-
matic line numbering, and copy the
program exactly (you may leave out the
remarks if you wish), using the right-ar-
row key to tab between columns on the
screen. Then return to the prompt.

When you're ready to assemble the
program, first try a test assembly by as-
sembling the program with no output.
The command you give to the assembler
is probably A ,NO, or A/NO which
asks it to assemble without output. If
you enter the program correctly, the as-
sembler displays 00000 Errors. That is
the assembler's method of saying that
each line has correct syntax; obviously,
the assembler doesn't know whether
your program does what you want it to.

Save the source code to either tape or
disk. (If you make a logic error in your
program, you want to correct the source
code, not write it all over.) Assemble the
program to tape or disk. In both cases,
give the program a name — on tape the
names can be anything you wish; on
disk, write the source code with a /SRC
or /ASM extension and the program
with a /CMD extension to make it run
directly. Finally, use SYSTEM or DOS
to load and run your program. "HI"
should appear in the upper left corner
of the screen. Your computer is in an
endless loop, so press the Reset button
to regain control.

If all goes well, reload the editor/
assembler and the source code and try
to modify it — perhaps have the pro-
gram print your name on the screen.
Experiment with different messages and
different screen locations — it is the only
way to learn Assembly language.

Modifying a Program

I know Listing 1 isn't an exciting pro-
gram, but your first Basic program
probably wasn't much fun either. Here
I add a few bells and whistles, as well as
some new concepts.

Program Listing 2 fills the entire
screen with the letters HI. It also intro-
duces several new programming tech-
niques, the first of which is in line 180.
The EQU pseudo-op sets the label Vid-
eo equal to the value 3CO0 hex; instead
of having to remember a value each
time you use it in a program, you can
give it an easy-to-remember label.

Line 200 looks familiar. Line 220 tells
the computer to load the value of Video
into the HL register pair. In this pro-

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gram, HL points to, or holds, the ad-
dress of the current video position in or-
der to simplify the program.

Line 230 loads the BC register pair
with the value 400 hex (which equals
1,024). This program uses BC as a byte
counter; 400 hex equals the length of the
screen, and when BC is zero, the screen
is full. Using a byte counter is similar to
using a For. . .Next loop in Basic.

Line 240 loads the A register with the
ASCII value for H. By placing the H in-
side a set of single quotation marks, you
tell the assembler to translate the letter
into its ASCII equivalent — you don't
have to look it up in a table. Line 250
loads the value in the A register into the
memory location to which HL points.
Notice that parentheses enclose the HL

"The screen
should fill with
the word HI."

just like the addresses in the last pro-
gram, which tells the Z80 to treat the
current HL value as a memory address.

Line 260 increments (increases by 1)
HL so it points at the next memory lo-
cation and line 270 decrements (de-
creases by 1) BC so it holds the number
of screen positions remaining. Lines
280-310 repeat the whole process for
the letter I.

Lines 320 and 330 test the value in BC
to see if it is zero yet, which means the
screen is full. First, the program copies
the value in the B register into the A reg-
ister. Then it ORs the value in C with
the current value in A. If both B and C
are zero, the result of the OR is zero,
and the program sets the zero flag in the
F register. Otherwise, the result is some
other value and the F register flag indi-
cates Not Zero.

Line 340 uses the results of the OR to
decide whether or not to repeat loop 1 .
It tells the Z80 to jump only if the F reg-
ister shows Not Zero. If the flag indi-
cates a zero result of the OR in the pre-
vious instruction, the program ignores
the Jump command. The jump contin-
ues until the BC register pair decrements
to zero. Then line 350 performs an end-
less-loop jump.

Notice that the instructions from
lines 240-340 do not depend on any par-
ticular values in HL or BC. Whatever its
current value, HL points to the current
address on the screen. The program in-

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 81

Subscription

80 Micro does not keep subscription
records on the premises, therefore
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Please send a description of the prob-
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label to:

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Thank you and enioy your subscription

micro

Single Back Issues

January 1960 to June 1980 3.00

Single back issue
July 1960 to May 1983 3.50

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June 1963 on 4.50

Add Si. 00 per magazine tor shipping.

10 or more back issues

add $7.50 per order for shipping. ®

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U.S.A. England

M1M

•1111

• •

00120

»• Trie Third Proqrara —

•

■ 1131

Bene

i* Pill the

acreen with a

• •151

i* a

lmple massage

•

10161

»*

••171

90188

•■190

00200

VIDEO

EQU

3C00H

; Address of acreen top

00210

00220

ORG

7000H

{Beginning of program

00230

00240

r Fleet i

clear

the screen

00250

00260

CLEAR

HL, VIDEO

,HL--> screen top

00270

BC400H

>BC » Length of acreen

00280

CL10

(HL),' '

j ASCI I Space to acreen

00290

INC

;HL==> next acreen poa'n

00300

DEC

(Decrease count

00310

A,B

>Get MSB of Count

00320

; Merge LSB of count

••331

NZ,CL10

»Loop back until BOG

80340

00350
• •361

1 Now that screen la cleat, di
1

splay message

• •371

HL, VIDEO

|HL«> acreen top

10360

DE, HESS AG

jDE--> beg. of message

00390

PR10

A,(DE)

iGet nest character

00410

(HL) ,A

; And put It on screen

• 0410

CALL

INCNSG

l Increment k check DE

00420

CALL

INCVID

l Increment t check HL

00430
00440

NZ.PB10

rLoOD until icrHii'i full

00450
00460

j The screen la
f

full, look for

a keystroke then start over

00470

KEY

A r (3BFFH)

l Check the keyboard

60480

j Set the flaga

00490
00500

I, KEY

7 Loop until key is down

00510

iKey ia

pressed — wait until

it is released

00520

00530

NOKEY

A, (3BFFH)

jCheck the keyboard

00540

;Set the flags

005S0

N2. NOKEY

{Wait until key ia up

00560
00570

CLEAR

jThen start again

00580

;Now cone the

aubroutlnes

00590

;

00600

l Increment the

message pointe

r until it points to

00610

; the

end of

the message and

then reset it to the

00620

J begl

nning .

00630

00640

INCNSG

INC

jDE«> Next poa'n of mag.

00650

A,(DE)

iGet the character

00660

ila it a 7

00670

RET

jReturn if not

00680

DE, MESSAG

i Else DE-"> beg. of mag.

00690

RET

; And then return

00700

00710

;Increa

ent the

video pointer

jntil it is off the screen

00720

00730

INCVID

INC

;QL==> Next pos'n of vid.

00740

A,H

iGet MSB of pointer

00750

40H

;if H-40H, off the screen

00760

RET

; Return foe test

00770

00780

jNow type in the message

00790

1 (You

may use any message you wish)

00800

00810

MESSAG

DEFH

'How is this

for fast? '

00820

DEPB

■

;Hark end of message

00830

•

00840

; That' 8

all, so end the progr

008S0

00860

END

CLEAR

; Include starting address

00870

•

Program Listing 3. Assembly- Language Lesson 3.

crements it after each character prints.
BC's current value decrements after the
program prints each character. The
program continues until BC indicates a
full screen. The entire routine depends
on the Z80's ability to make a condi-
tional jump in line 340, based on the
current status of the zero flag.

Enter, assemble, and run Program
Listing 2. Again, you must use the reset
button to exit from the program be-
cause of the endless loop in line 350.
The screen should fill with the word HI.
See if you can modify this program be-

ing careful that you don't let the pro-
gram print off the end of the screen.

More Bells and Whistles

This next program lets you fill the
screen with any message you wish. It
also allows you to hit any key to clear
the screen and print the message again.

Lines 190-270 in Program Listing 3
need no explanation. Notice that the in-
struction in line 280 loads a character
(here, an ASCII space) directly into the
memory location to which HL points.
This instruction avoids first loading the

82 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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character into the A register and then
back into a new location in memory.

Lines 290-330 are similar to the last
program. They increment HL, decre-
ment BC, and test to see if BC equals
zero. The entire block of code from
lines 260-330 clears the screen by filling
it with spaces.

The second block of the program,
lines 370-430, prints a message repeat-
edly until it fills the screen. HL again
points to the screen location. Now,
however, DE points to the message in
line 810. These lines load 1 byte of the

"Keep experimenting

and you will

soon find that

Assembly language is

as easy as any

other computer language. "

message into the A register in line 390,
then put that character into screen
memory in line 400.

Lines 410 and 420 introduce a new
mnemonic, Call. This instruction is sim-
ilar to Basic's GOSUB command in that
it runs a subroutine. The Z80 saves the
address of the next instruction before it
runs a subroutine in order to know
where to return when it completes the
subroutine. Then it jumps to the sub-
routine and performs those instruc-
tions.

The label INCMSG, which stands for
"Increment Message Pointer," defines
the first subroutine. The subroutine
starts at line 640. This line increments
DE, which points to the message. Once
incremented, line 650 loads the new
character to which it points into A. The
command CP zero in line 660 means
"Compare the value in A with zero. If
the two values are identical, set the flag
to Z to indicate a true compare; other-
wise set the flag to NZ."

The RET command in line 670 means
"Return from this subroutine." Be-
cause NZ follows it, it is a conditional
return — the computer executes the re-
turn only if the flag in the F register in-
dicates Not Zero. Otherwise, in line
680, the program points DE to the be-
ginning of the message again, and then
an unconditional return in line 690
sends the Z80 back to the instruction in
line 420. The entire subroutine INC-
MSG depends on a zero byte at the end

Continued on p. 86

84 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Beginner's
Guide to
Assembly-
Language
Terminology

Simple Glossary

This short glossary should help
you learn the most common As-
sembly-language terms. It's arranged
in logical, rather than alphabetical,
order.

bit (binary digit) — Though some-
times defined in terms of electronic
signals, for present purposes a bit is
the smallest amount of information
on which the computer acts. It is a
single 1 or zero digit and the building
block for all computer notation.

byte — A sequence of 8 bits. A byte
is generally thought of in terms of its
total value. With 8 bits you can ex-
press any value between 0O00000OB
and 1111111 IB. In normal decimal
notation that's any value between
and 255; in hexadecimal it's any
value from 00 hex to OFF hex.

word — In computer jargon, a
word comprises 2 consecutive bytes,
or 16 bits, and the computer handles
it as a single value. The value of a
word can vary from to 65535 (deci-
mal), from 0000 hex to FFFF hex,
from 00000000 OO00OO0OB to
11111111 11111111B in binary.

address — A one-word (2-byte) val-
ue that denotes any byte of memory.
Every byte of memory has a unique
address, allowing you to find it easi-
ly, and find and manipulate its value.

LSB and MSB (least significant
byte and most significant byte) —
Since every word and every address is
composed of 2 bytes, it is useful to
have a name for each. The most sig-
nificant byte is the high-order
byte — the one that normally comes
first. The other is the least significant
byte. For example, in the hexadeci-
mal word 3C42 hex, 3C hex is the
most significant byte and 42 hex is
the least significant byte. Because of
the way the internal Z80 circuitry
works, it usually stores 2-byte values
in memory backwards, with the LSB
before the MSB.

ASCII code — Every possible vid-
eo character, all video control char-
acters, all graphics characters, and
all special (Model III) characters
have a unique 1-byte code that the
video circuitry uses. The codes for
letters and numbers are standard be-
tween various computers, but graph-
ics and special characters are not.
The ASCII code for the character 1 is
49 or 31 hex or 00110001B (rather
than the seemingly obvious value of
1, a complicating fact of life for ma-
chine-language programmers).

register and register pair — Reg-
isters are special memory inside the
Z80 chip. Each is either 1 or 2 bytes
in length (8 or 16 bits). A register pair
is two 8-bit registers that can work
together as a single 16-bit register.
There are 22 registers inside the Z80
that your programs can manipulate
directly.

ROM (read-only memory) — ROM
is unalterable, unchangeable memo-
ry inside the computer that holds the
resident Level I or Level II Basic in-
side the Models I and III. This mem-
ory doesn't change even when you
shut off the computer's power, so
your computer never "forgets" its
knowledge of Bask.

RAM (random-access memory) —
Sometimes called read-and-write
memory, or program memory, this
memory is changeable. The com-
puter uses it to store both programs
and data. Unfortunately, it loses all
of the information stored in it if the
power to your computer is turned
off. Unless you did some unusual
home-brew modifications, your com-
puter has 4K, 16K, 32K, or 48K bytes
of RAM. (K stands for 1000, but in
computer usage usually means 1024.
16K, therefore, means 16384 bytes of
RAM.)

Status Flags

The F, or flag, register contains 4
commonly used status bits, each of
which can direct conditional jumps,
calls, and returns.

Z and NZ— The zero flag is the
most common. This bit indicates
whether the result of a previous
operation was zero or some other
value. For example, if the result of a
subtract or compare operation is
zero, the flag shows zero. In source
code, the condition Z means zero
and NZ means not zero. The zero

Continued on p. 96

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 85

Continued from p. 84

of the message to mark its conclusion.

Line 420 sends the Z80 out to another
subroutine, INCVID (Increment the
Video Pointer), and passes control to
the instructions starting in line 730. First
line 730 increments HL. Remember that
the video memory is in address from
3C00 hex to 3FFF hex. If HL equals any
value in that range, it points at the
screen and everything is okay. But when
HL equals 4000 hex, it points to the first
memory address past the screen. Then
H holds the value 40 hex and L holds
the value 00 hex.

Line 740 loads the new value in the
HL register into the A register for test-
ing. Line 750 compares that value to 40
hex in order to set the F register flags.
You might expect the next instruction to
be a conditional jump or return, but it
isn't. Instead, the subroutine ends with
an unconditional return (RET) command.
However, the return command doesn't
affect the F register, and so the flags re-
main the same when the Z80 returns to
the instruction in line 430, which does
contain a conditional instruction. Very
often in Assembly language, programs
set the condition flags with one instruc-
tion but don't use them until several in-
structions later. Be sure that the instruc-

tions between don't change any of the
flags.

Line 430 repeats the print block until
the screen fills. Then the program con-
tinues with the KEY block starting with
line 470. Here, the value in memory lo-
cation 3BFF hex loads into the A regis-
ter, which is part of the keyboard mem-
ory. This location holds a zero if you're
not pressing any key; if it holds any
other value, you're holding down at
least one key.

Unfortunately, loading a value into
the A register doesn't set the condition
flags. Therefore, line 480 ORs register
A with itself. The value in A doesn't
change, but the flags are set to indicate
whether its current value is zero. If it is,
the conditional jump in line 490 sends
the Z80 back to KEY to wait for you to
press a key.

After you do so, the program enters
the final block of the program,
NOKEY. Another loop waits for you to
release the key. Then, and only then,
the program loops back to the Clear
routine at the beginning, clears the
screen, and starts all over.

Lines 810 and 820 demonstrate two
new pseudo-ops. In line 810, DEFM
means "Store the text between the

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single quotation marks in memory
here." It loads whatever you type in in-
to memory and sets the label MESSAG
equal to the address of the first
character.

Finally, in line 820, DEFB means
"store 1 byte of this value into
memory." This instruction stores a byte

Continued from p. 85

flag generally checks the results of
arithmetic and logical operations,
and tests whether a single register
decrement (DEC) results in zero.

C and NC— The carry flag in-
dicates whether a carry or borrow
occurred that gives an arithmetically
inaccurate answer. For example, if a
program adds two 8-bit numbers and
produces a 9-bit result, the carry flag
holds the 9th bit. Also, rotate and
shift instructions use the carry flag
extensively.

P and M — The normal arithmetic
convention for working with signed
numbers uses the highest-order bit to
indicate the sign. Therefore 1 indi-
cates a negative number and zero in-
dicates a positive number. The sign
flag shows whether the result of a
signed arithmetic operation is plus
(P) or minus (M). This flag is also of
use with compare operations.

PE and PO— The last testable flag
has two functions. As a parity flag, it
indicates whether a byte has an even
or odd number of bits equal to 1 . PE
then means even parity and PO
means odd parity. The same set of
flags can also indicate whether there
is an overflow from an 8-bit or 16-bit
addition or subtraction, in which
case PO means no overflow and PE
indicates that an overflow has
occurred.

N and H — There are two final
flags in the Z80, N and H, which you
cannot test directly by a program.
The computer uses them in a special
type of arithmetic called "binary-
coded decimal" and generally ac-
cesses them by the special DAA in-
struction.

Logical Operations

The Z80 performs three kinds of
logical operations: OR, AND, and
XOR. Each has specific uses in As-
sembly-language programs.

Each logical command works on a
single bit position at a time. For ex-

86 • 80 Micro, December 1983

of zero into memory to mark the end of
the message. This is the zero byte that
the subroutine INCMSG tests for.
Never assume that any memory loca-
tion holds some specific value. If your
program looks for a byte of zero at the
end of a message, you must put that
byte there.

ample, when the Z80 uses OR to
combine two values, first it ORs their
highest bits, then their next highest
bits, and so on. Logical operations
have no concern with the total values
of the operands; bit patterns are the
only concern.

AND— When the Z80 ANDs, the
result bit is a 1 only if both of the op-
erand bits are l's.

10010011
AND 10100110

10000010

Use AND to mask out unwanted
bits. For example, if you want to iso-
late just the 4 lowest bits of an 8-bit
byte, you can AND that byte with
00001111. The result copies the 4
lowest bits of the original byte into
the result and sets the 4 highest bits to
zero.

OR— The result bit of 2 ORed bits
is a 1 if either or both of the operand
bits are l's.

10010011

OR 10100110

10110111

OR merges two values together
and forms bit records in which each
bit in a byte has an individual
meaning.

XOR (Exclusive OR)— The result
bit of 2 XORed bits is a 1 if either,
but not both, of the operand bits
is a 1.

10010011

XOR 10100110

00110101

Programs use XOR less often than
OR and AND. Its major use is in
clearing the A register and flags with
the command XOR A.

An interesting fact about the XOR
operation is that it is cyclic. For exam-
ple, if you XOR A and B, and then
XOR the result by B again, the second
result is the original A value. ■

Be sure to try a test assembly of List-
ing 3 before you save the source code
and assemble the program. With a pro-
gram of this length, you can easily make
a typing mistake that you must correct
before the program runs correctly.

Once you get this program running, it
demonstrates the speed of machine lan-
guage. When you press and release a
key, you see a very brief blink on the
screen. In that time, it prints a space in
every screen location and prints the
message again until the screen is full.
Even though it must print 2,028 charac-
ters, it all happens in a flicker of the
screen.

Learning More

No one can leam any computer lan-
guage from one article. So far you can
use only a few mnemonics and a few of
the many types of program logic. You
are on your way, but still have much to
learn.

You can do many things to develop
your Assembly-language programming
skills. First, read Assembly-language
programs in magazines carefully and try
to follow the logic of each. Most maga-
zine programs have a lot of remarks to
help you understand what they do.

Second, read through the list of Z80
mnemonics (there is an excellent list
with complete explanations in the Series
1 manual) and try to imagine how you
can use each variation of each instruc-
tion. Also, you might read one of the
books available on beginning Assem-
bly-language programming. William
Barden's TRS-80 Assembly- Language
Programming, available from Radio
Shack, is one of the easiest to read.

Third, if you have some short ma-
chine-language programs available in
your library, try to disassemble one and
understand what it does without the
benefit of remarks. Don't try to disas-
semble something as long as Scripsit or
VisiCalc; such complexity will com-
pletely overwhelm you.

Most important, write your own As-
sembly-language programs. The more
you write, the easier it becomes. Keep
trying, keep writing, keep experiment-
ing and you will soon find that Assem-
bly language is as easy as any other
computer language. ■

Write to Hardin Brothers at 280
North Campus Ave., Upland, CA
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72165,735.

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 87

UTILITY

LOAD 80

Assembly-Language Disk I/O

by David G. Haan

ith a knowledge of Assembly-language disk
input/output, you can make your programs run
more efficiently and solve most I/O problems.

Assembly-language disk input/out-
put (I/O) is a complicated and advanced
technique, but understanding it allows
you more creativity in programming
and more knowledge in troubleshooting
and repairing disk I/O problems.

This article deals with the use of the
Model III TRSDOS disk I/O and ex-
plains the subroutines used in reading
and writing disk files. Included is a
demonstration program, TESTFILE/
TST, that chains these ROM routines
and shows how they manipulate disk
files.

Within the text, I explain how to use

each of the routines and what you can
expect on entry and exit. I also point out
some errors in Radio Shack's explana-
tion of these routines. You should have
a copy of the Disk System Owner's
Manual for reference.

In order to see the results of each rou-
tine, I provide a non-destructive exit
routine so you can examine the areas in
memory that are affected. I list the rou-
tines alphabetically in the first section of
EQUs.

I don't intend here to teach coding
practice, but merely to demonstrate
steps necessary to use each of the rou-

Storage

Bytes

Areas

Used

BUFFER

256

UREC

less

than

256

DCB

KBLNBF

DIRBUF

Description

Operating system uses this as a data storage area during a disk read or
write. It must be 256 bytes long since all reads and writes are done one
sector at a time.

A user buffer that locates all the data you want to write to or read
from disk. The system moves data between UREC and Buffer if the
logical record length is less than 256 bytes.

Data control block contains information used by the system to read or
write data from or to the disk. For a layout of the DCB, see Table 3 or
the Disk System Owner's Manual.

Buffer used to hold data entered via keyboard. Used in conjunction
with system routine KBLINE.

This is where RAMDIR places a single directory entry. The format of
this buffer is shown in Table 4 or under RAMDIR in the Disk System
Owner's Manual.

Table 1. Storage areas and buffers.

tines. At the end of this article, you
should have sufficient knowledge to
write Assembly-language disk I/O
routines.

I will use the Program Listing
(TESTFILE/TST) as a demonstration
program throughout this article. If a file
by the name of TESTFILE/TST exists
on the disk you want to use, you should
rename it.

Table 1 lists the major storage areas
and buffers TESTFILE uses for system
routines and their functions.

The program sets up registers before
each call to a system routine. This is not
always necessary since some of the reg-
isters used remain unchanged when re-
turning from a previous routine. It is
done, however, to indicate the informa-
tion required prior to calling a system
routine.

Following along with the Listing
helps you see what registers the rou-
tines need, and what they need to
contain prior to executing the routines.
Table 2 shows the condition of the regis-
ters prior to and after each routine's
execution.

Program Operation

The demonstration program starts by
saving the HL register (see the Listing).
The HL register contains the address of
the first non-blank character following
the last command you entered under

The Key Box

Model m
32KRAM
Assembly Language
TRSDOS, Editor/Assembler,
Disk Drive

88 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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TRSDOS READY. Keep this fact in
mind for later reference.

Then the program checks to see if this
is your initial entry into this program. It
does so by looking at a storage location
called Entry that contains the address of
the location at which you reenter the
program (if you have reentered it).

If the reentry address is between 8000
hexadecimal (hex) and 8FFF hex, Entry
uses it as the reentry address. The pro-
gram places the contents of Entry there
with a routine called Look. Look is the
non-destructive exit routine the pro-
gram calls each time you execute a sys-
tem program and provides a place in
memory where you can look to see the
effects of the routine's execution.

When you run this program for the
first time, it clears the storage areas
from Buffer to LKBUF. This makes it
easier to see what data the system rou-
tines put into memory. Also, the pro-
gram puts dummy data into the area
called UREC. The program then writes
this data to disk. Following this, a mes-
sage indicates the start of the program.

The program then prompts you for
the name of a file to which you want to
write data. This is where you type in the
filespec you want used in the disk's data
control block (DCB). The code that
asks for the filespec starts at the label
GETSPC. With the B register set to 15,
and the HL register set to the keyboard
input buffer (KBLNBF), the system
routine KBLINE lets you enter up to 15
characters for a file name.

Once you do so and hit the enter key,
the system's Syntax routine checks to
see if your filespec has the correct syn-
tax. If it does, the subroutine duplicates
the filespec in the DCB. Syntax uses
the HL register, which points to the file-
spec in the keyboard input buffer
(KBLNBF), and the DE register, which
points to the DCB.

On return, Syntax sets or clears the
zero flag, depending on whether or not
the filespec syntax was good. If it is, the
subroutine sets the zero flag. If not, it
resets the zero flag and the program
prompts you for the filespec again.

To check this system, enter any file
name preceded by a blank such as
BADSPEC. Press the enter key. Since
this enters a bad filespec (the first char-
acter is a blank), the program displays a
message asking for a filespec again.

You might think that since the file
name must begin with an alpha charac-
ter and have eight or fewer characters,
Syntax would check this. It doesn't. It
does check to see that the filespec starts
with a blank, but Syntax allows the file
name to start with a number and simply
90 • 80 Micro, December 1983

truncates it to eight characters.

Also, if you use an extension and
password, Syntax truncates the exten-
sion to three characters, the password to
eight characters, and doesn't return an
error. If you need to check for the accu-
racy of your filespec, better do your
own checking rather than rely on the
Syntax routine.

Now enter TESTFILE as a file name
and press the enter key. Since this file
name has the correct syntax, the subrou-
tine copies it to the DCB and the local
routine Look displays a message asking
you if you want to look at the results. If
you answer with anything other than Y,
the program continues execution, so
answer with a Y. This brings you into
Debug.

You can go directly to Debug from the
demonstration program by using the
system routine called COMDOS. COM-
DOS executes any command you can ex-
ecute while in TRSDOS READY from a
user program. The HL register must
point to the address which has the com-
mand you wish to execute. The program
then executes a jump to COMDOS.

The Look routine points the HL reg-
ister to the label EXECUT in the mes-
sage area of the listing, which contains
the program name Debug followed by a
carriage return. Once in Debug, you can
use the command D to look at both
KBLNBF and the DCB.

To view KBLNBF, enter its address

found in the section of equates at the
beginning of the program under Stor-
age Locations. In KBLNBF, note the
file name TESTFILE followed by ODH,
a carriage return. Now look at the
DCB. You can find this address listed in
the section of equates also.

Notice that the file names in
KBLNBF, which is now below the
DCB, and the DCB are the same except
for one thing. The file name TESTFILE
in KBLNBF is followed by ODH while
the file name in the DCB is followed by
03H. The TRSDOS Disk System Own-
er's Manual says the file name in the
DCB is followed by ODH. As you can
see, this isn't true if you use the Syntax
routine.

To return to the demonstration pro-
gram, press the Q key to exit Debug and
type in the name under which you as-
sembled the demonstration program.
This returns you to where you left off.
The program displays a message on the
screen indicating the location at which
you reentered the program. In fact,
each time you reenter the program, a
message indicates the reentry point.

You should reenter the demonstra-
tion program at the label Extend. You
can now enter a three-character exten-
sion that the program adds to your file
name in the DCB via the PUTEXT rou-
tine. Of course, you could have added
the extension to the file name when you
originally entered the filespec, but the

Registers

Routine

BKSPC

Yes

CMDDOS

N/A

CMDTXT

N/A

COMDOS

N/A

DIVIDE

Yes

DSPDIR

Yes

ERRDSP

Yes*

FILPTR

Yes

INIT

Yes

JP2DOS

N/A

KILL

OPEN

Yes

POSEOF

Yes

POSN

Yes

PUTEXT

Yes

RAMDIR

Yes

READ

Yes

REWIND

Yes

SYNTAX

Yes

VERF

Yes

WRITE

Yes

Yes = registers have changed. No

= registers have not changed. N-

A = no

applicable.

Only the primary

registers change;

the demonstration program doesn't use the alternate set.

• Only the flag register changes.

Table 2. Regisi

er conditions after routine execution.

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extension is being requested here to
demonstrate the routine. Enter TST as
the extension.

To work properly, PUTEXT re-
quires that the HL register point to the
location of the extension and the DE
register point to the DCB. The demo
program then calls PUTEXT. There are
no exit conditions to check for, so the
program calls Look so you can again
check the results in KBLNBF and the
DCB. In the DCB, the filename now
appears as TESTFILE/TST followed
by 03H. Now return to the demonstra-
tion program.

You should have reentered at the
label OPNF1L. Here the program at-
tempts to open the file using the file-
name TESTFILE/TST. If the file had
already existed, it would simply have
been opened, but since the file doesn't
exist, the program displays the message
File Not Found. You can look at the
DCB and see that nothing happened.

Before going on, look at the local
routine ERPROC which contains the
system routine called ERRDSP. You
can find this in the Listing under the
banner Error Display Processor.
ERRDSP is a system routine that dis-
plays an error code or expanded error
message on the CRT. It then either re-
turns to the user program, or to TRS-
DOS READY. Setting bit 6 masks the
error code that is in the A register. The

routine spells out the full error message.

If bit 7 is set, control returns to the
user program. How you process an er-
ror is up to you. You can abort the pro-
gram, try again, skip processing, or
whatever you feel is appropriate. Now
return to the demonstration program.

You should reenter the program at
label NEWFTL. This initializes a new
file and you can again look at the DCB.
The parameters that the HL, BC, and
DE registers pass are the same whether
you open or initialize a file.

In this case, the HL register contains
the address of a 256-byte buffer called
Buffer where the operating system does
the actual writing to and reading from
the disk. The DE register must point to
the DCB, and the B register must con-
tain the logical record length.

A physical record is 256 bytes long or
one disk sector. You can subdivide the
physical record into smaller segments
called logical records. A logical record is
a record of from 1 to 256 bytes long. In
the EQUs, I define the logical record
length (LRL) as 128 bytes long.

If you define a logical record as 64
bytes long, four logical records com-
prise one physical record (4x64 = 256).
However, if a logical record does not
evenly divide into a 256-byte physical
record (such as a logical record of 50
bytes), the system spans physical rec-
ords to keep your logical records intact.

Byte

Contents

0-2

Reserved for system use.

3-4

Address of system I/O buffer. (BUFFER)

Offset into the current physical record of the end of the last logical record read or

written.

Drive number on which the file exists.

Reserved for system use.

End Of File offset to the end of the last logical record.

Logical record length.

10-11

The next physical record where a read or write will take place.

12-13

The last physical record in the file.

14-63

Reserved for system use.

Table 3. Data control block layout.

Byte Contents

0-14 File name/ext:d left justified and padded with spaces.

15 Protection level of file. to 6.

16 End Of File offset to the end of the last logical record in the last physical record.

17 The logical record length.

18-19 The last physical record number in the file. LSB is in byte 18 and the MSB is in

byte 19.
20-21 The number of granules allocated to the file. LSB is in byte 20 and the MSB is in

byte 21.
22-23 Two plus marks indicating the end of the directory.

Table 4. Directory layout in RAM.

It's possible to have a logical record
equal in size to the physical record (256
bytes), but this requires additional pro-
gramming. I'll discuss how the data
moves to and from disk and the special
requirements for 256-byte logical rec-
ords later.

For now, answer Y to the question on
the screen and take a look at the DCB.
Notice that the program file name in the
DCB no longer appears. Instead, the
DCB's layout is as shown in Table 3.
Bytes 3 and 4 of the DCB point to the
256-byte buffer called Buffer. Remem-
ber, the low order byte appears first, the
high order byte second.

Byte 5 represents the offset to the de-
limiter at the end of the current physical
record. Byte 6 indicates the drive num-
ber on which the file resides. Byte 8 is
the end-of-file offset of the last delimit-
er in the last physical record. Byte 9
shows the logical record length, and
bytes 10 and 1 1 display the next physi-
cal record number with bytes 12 and
13 giving the ending physical record
of the file.

Figures 1 and 2 show examples of
how to interpret the contents of bytes 5,
8, 10, and 11 of the DCB. Figure 1
shows two physical records, or sectors,
of 256 bytes each, comprising four
128-byte logical records.

Suppose you just read the first logical
record (record zero) of physical record
zero. Byte 5 of the DCB now contains
80 hex and bytes 10 and 1 1 of the DCB
contain 0000 hex. The DCB now points
to the first byte of the next logical
record.

Logical record zero goes from bytes
hex to 7F hex, and logical record 1 goes
from bytes 80 hex to OFF hex. Byte 5 of
the DCB actually contains the first byte
following the end of the last logical
record read or, for that matter, the last
one written.

Figure 2 is similar to Fig. 1 (now in
the second logical record of physical
record zero). Here, byte 5 of the DCB
contains hex, and bytes 10 and 1 1 of
the DCB contain 0001 hex. The DCB
now points to the first byte of logical
record 2, the first logical record of phys-
ical record 1.

Byte 8 of the DCB is similar to byte 5
of the DCB, but only applies to the last
physical record in the file. It points to
the first byte following the last logical
record in the last physical record.

In Fig. 2, if the last logical record in
the file is logical record 2, byte 8 of the
DCB contains 80 hex. This is actually
the first byte of the next logical record,
if it existed. You should note that the
value in byte 8 need not always point to

92 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 93

the beginning of the next logical record.
It can point anywhere within your last
logical record. It is meant to point to the
first byte following the actual end of
data.

To make sure you put the correct
end-of-file (EOF) offset in the DCB,
you must calculate and put the actual
EOF offset into byte 8 of the DCB. One
way you can experiment with this is to
use this program with different logical
record lengths and modify the end-of-
file offset in byte 8 of the DCB just
before closing the file. To keep it sim-
ple, don't do it here. Now return to the
demonstration program.

Write Operation

Once you return from looking at the
DCB, execute the code at the WRTFIL
label. The system needs two pieces of
data to write a record to disk. The HL
register must point to the buffer that
contains the data you want to save, and
the DE register must point to the DCB.
The program sets the HL register to
point to UREC, which contains some
sample data, while the DE register
points to the DCB.

When the program invokes the Write
subroutine, it moves 128 bytes (the logi-
cal record length) from UREC to the
area called Buffer. If the write is suc-
cessful, it sets the zero flag. If an error
occurs, the subroutine resets the zero
flag and returns an error code in the A
register for display via ERPROC.

As long as the logical record length is
fewer than 256 bytes long, the system

moves data from the user buffer UREC
to the I/O buffer called Buffer and vice
versa.

If you set the logical record length to
256 by opening a file with the B register
equal to zero, you must move the data
between UREC and Buffer yourself.
This means that for each Write com-
mand, you must move the 256 bytes of
data you want written to Buffer before
the program calls the Write routine.
Also, after each read, you must move
the 256 bytes from Buffer to wherever
you want it to go as its final destination.
When the logical record length is 256
bytes, Read and Write commands ig-
nore the HL register.

Once you complete the first write of .
the logical record of 128 bytes, answer
Y to the question on the screen and look
at Buffer and the DCB. If you look at
the DCB, you see that the next physical
record number at bytes 10 and 11 is
zero. Also, the offset to the delimiter at
the end of the current physical record at
byte 5 is 80 hex, indicating that the pro-
gram successfully completed one write.
Records start at number zero with two
80 hex logical records per physical rec-
ord. Looking at Buffer, you can see the
dummy data.

Return to the demonstration pro-
gram to continue with the next write at
label WRT002. The program now ini-
tiates a second disk write, but here the
HL register points one logical record
length (1 LRL) into UREC. This occurs
so the system can pick up the next block
of data.

PHYSICAL RECORD
/\

PHYSICAL RECORD I
/\

LOGICAL
RECORD

LOGICAL
RECORD I

BYTE «H

LOGICAL
RECORD 2

LOGICAL
RECORD 3

BYTE 80H

BYTE 0FFH

Figure I. Byte interprets.

PHYSIC

. RECORD PHYSICAL RECORD 1

Y v

LOGICAL
RECORD

; LOGICAL
; RECORD 1 ;

| LOGICAL i
; RECORD 2 !

! LOGICAL
j RECORD 3

\ BYTE 80H / \ BYTE 0H / \ BYTE 80H
BYTE 0FTM / BYTE 7FH /

Figure 2. Byte interprets.

Make sure the HL register points to
the right area of memory for the data
you want transferred. If the write is suc-
cessful, the program transfers a sector
of data, or 2 LRLs, from Buffer to the
disk. Again, you can look at the DCB
and buffer areas for verification.

Now the DCB shows that the next
physical record number at bytes 10 and
1 1 is 1 and the ending physical record at
bytes 12 and 13 is also 1. The offset to
the end of the current record at byte 5 is
zero, indicating that the program has
written two logical records.

After returning to the demonstration
program at label WRT003, the program
completes a third write, after which you
may look at the DCB. Notice that the
last half of the buffer contains junk.
The program clears out Buffer after it
writes a sector and loads it with data of
its own choosing from somewhere in the
system.

Now, return to the demonstration
program at label WRT004 for a fourth
disk write. Following this, at label
WRT005, the program makes a fifth
write. After each of these writes you
may look at the DCB.

Since the fifth write is only half of a
new third sector, the DCB shows that
the next physical record is 2 (the third
physical record), the ending physical
record is 2, and the offset is 80 hex at
byte 5, for a total of five 80 hex-byte
logical records.

In the Disk System Owner's Manual
the explanation of the next record num-
ber (NRN) as well as those of Read and
Write operations, say that after each
Read or Write the NRN increments by
one. This is true only if the logical
record length is 256 bytes long. If the
logical record length is 128 bytes as in
this case, the NRN increments only
after two reads or writes.

You should now return to the pro-
gram to close the file. You enter at label
CLOSFL. To close a file, you need to
pass only one parameter to the routine
called Close. This is the address of the
DCB in the DE register. When you close
the file, the program makes a final write
to the disk, keeps track of the end of the
last logical record, and updates the
DCB and the disk directory.

If you close the file successfully, the
program sets the zero flag. If not, you
need to process the error. Get into De-
bug and look at the DCB. As you can
see, the file name, including the number
of the disk drive where the file is locat-
ed, again appears at the beginning of
the DCB. If you call the directory, no-
tice that the file has an LRL of 128
bytes, five logical records, three physi-

94 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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INSTANT ASSEMBLER

The Instant Assembler a a powerful assembly language development system for the
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80 Micro. December 1983 • 95

cal records (one granule), and an EOF
of 128 bytes.

If you want to quit and take a break,
go ahead, but if you turn off your
computer or run some other program,
make sure you reenter the program
at the correct point. To do this, use
the M command under Debug and
modify the location Entry so that it
points to GTSPC1 in the demonstration
program.

Remember, the low order byte of the
address of GTSPC1 goes into the low
order byte of Entry, and the high order
byte of the address of GTSPC1 goes in-
to the high order byte of Entry. Now
you can exit Debug and continue with
the rest of this article.

Read Operation

Now I'll show you how to read the
disk file you generated. You will read

Program Listing. Demonstration program.

(10010

00020
00030

FUNDAMENTAL ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE DISK I/O

00040

FOR THE TRS

-80 MODEL III

00050

.***»*******«**

******************************************

00060

00070

ORG

8000H

00080

BKSPC

EQU

4445H

/ BACKSPACE 1 LOGICAL REC

00090

EQU

4428H

;CLOSE FILE ROUTINE

00100

CMDDOS

EQU

429CH

;EXEC TRSDOS COMMAND

00110

CMDTXT

EQU

4225H

;HAS LAST TRSDOS COMMAND

00120

COMDOS

EQU

4299H

;EXEC TRSDOS COMMAND

00130

DIVIDE

EQU

4451H

; DIVIDE ROUTINE

00140

DSPDIR

EQU

4419H

/DISPLAY DIRECTORY

00150

ERRDSP

EQU

4409H

.•DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

00160

FILPTR

EQU

428DH

; FINDS FILE 1 AND DRIVE t

00170

INIT

EQU

4420H

; INITIALIZE DISK FILE

00180

JP2DOS

EQU

402DH

/ENTRY TO TRSDOS

00190

KILL

EQU

442CH

; KILLS FILE

00200

OPEN

EQU

4424H

> OPEN FILE ROUTINE

00210

POSEOF

EQU

4448H

;GO TO END OF FILE

00220

POSN

EQU

4442H

, POSITION TO LOGICAL REC.

00230

PUTEXT

EQU

444BH

;PUT EXTENSION IN DCB

00240

RAMDIR

EQU

4290H

;RAM DIRECTORY ROUTINE

00250

READ

EQU

4436H

;DISK READ ROUTINE

00260

REWIND

EQU

443FH

.■REWIND FILE ROUTINE

00270

SYNTAX

EQU

441CH

;CHECK FILESPEC SYNTAX

00280

VERF

EQU

443CH

; WRITE AND VERIFY

00290

WRITE

EQU

4439H

;DISK WRITE ROUTINE

00300

;

00310

00320

MISCELLANEOUS ROUTINES AND DEFINITIONS

00330

00340

,•

00350

KBLINE

EQU

40H

;SCAN KEYBOARD FOR LINE

00360

KBWAIT

EQU

49H

jWAIT FOR KEYBOARD INPUT

00370

LRL

EQU

128

/LOGICAL RECORD LENGTH

00380

LRL2

EQU

256

/ LOGICAL RECORD X2

00390

VDCLS

EQU

1C9H

; CLEAR SCREEN ROUTINE

00400

VDLINE

EQU

21BH

; DISPLAY LINE ROUTINE

00410

■

00420

.to******************************************************

00430

;

STORAGE

LOCATIONS

00440

00450

00460

ADRBUF

EQU

; ADDRESS OF 'BUFFER'

00470

BUFFER

DEFS

256

/DISK I/O BUFFER

00480

AUREC

EQU

; ADDRESS OF 'UREC'

00490

OR EC

DEFS

640

;USER BUFFER

00500

ADRDCB

EQU

; ADDRESS OF 'DCB'

00510

DCB

DEFS

;DATA CONTROL BLOCK

00520

AKBBUF

EQU

; ADDRESS OF 'KBLNBF'

00530

KBLNBF

DEFS

; KEYBOARD INPUT BUFFER

00540

ADRDIR

EQU

; ADDRESS OF 'DIRBUF'

00550

DIRBUF

DEFS

; DIRECTORY BUFFER

00560

LENGTH

EQU

S-BUFFER

00570

DRVNUM

DEFS

; ASCI I CODED DRIVE NUMBER

00580

LKBUF

DEPS

00590

AENTRY

EQU

; ADDRESS OF RE-ENTRY BUF

00600

ENTRY

DEFS

; RE-ENTRY ADDRESS BUFFER

00610

PARAH

DEFS

; PARAMETER ADDRESS BUFFER

00620

00630

.*************************»***«***»**«****«**«***********

00640

;

WRITE DISK

FILE EXERCISE

00650

;****•*****••****+*•****************«**********«***•*****

00660

;

00670

START

(PARAM) ,HL

;SAVE PARAMETER POINTER

00680

CALL

VDCLS

; CLEAR SCREEN

00690

HL, (ENTRY)

•GET RE-ENTRY ADDRESS

00700

A,H

00710

AND

0F0H

00720

80H

(IS THIS FIRST TIME THRU?

00730

NZ,START1

J YES

00740

(HL)

/NO. ENTER WHERE LEFT OFF

00750

START 1

CALL

CLRBUF

.•CLEAR OUT BUFFERS

00760

CALL

MOVDAT

/FILL USER BUFFER W/DATA

00770

HL.SIGNON

;SIGNON MESSAGE

00780

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

00790

GETS PC

HL.SPCMSG

; FILESPEC MESSAGE

00800

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

00810

HL, KBLNBF

/KEYBOARD INPUT BUFFER

00820

B,1S

I MAX t OF CHARS. ALLOWED

00830

CALL

KBLINE

;GET FILESPEC

00840

HL, KBLNBF

/FILESPEC ADDRESS

Lis ling

continued

96 • 80 Micro, December 1983

four records, the first, then the third,
then back to the first, and finally the
fifth logical record.

By typing in the name of the demon-
stration program, reenter the program.
Do this, but with one additional entry,
the name of the data file (TEST-
FILE/TST) following the name of the
demonstration program.

For example, if the name of the dem-
onstration program is DISKIO, type
DISKIO TESTFILE/TST. You must
include a single space between the pro-
gram name DISKIO and the data file
name. Every time you type in a com-
mand at TRSDOS READY, the HL
register contains the address of the first
non-blank character following the last
command. The Disk System Owner's
Manual describes this in detail under
CMDTXT.

Once you type in the demonstration
program name followed by the data file
name, the program automatically saves
the HL register in the location labeled
PARAM. This brings you to the read
section of the program at label

"ffyou close
the file successfully,

the program
sets the zero flag."

GTSPCl, with an accompanying mes-
sage. Then the program loads the HL
register with the address contained in
the location PARAM. The Read rou-
tine checks this address to see if it in-
cludes a carriage return, indicating the
end of a command, and the absence of
parameters to pass. If no parameters
exist, the program asks you to enter the
filespec just as when you initially ran the
program.

If you typed in the parameter TEST-
FILE/TST, the program uses this as the
filespec to open the file. If you type an
illegal parameter, an error occurs and
you must enter a new filespec.

If everything goes right, the program
opens the TESTFILE/TST file, ready
to read. Before the program reads the
file, it executes the FILPTR routine
starting at label OPENOK. This routine
requires that the DE register contain the
DCB address. On return from FILPTR
the B register contains the drive number
on which the file resides, with the logical
file number in the C register.

Continued on p. 100

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 97

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 99

Continued from p. 96

If FILPTR finds the appropriate in-
formation, it sets the zero flag. Other-
wise, it resets the flag and the program
skips down to the label RE ADO 1.

On successful completion of FIL-
PTR, the routine RAMDIR uses the BC
register, returned by FILPTR, to get the
directory information of TESTFILE/
TST and places it in memory.

RAMDIR requires that the BC regis-
ter contain the drive number in the B
register, the file number in the C regis-
ter, and the address of a 24-byte buffer
in the HL register. The 24-byte buffer in
this case is DIRBUF. The Disk System
Owner's Manual states that the buffer
must be 22 bytes long for data, plus 1
byte for the plus symbol, which indi-
cates the end of the directory. In fact,
there are two plus marks at the end of
the directory, thereby requiring 24 bytes
in the buffer. If RAMDIR is successful,
it sets the zero flag.

Following the execution of RAM-
DIR, the program converts the drive
number and file number of TEST-
FILE/TST contained in the BC register
to ASCII and places them in two
separate messages. In addition, it saves
the ASCII coded drive number in a
location labeled DRVNUM for later use

BYTE

MICRO

N A B

S K E E P

AUTO

T R/6) N E

R U N D

A/f/A O N

D C L/

/Q/C K E A

INT®,

4) S U B M

FORM

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^341

/ iMing en

ilinueil

00850

DE.DCB |

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

00860

CALL

SYNTAX ;

TEST FOR CORRECT SYNTAX

00870

NZ, GETS PC ;

BAD SYNTAX

00880

CALL

LOOK J

EXAMINE FILESPEC ?

00890

EXTEND

CALL

HSG0 01

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

00900

HL,KBLNBF ;

KEYBOARD INPUT BUFFER

00910

B,3 ;

ALLOWS 3 CHAR. ENTRY

00920

CALL

KBLINE I

GET EXTENSION

00930

HL,KBLNBF j

EXTENSION ADDRESS

00940

DE,DCB }

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

00950

CALL

PL'TEXT ;

ADD EXTENSION TO FILSPC

00960

CALL

LOOK ;

EXAMINE FILESPEC ?

00970

OPNFIL

CALL

MSG0 2 ;

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

00980

HL, BUFFER |

AODR SECTOR I/O BUFFER

00990

LD.

DE.DCB J

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01000

B,LRL ;

LOGICAL RECORD LENGTH

01010

CALL

OPEN J

OPEN FILE

01020

Z, INITOK t

FILE OPENING SUCCESSFUL

01030

CALL

ERPROC J

DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

01040

CALL

LOOK l

EXAMINE DCB ?

01050

NEWFIL

CALL

MSG003 ;

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01060

HL, BUFFER J

ADDR SECTOR I/O BUFFER

01070

DE,DCB t

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01080

B.LRL J

LOGICAL RECORD LENGTH

01090

CALL

INIT »

INITIALIZE A NEW FILE

01100

Z,INITOK i

NEW FILE INITIALIZED

01110

CALL

ERPROC j

DISTLAY ERROR MESSAGE

01120

INITOK

CALL

LOOK |

EXAMINE DCB ?

01130

WRTFIL

CALL

MSG004 !

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01140

HL,UREC J

USER BLOCK

01150

DE,DCB ]

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01160

CALL

VERF I

WRITE DATA TO DISK

01170

Z.WRTOK1 I

SUCCESSFUL WRITE

01180

CALL

ERPROC |

DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

01190

WRTOK1

CALL

LOOK |

EXAMINE BUFFERS ?

01200

WRT002

CALL

MSG005 J

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01210

HL,UREC+LRL

NEXT LRL OF DATA

01220

DE,DCB J

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01230

CALL

WRITE j

WRITE DATA TO DISK

01240

Z.WRTOK2

SUCCESSFUL WRITE

01250

CALL

ERPROC j

DISPLAY ERROR

01260

WRTOK2

CALL

LOCK J

EXAMINE BUFFERS ?

01270

WRT003

CALL

MSG0 06

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01280

HL.UREC+LRL2

NEXT LRL OF DATA

01290

DE.DCB

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01300

CALL

WRITE

WRITE DATA TO DISK

01310

Z,WRTOK3

SUCCESSFUL WRITE

01320

CALL

ERPROC

DISPLAY ERROR

01330

WRT0K3

CALL

LOOK

EXAMINE BUFFERS ?

01340

WRT00 4

CALL

KSG007

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01350

HL,UREC+LRL+LRL2

01360

DE.DCB

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01370

CALL

WRITE

WRITE DATA TO DISK

01380

Z,WRTOK4

SUCCESSFUL WRITE

01390

CALL

ERPROC

DISPLAY ERROR

01400

WRTOK4

CALL

LOOK

EXAMINE BUFFERS ?

01410

WRT0 5

CALL

MSG008

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01420

HL.UREC+LRL2+LRL

01430

DE,DCB •

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01440

CALL

WRITE

WRITE DATA TO DISK

01450

Z.WRTOK5

SUCCESSFUL WRITE

01460

CALL

ERPROC

DISPLAY ERROR

01470

WRTOK5

CALL

LOOK

EXAMINE BUFFERS ?

01480

CLOSFL

CALL

MSG009

DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01490

DE,DCB

DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01500

CALL

CLOSE FILE

01510

Z, CLOSOK

FILE CLOSED SUCCESSFULLY

01520

CALL

ERPROC

DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

01530

CLOSOK

HL.GTSPC1

GET RE-ENTRY ADDRESS

01540

(ENTRY) ,HL

•SET NEW RE-ENTRY ADDRESS

01550

JP2DOS

JUMP TO TRSDOS READY

01560

01570

01^80
01590

;

READ DISK FILE

EXERCISE

01600

;

01610

GTS PCI

CALL

CLRBUF

; CLEAR OUT BUFFERS

01620

CALL

MSG010

; DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

01630

HL, (PARAM)

;GET PARAMETER ADDRESS

01640

A,(HL)

; FIRST CHARACTER OF PARAM

01650

0DH

j CARRIAGE RETURN ?

01660

NZ, RDOPEN

;OPEN FILE USING PARAM.

01670

GTS PC 2

HL,SPCMSG

;GET FILESPEC MESSAGE

01680

CALL

VDLINE

; DISPLAY MESSAGE

01690

HL,KBLNBF

; KEYBOARD INPUT BUFFER

01700

B.15

;MAX t CHARS FROM KEYBRD

01710

CALL

KBLINE

j INPUT KEYBOARD DATA

01720

HL.KBLNBF

;FILESPEC

01730

RDOPEN

D£,DCB

;DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01740

CALL

SYNTAX

; CHECK FOR CORRECT SYNTAX

01750

NZ.GTSPC2

;BAO SYNTAX

01760

HL, BUFFER

.•SECTOR I/O BUFFER

01770

DE,DCB

;DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01780

B,LRL

; LOGICAL 3EC0RD LENGTH

01790

CALL

OPEN

;OPEN FILE

01800

Z, OPENOK

; OPENED SUCCESSFULLY

01810

CALL

ERPROC

; DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

01820

GTS PC 2

;GET NEW FILESPEC

01830

OPENOK

DE , DCB

;DATA CONTROL BLOCK

01840

CALL

FILPTR

;GET DRV/FILE * IN BC REG

01850

NZ,READ01

;SKIP IF ERROR

01860

HL, DIRBUF

; DIRECTORY BUFFER

01870

CALL

RAMDIR

;GET DIRECTORY INFO

01880

NZ,READ01

;SKIP IF ERROR

01890

A,B

;PUT DRIVE 1 IN A REG

01900

ADD

A,30H

;MAKE ASCII

01910

(DRVNUM) ,A

;SAVE FOR ROUTINE DSPDIR

/ isimg continued

100 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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* See Ust of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 101

Listing continued

01920

(DRVBUF) ,A

;PUT IN MESSAGE

01930

L,C

rSET UP HL REGISTER TO

01940

H,0

/ MAXE FILE NUMBER AN

019S0

A, 10

/ ASCII STRING.

01960

CALL

DIVIDE

01970

ADD

A,30H

;MAKE REMAINDER ASCII

01980

(FILNUM+1) ,A

/SAVE IN MESSAGE

01990

A,L

|GET REST OF FILE NUMBER

02000

ADD

A.30H

/MAKE IT ASCII

02010

(FILNUM) ,A

/PUT IN MESSAGE

02020

HL.DRVMSG

/DRIVE NUMBER MESSAGE

02030

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

02040

HL.FILMSG

/FILE NUMBER MESSAGE

02050

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY REST OF MESSAGE

02060

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE DIRECTORY 7

02070

CALL

HSG011

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

020B0

HL.UREC

/USER DATA BUFFER

02090

DE,DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02100

CALL

READ

/READ A LOGICAL RECORD

02110

Z, READOK

/RECORD READ OK

02120

CALL

ERPROC

/DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

92130

READOK

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE BUFFERS 7

02140

POSENT

CALL

HSG012

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02150

DE.DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02160

BC,2

ZLRL TO GO TO

02170

CALL

POSN

/GO TO 3RD LOGICAL RECORD

02180

Z, POSNOK

/POSITIONED OK

02190

CALL

ERPROC

/DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

02200

POSNOK

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE DCB 7

02210

CALL

KSG013

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02220

HL,UREC+LRL

/OFFSET INTO BUFFER 1 LRL

02230

DE,DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02240

CALL

READ

/READ NEXT LOGICAL RECORD

02250

Z.RDOK

/NEXT RECORD READ OK

02260

CALL

ERPROC

/DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

02270

RDOX

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE BUFFERS 7

02280

REWENT

CALL

KSG014

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02290

DE.DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02300

CALL

REWIND

/GO TO BEGINNING OF FILE

02310

Z, REHOK

/REWIND COMPLETE

02320

CALL

ERPROC

/PROCESS ERROR MESSAGE

02330

REHOK

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE BUFFERS 7

02340

CALL

KSG015

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02350

HL,UREC+LRL2

/NEXT LOGICAL RECORD

02360

DE,DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02370

CALL

READ

/READ FIRST LOGICAL REC

02380

Z,RDOKl

/FIRST LOG REC READ OK

02390

CALL

ERPROC

/PROCESS ERROR MESSAGE

02400

ROOK1

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE BUFFERS 7

02410

EOFENT

CALL

HSG016

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02420

DE.DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02430

CALL

POSEOF

/GO TO END OF FILE

02440

Z,EOFOK

/POSITIONED TO EOF OK

02450

CALL

ERPROC

/PROCESS ERROR MESSAGE

02460

EOPOK

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE BUFFERS 7

02470

BRENT

CALL

MSG017

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02480

DE.DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02490

CALL

BKSPC

/BACK UP 1 LOGICAL RECORD

02500

Z, BKSPOK

/BACKSPACE 1 LRL OK

02510

CALL

ERPROC

/PROCESS ERROR MESSAGE

02520

BKSPOK

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE BUFFERS 7

02530

CALL

HSG018

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02540

HL.UREC+LRL2+LRL /USER BUFFER

02550

DE.DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02560

CALL

READ

/READ LOGICAL RECORD

02570

Z,RDOK2

/READ SUCCESSFUL

02580

CALL

ERPROC

/PROCESS ERROR MESSAGE

02590

RDOK2

CALL

LOOK

/EXAMINE BUFFERS 7

02600

CLSENT

CALL

HSG019

/DISPLAY ENTRY MESSAGES

02610

DE.DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02620

CALL

/CLOSE FILE

02630

Z, KILFIL

/CLOSE OF FILE OK

02640

CALL

ERPROC

/PROCESS ERROR MESSAGE

02650

KILFIL

HL.KILHSG

/KILLING FILE MESSAGE

02660

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

02670

DE.DCB

/DATA CONTROL BLOCK

02680

CALL

KILL

/KILL FILE

02690

Z, KILLOK

/KILL SUCCESSFUL

02700

CALL

ERPROC

/PROCESS ERROR

02710

KILLOK

A.(DRVNUH)

/GET DRIVE NUMBER

02720

(4271H) ,A

/PUT IN SYSTEM AREA

02730

CALL

DSPDIR

/DISPLAY DIRECTORY

02740

HL.ENDMSG

/END OF DEMO MESSAGE

02750

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

02760

CALL

KBWAIT

/WAIT FOR KEYBOARD ENTRY

02770

JP2DOS

/GO TO TRSDOS READY

02780
02790

02800

ERROR DISPLAY PROCESSOR

02810

02820

02830

ERPROC

0C0H

/DISPLAY MODE FOR ERRDSP

02840

CALL

ERRDSP

/DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE

02850

RET

02860
02870

02880
02890

EXAMINE DATA

PROCESSOR

02900

02910

LOOK

POP

/GET RETURN ADDRESS

02920

PUSH

/RESTORE IT

02930

(ENTRY) ,HL

/SAVE RETURN ADDRESSS

02940

LOOK1

HL.LKHSG

/LOOK? MESSAGE

02950

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

02960

HL.LKBUF

/ANSWER BUFFER

02970

B.l

/ALLOW 1 CHAR TO RTN

Listing

continued

by the system routine DSPDIR.

The program displays the messages
and calls Look so you can see the direc-
tory in RAM. You can use the directory
to find out how many records are in the
file, the file's logical record length, and
other information needed to read the
file. See Table 4 for the directory's
layout.

Since you already know the number
of logical records and the logical record
length, returning to the demonstration
program after looking at the directory
leads right into reading the file starting
at label READ01.

When you open a file, the data in the
DCB points to the first logical record in
the file. A message indicates that you
are reading the first logical record. With
the HL register pointing to UREC and
the DE register pointing to the DCB, the
program makes a call to Read. If the
read is successful, it sets the zero flag
and puts the first logical record into
UREC. This gives you an opportunity
to look at the buffer UREC.

After looking at UREC, return to the

"You can use the directory

to find out

how many records

are in the file. "

demonstration program. You should
reenter at the label POSENT where the
routine POSN executes so you can read
the third logical record. POSN requires
that the BC register point to the logical
record to which you want to read or
write. Since the logical records start
with record zero, record 2 is the third
logical record, therefore BC equals 2.

The DE register must point to the
DCB. If the positioning is successful,
the subroutine sets the zero flag and a
Look call lets you view the DCB. You
should note here that the next physical
record number at bytes 10 and 11 in the
DCB is now 1, and byte 5 (the offset to
delimiter at end of current physical
record) is zero. This confirms your posi-
tion at the end of the second logical
record and points to the third logical
record.

Now return to the demonstration
program reentering at the label READ-
02. Here the program reads the third
logical record. The program loads the
HL register with UREC plus LRL, al-
lowing the next read from the disk to
place the data in the next 128 bytes of

102 • 80 Micro, December 1983

the user buffer UREC. The program
next loads the DE register with the DCB
address and executes a Read command.
On successful completion, a call to
Look lets you examine UREC and the
DCB.

Now return to the demonstration pro-
gram at label RE WENT where it executes
a Rewind routine. This routine requires
that the program load only the DE reg-
ister with the address of the DCB. Once
the program executes Rewind, the DCB
points to the beginning of the file, rec-
ord zero. Again, a successful execution
sets the zero flag and you can look at the
DCB via Look.

Returning to the demonstration pro-
gram should place you at the label
READ03. Here the program reads the
first logical record. The HL register
points one more logical record length
into UREC, and the DE register con-
tains the DCB address. The call to Read
reads the first logical record into
UREC. Following a successful read,
you can look at UREC to verify that it
now contains the first, third, and first
logical records of TESTFILE/TST.

You can do one of two things in order
to read the last logical record. You can
use the POSN routine to go to logical
record 5, or you can go to the end of the
file and backspace one logical record.
Here I do the latter.

Return to the demonstration pro-
gram at label EOFENT. The DE regis-
ter contains the address of the DCB and
the program calls POSEOF. If success-
ful, it sets the zero flag and the DCB
points to the beginning of the next
logical record beyond the last logical
record.

For a write operation, you can extend
the file here. But since you're reading
and you want to look at the last log-
ical record, you must backspace one
record. If you looked at the DCB af-
ter the program executes POSEOF,
return to the demonstration program at
label BKENT.

With the DE register pointing to the
DCB address, a call to BKSPC reposi-
tions the pointer in the DCB to the last
logical record. To allow examination of
the DCB, the program calls the Look
routine. Considering bytes 10 and 11,
the next physical record is 2 and the off-
set to delimiter at end of current record
at byte 5 is zero. This verifies that the
DCB is pointing to the fifth logical
record.

Continuing with the demonstration
program at label READ04, it loads the
HL register with the address of the next
logical record position into UREC and
places the address of the DCB in the DE

Listing continued

02980

CALL

RBLINE

(GET CHARACTER

02990

CLOOK1

(BREAK KEY PRESSED

03000

A,(HL)

I GET ANSWER

03010

lyl

|WAS IT YES ?

03020

RET

j NO

03030

HL,EXECUT

(ADDRESS OF COMMAND

03040

CONDOS

(ENTER DEBUG

03050

03060

03070
03080

ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

DISPLAY ROUTINES

03090

03100

MSG001

HL,ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

•3111

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03120

HL.ENT001

(ENTRY POINT NAME #1

03130

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03140

BL,EXTHSG

(PROMPT FOR EXTENSION

03150

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03160

RET

•3170

MSG002

BL.ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03180

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03191

HL.ENT002

(ENTRY POINT NAME 42

03200

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03210

BL,0PNMSG

(OPEN FILE MESSAGE

03220

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03230

RET

03240

NSG003

HL,ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03250

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03260

HL,ENT003

(ENTRY POINT NAME 43

03270

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03280

BL.INITMS

(INITIALIZING FILE MSG

•3290

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03300

RET

03310

MSG004

HL,ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03320

CALL

VDLINE

(DIPLAY MESSAGE

03330

HL.ENT004

(ENTRY POINT NAME #4

03340

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

•3350

HL.LRLlST

('FIRST' LOGICAL REC MSG

03360

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03370

HL.WRT001

(WRITING LOGICAL REC MSG

03380

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03390

RET

03400

MSG005

HL,ENTHSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03410

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03420

HL,ENT005

(ENTRY POINT NAME 4 5

03430

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03440

UL,LRL2ND

( ' SECOND ' LOGICAL REC MSG

03450

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03460

HL,WRT001

(WRITING LOGICAL REC MSG

03470

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03480

RET

03490

MSG006

HL,ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03500

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03510

BL,ENT006

(ENTRY POINT NAME 46

03520

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03530

HL,LRL3KD

('THIRD' LOGICAL REC MSG

03540

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03550

HL.WRT001

(WRITING LOGICAL REC MSG

03560

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03570

RET

03580

MSG007

HL.ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03590

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03600

BL,ENT007

(ENTRY POINT NAME 47

03610

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03620

BL,LRL4TB

('FOURTH' LOGICAL REC MSG

03630

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

• 3640

HL.WRT001

(WRITING LOGICAL REC MSG

03650

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03660

RET

• 3670

MSG0B8

HL,ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03660

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03690

BL,ENT008

(ENTRY POINT NAME 48

03700

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03710

BL r LRL5TB

('FIFTH' LOGICAL REC MSG

03720

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03730

HL,WRT001

(WRITING LOGICAL REC MSG

03740

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03750

RET

03760

MSG009

BL,ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03778

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03780

HL,ENT009

(ENTRY POINT NAME 49

03790

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03800

HL.CLOSMS

(CLOSING FILE MESSAGE

03810

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03820

RET

03830

HSG010

HL,ENTHSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

03840

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03850

HL.ENT010

(ENTRY POINT NAME 410

03860

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03870

BL,RDMSG

(READING FILE MESSAGE

03880

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03890

RET

03900

MSG011

BL,ENTMSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

•391*

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03920

BL.ENT011

(ENTRY POINT NAME 411

03930

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

03940

HL,LRL1ST

('FIRST' LOGICAL REC MSG

03950

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03960

BL,RDLRL

(READING LOGICAL REC MSG

03970

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

03980

RET

03990

MSG012

HL.ENTHSG

(ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04000

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY MESSAGE

04010

HL,ENT012

(ENTRY POINT NAME 412

04020

CALL

VDLINE

(DISPLAY IT

04030

HL,POSMSG

(POSITIONING MESSAGE

Listing

continued

80 Micro, December 1983 • 103

LtSt MR

continued

04040

CALL

VDLINE

; DISPLAY MESSAGE

04950

RET

04060

MSC013

HL,ENTMSG

/ ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04070

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04080

HL,ENT013

; ENTRY POINT NAME 113

04090

CALL

VDLINE

/ DISPLAY IT

04100

HL.LRL3RD

/'THIRD' LOGICAL REC MSG

04110

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04120

HL,RDLRL

/READING LOGICAL REC MSG

04130

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04140

RET

04150

MSG014

HL,ENTMSG

/ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04160

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04170

HL,ENT014

/ENTRY POINT NAME #14

04180

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY IT

04190

HL,RENMSG

/REWINDING FILE MESSAGE

04200

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04210

RET

04220

NSG015

HL,£NTMSG

/ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04230

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04240

HL,ENT015

/ENTRY POINT NAME #15

04250

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY IT

04260

HL.LRLlST

/'FIRST' LOGICAL REC MSG

04270

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04280

HL.RDLRL

/READING LOGICAL REC MSG

04290

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04300

RET

04310

HSG016

HL,ENTHSG

/ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04320

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04330

HL,ENT016

/ENTRY POINT NAME #16

04340

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY IT

04350

BL,EOPHSG

/POSITIONING TO EOF MSG

04360

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04370

RET

04380

MSG017

HL,ENTMSG

/ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04390

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04400

HL.ENT017

/ENTRY POINT NAME #17

04410

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY IT

04420

HL.BKSPMS

/BACKSPACING MESSAGE

04430

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04440

RET

04450

MSG018

HL.ENTMSG

/ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04460

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04470

HL.ENT018

/ENTRY POINT NAME 118

04480

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY IT

04490

HL,LRL5TH

/'FIFTH' LOGICAL REC MSG

04500

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04510

HL,RDLRL

/READING LOGICAL REC MSG

04520

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04530

RET

04540

HSG019

HL,ENTHSG

/ENTRY POINT MESSAGE

04550

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04560

HL,ENT019

/ENTRY POINT NAME #19

04570

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY IT

04580

HL.CLOSMS

/CLOSING FILE MESSAGE

04590

CALL

VDLINE

/DISPLAY MESSAGE

04600

RET

04610
04620

04630
04640

CLEAR BUFFER AREAS

04650

04660

CLRBUF

BC , LENGTH

/LENGTH OF STORAGE AREA

04670

HL, BUFFER

/START OF STORAGE AREA

04680

CLRLP

XOR

/CLEAR A REGISTER

04690

(HL) ,A

/CLEAR STORAGE AREA

04700

DEC

/DECREMENT BYTE COUNTER

04710

A,B

/IS CLEARING FUNC. DONE ?

04720

04730

INC

/GO TO NEXT LOCATION

04740

NZ, CLRLP

/NO, FINISH CLEARING BUFS

04750

RET

04760
04770
04780
04790

04800

;

PROVIDE DUMMY

DATA FOR WRITE

04810

MOVDAT

DE.UREC

/ADDRESS OF USER BUFFER

04820

A, 8

/LOOP COUNTER

04830

HOVLP1

HL,LRL001

/DATA TO BE MOVED

04840

BC,16

/NUMBER OF BYTES TO MOVE

04850

LDIR

/MOVE THEM

04860

DEC

/REDUCE LOOP COUNTER

04870

NZ,MOVLPl

/FINISH DATA MOVE

04880

A, 8

/LOOP COUNTER

04890

MOVLP2

HL,LRL002

/DATA TO BE MOVED

04900

BC,16

/NUMBER OF BYTES TO MOVE

04910

LDIR

/MOVE THEM

04920

DEC

/REDUCE LOOP COUNTER

04930

NZ,NOVLP2

/FINISH DATA MOVE

04940

A, 8

/LOOP COUNTER

04950

NOVLP3

HL,LRL003

/DATA TO BE MOVED

04960

BC,16

/NUMBER OF BYTES TO MOVE

04970

LDIR

/MOVE THEM

04980

DEC

/REDUCE LOOP COUNTER

04990

NZ,MOVLP3

/FINISH DATA MOVE

05000

A, 8

/LOOP COUNTER

05010

MOVLP4

HL.LRL004

/DATA TO BE MOVED

05020

BC,16

/NUMBER OF BYTES TO MOVE

05030

LDIR

/MOVE THEM

05040

DEC

/REDUCE LOOP COUNTER

05050

NZ,HOVLP4

/FINISH DATA MOVE

05060

A, 8

/LOOP COUNTER

05070

MOVLP5

HL.LRL005

/DATA TO BE MOVED

05080

BC,16

/NUMBER OF BYTES TO MOVE

05090

LDIR

/MOVE THEM

List ing

continued

register. The call to Read puts the fifth
logical record into the user buffer
UREC. A call to Look lets you view the
new data in UREC.

With the reading of all the records
complete, you can now reenter the pro-
gram at label CLSENT, where a num-
ber of things happen in succession. You
first want to close the file. Do so in the
same manner in which you built the file,
with the DE register pointing to the
DCB and by executing a call to Gose.

Since you no longer have any use for
this file, you can also kill it. The only
parameter you need to kill the file is to
point the DE register to the DCB and
make a call to the Kill routine. A suc-
cessful kill operation returns the zero
flag set.

To verify this, look at the disk direc-
tory to see that the directory no longer
lists the file name. The subroutine KILL
now sets the first 16 bytes of the DCB to
zero.

The DSPDIR routine displays the
disk directory. It needs only the drive
number of the disk from which you
want a directory, coded as an ASCII
number in location 4271 hex. If you re-
member, you put the drive number in
the location DRVNUM. Picking it up
here and moving it to 4271 hex, fol-
lowed by a call to DSPDIR, verifies that
you killed TESTFILE/TST. The direc-
tory listing is abbreviated, showing only
file names.

Now return to the demonstration
program. Here, two messages indicate
that you've closed and killed the file.
Immediately following this, the pro-
gram clears the screen and displays the
directory.

Enter any character following the di-
rectory display to terminate the demon-
stration program with a jump to the
TRSDOS entry point JP2DOS.

Two routines not covered in this pro-
gram are VERF and CMDDOS. VERF
is the same as Write except that after
each write to disk, VERF reads the data
to verify a proper write.

CMDDOS is similar to COMDOS
except CMDDOS returns to the user's
program after completing the routine.
Of course, if you execute one of your
programs from another program using
this command, you must execute a final
return to ensure that you make it possi-
ble to return. All the routines just cov-
ered are limited to accessing user gener-
ated files only. No system files are
accessible. ■

Write to David G. Haan at 4361 S.
Estes St., Littleton, CO 80123.

104 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing continued

05100

DEC

A ; REDUCE LOOP COUNTER

■ 5118

NZ,MOVLP5 j FINISH DATA MOVE

05120

RET

05130

;

0514B

05150

MESSAGES

05168

85178

05180

SIGNON

DEFM

'ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE DISK I/O '

05190

DEFM

'FOR THE TRS-8B MODEL III.'

05200

DEFB

BDH

85218

SPCMSG

DEFK

'ENTER FILENAME. '

85228

DEFB

BDH

05230

LKMSG

DEFM

'DO YOU WISH TO LOOK AT ANY DATA?'

83248

DEFB

UDH

05258

LRLB81

DEFM

'LRL NUMBER ONE. '

85268

LRL882

DEFM

'LRL NUMBER TW0 . *

85270

LRL8B3

DEFM

'LRL NUHBR THREE '

05288

LRL884

DEFM

'LRL NUMBER FOUR '

85298

LRLB85

DEFM

'LRL NUMBER FIVE *

85300

EXTMSG

DEFM

■ENTER 3 CHARACTER EXTENSION (E.G. TST) . '

05310

DEFB

0DH

05320

OPNMSG

DEFM

'ATTEMPTING TO OPEN FILE.'

05330

DEFB

0DH

05340

INITHS

DEFM

'INITIALIZING NEW FILE. 1

85358

DEFB

0DH

85360

LRL1ST

DEFM

•FIRST '

05370

DEFB

B3H

05380

LRL2ND

DEFM

'SECOND '

85398

DEFB

B3H

85488

LRL3RD

DEFM

'THIRD '

85418

DEFB

03H

85428

LRL4TH

DEFM

•FOURTH '

85438

DEFB

03H

05440

LRL5TH

DEFM

'FIFTH '

05450

DEFB

03H

05468

WRTBB1

DEFM

'LOGICAL RECORD BEING WRITTEN.'

05470

DEFB

0DH

05480

CLOSHS

DEFM

■CLOSING FILE. '

85490

DEFB

BDH

85500

ROHSG

DEFM

'THIS SECTION WILL INVOLVE '

85518

DEFM

'READING RANDOM LOGICAL RECORDS.'

85528

DEFB

BDH

85538

RDLRL

DEFM

•LOGICAL RECORD BEING READ.'

85548

DEFB

BDH

85558

POSMSG

DEFM

•POSITIONING TO THIRD LOGICAL RECORD.'

BS568

DEFB

BDH

85578

BKSPMS

DEFM

'BACKSPACING ONE LOGICAL RECORD.'

85588

DEFB

BDH

85598

DRVMSG

DEFM

•FILE EXISTS ON DRIVE '

05600

DRVBUF

DEFB

•

05618

DEFB

0DH

05620

PILMSG

DEFM

'FILE NUMBER IS '

05630

FILNUH

DEFW

05640

DEFB

0DH

05650

REWMSG

DEFM

'REWINDING FILE. '

05660

DEFB

0DH

05670

EOFMSG

DEFM

■POSITIONING TO END OF FILE.'

05680

DEFB

0DH

05690

KILMSG

DEFM

'KILLING FILE. '

05700

DEFB

BDH

85718

ENDMSG

DEFM

■END OF DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM...'

85728

DEFM

•PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE.'

05730

DEFB

BDH

05740

ENTMSG

DEFM

'REENTRY POINT IS AT PROGRAM LABEL '

85758

DEFW

B3H

05768

ENT8B1

DEFM

'EXTEND. ■

85778

DEFW

BDBAH

85780

ENTBB2

DEFM

■OPNFIL. '

05790

DEFW

BDBAH

05800

ENTBB3

DEFM

•HEWFIL.'

05810

DEFW

BDBAH

05820

ENTB84

DEFM

■WRTFIL. '

85838

DEFW

BDBAH

85848

ENTBB5

DEFM

'WRTB82.'

85858

DEFW

BDBAH

05868

ENTB86

DEFM

'WRTBB3.'

85878

DEFW

BDBAH

85888

ENTBB7

DEFM

'WRTB84. •

85890

DEFW

BDBAH

B59BS

EHT6B6

DEFM

''wktmmS. "'

85918

DEFW

BDBAH

85920

ENTBB9

DEFM

'CLOSFL. '

05930

DEFW

BDBAH

05940

ENTB1B

DEFM

•GTS PCI.'

05958

DEFW

BDBAH

05960

ENT811

DEFM

•READ01. '

05970

DEFW

BDBAH

05980

ENTB12

DEFM

■POSENT. '

05998

DEFW

BDBAH

06000

ENT813

DEFM

•READ02. '

06010

DEFW

BDBAH

06020

ENT814

DEFM

•REWENT. •

06030

DEFW

BDBAH

06848

ENTB15

DEFM

•READB3. '

06050

DEFW

BDBAH

86860

ENT816

DEFM

'EOFENT.'

86870

DEFW

BDBAH

06088

ENT017

DEFM

'BKENT. '

86898

DEFW

BDBAH

06100

ENTB18

DEFM

•READS 4."

86118

DEFW

BDBAH

06120

ENT819

DEFM

'CLSENT. '

06138

DEFW

BDBAH

06140

EXECUT

DEFM

'DEBUG'

06150

DEFB

BDH

06160

END

START

SERIAL PORT

BTA's MODEL 524 MULTIPORT
CONTROLLER is a code activated one
to four serial port expander but that's
not all since it has separate and mdopen
dent UARTS. buffers and handshaking
each port can operate with a different
configuration ie deferent baud rates.
stop bits, etc These features also permit
two or more devices to communicate
with the 524 simultaneously

. .'••- lull '.
pnnt«r

Full duplex with EIA RS-232 protocol

Baud rates up to 19,200

Expansion to 16 ports by cascading

Peripheral ports may be configured
by user software

One year warranty

•MODEL 524 $249.00

•MODEL 524A $279.00

same as model 524 except has 256 byte
rx tx buffers pei pott
•MODEL 524 D $269.00

same as model 524. plus continuous poll
trig of each peripheral device for data
transfer requests The device is auto
matically connected when its turn comes
up ON BUSY and OFF messages arc-
sent to the peripheral device
•Other models available Contact us or
your dealer for additional information

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES. inc.

HIGMHfAr 603 PO 80* .)«/
y BAY ST LOUIS MISSISSIPPI 39520

6011*67 8231

+ See List of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 105

The

PRODUCER

The Professional Program Writer.

^59

What has your computer done for you
lately? You bought it to be a powerful and
time saving tool. But if lack of good
software keeps you frustrated and makes
your computer an expensive and idle
gadget, The PRODUCER is here to solve
your problem.

Now you can design and produce
professional quality programs that meet
your exact specifications and you don't
even need to understand programming at
all.

THE PRODUCER IS A SOFTWARE PACKAGE
THAT WRITES PROGRAMS FOR YOU.

Even though you have no knowledge about how to write
programs, you can now create impressive, sophisticated
and functional software to manage your data. You answer
simple English questions, draw your screen on your
monitor exactly like you want it, and The PRODUCER
writes the entire BASIC program by itself.

THE PRODUCER WAS DESIGNED FOR MICRO
COMPUTER OWNERS WHO CANT FIND THE
SOFTWARE PROGRAM TO DO WHAT THEY
WANT IT TO DO.

You may never need to buy another computer program to
store and retrieve information, perform calculations on
your data and get displayed and printed reports. The
PRODUCER can create customized software of truly
professional quality.

The PRODUCER makes the micro computera useful tool
to the novice and saves many hours of programming time
for the experienced computer professional.

IF YOU ARE A NOVICE

The PRODUCER can make you feel like a pro. The Basic
code is written for you. You push buttons, answer
questions and watch the program develop in this
remarkable process.

IF YOU ARE A PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER

The PRODUCER can be the time-saver you need to
increase your productivity and make your job easier. The
PRODUCER provides many of the advanced features
found on products that cost many thousands of dollars
more. You'll be proud to show your clients the
professional quality programs created by The
PRODUCER.

Listen to what one of our users wrote recently:
The PRODUCER has proven to be the greatest. I used to
spend 70% of my time writing programs to create, maintain,
sort, and list data. No More. Days and weeks of
programming are now reduced to minutes and hours. The
PRODUCER has increased the productivity of my custom
software firm by 400%. This product is in a class reserved
for the best. A Copelle, Northbrook, Illinois.

HOW DO I LEARN TO USE THE PRODUCER

In each TRS-80 version, we have provided a systematic
guided tour of The PRODUCER program generator
process. For the Model I and III, an audio cassette tape
tutorial is part of your package. One of your fellow
PRODUCER owners talks to you as you go through the
step-by-step lessons. The tapes not only teach you the
operating process, they enable you to actually create a
program of your own design while you learn.

We have provided over 200 pages of thorough
documentation in The PRODUCER Reference Manual,
but we encourage you not to read the manual until after
you have completed the tutorial. We've had many rave
reviews from our users, like this one from S.R. Foster of
Pensacola, Florida:

The tutorial was an excellent starter. Itenabhedmetoget
on with it without days and days of reading. Veryhelpful.

WHAT DO YOU GET
WITH THE PRODUCER?

You will be impressed with the
professionalism of the PRODUCER
package:

DISKETTE(s) containing PRODUCER
Program Development System.
REFERENCE MANUAL of over 200 pages of
extensive, easy to read, well organized
material. Attractive hardback 3-ring binder.
Color keyed index tabs separate the
chapters. Comprehensive alphabetical
Index refers to specific chapter subsections.
QUICK REFERENCE CARD
REGISTRATION CARD
TUTORIAL SESSION including audio
cassettes and detailed follow-along outline,
written and produced by fellow PRODUCER
user

FREE HOME INVENTORY MANAGE-
MENT PROGRAM ($5995 value as a
sample) allowing you to use a finished
program immediately.

ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION to the
PRODUCER newsletter

TOLL FREE NUMBER for technical
assistance, available only to registered
PRODUCER owners

Pictured are the components of the Model III version of The PRODUCER. Other versions may vary slightly.

The
PRODUCER.

HOW THE PRODUCER WORKS

We think you will be impressed with the ease of
operation and the amazing versatility of features
you get with the PRODUCER. Here is a step by step
overview of the program writing process. The
screen shown is an unretouched photo of the
Master Menu from which each of these steps is
selected.

□ Planning Your Program

The PRODUCER provides a helpful planning form you can print on your own printer It
helps you organize your thoughts to create a tailor made program to meet your needs

D Creating The Screen

Visible on your monitor will be the screen where information will be entered, edited and
displayed There are six simple steps to follow in creating your screen

1. Draw Your Screen

Using the arrow keys construct the screen in any configuration you desire With single
keystrokes, enter large graphic letters and borders Edit at will until you are satisfied

2. Define Message Areas

Select an area of your screen where The PRODUCER messages to you will appear

3. Define Input Fields

The PRODUCER will ask you questions about the areas where you will enter the data
You specify the length of each area or field, as well as acceptable characters in each
field

4. Define Display Fields

Locate the display fields anywhere you want on your screen These show the results of
the calculations you want made on your data

5. Define Custom Prompts

You select an area where help messages to yourself can be displayed

6. Save Your Results

Assign a working name for your program and save it to disk

Tri Produce

'■€ PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM WRITER '01982 BY ROGER SMITH

<1> PLANNING FORM <1> CREATE A SCREEN

<2> LOGON FILENAME <2> EI IT BASIC DATA

<3> REFERENCE FOPM <3> PWfE BASIC LINES

<4> MAINTAIN FILES <4> BUlLC REPOPTS

<5> FUTURE MENU <5> WILE PROGMM

<:> .*:.:'■ : "ENJ <6> E-." " I2i

□ Editing Basic Data

1 Edit any part of The PRODUCER program you have created -- screen field names,
lengths, prompt areas, etc

2 Type in any help message you want as a custom prompt to help you operate the
program

3. Easily create calculations for your program using actual field names You can use
the contents of any numeric field and all math operations including logical operators

D Making Basic Code

Press a key. sit back and watch The PRODUCER do all the work of creating BASIC
code for your program You can see the program lines appear on your screen.
Complete error- checking is done for you

D Building Reports

Virtually any report is available to you thru our NEW free form report generator It
works with any size paper You are allowed up to 100 calculations within the report
You can specify exact position of any text information to any position on your paper
(even preprinted forms, checks, etc ) An amazingly versatile tool.

□ Building The Program

Put the finishing touches on your program by selecting cursor type. size, flashing
speed, auto messages, custom logos, etc After your selections have been made, press
a key and your entire finished program is created in less than 5 minutes. That's all there

is to this remarkably simple program generation process

Continued

The
PRODUCER

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

The PRODUCER provides many advanced features which aiiow you
to do "magic" with the programs you create

The SCREEN GENERATOR

"Use the full screen (all lines and column positions)
'Create a professional well organized screen with graphics
"Save up to 9 separate screens in memory at one time and get

instant access to each
'Move the cursor to any location on the screen
'Replicate bars'hnesgraphics to define certain screen areas
'Access an instantly available Help Menu of all Screen

Editor commands
'Insert and delete any character with a single keystroke
'Clear or erase selected areas of any screen
'Insert and delete whole lines on the screen
'Center any text on the screen
'Move any rectangular block of text anywhere on the screen

(block move)
'Create titles with a single keystroke large graphic letter alphabet
'Move portions of screens between different screens (cut and

paste)
'Save any number of screens to disk at any time
"Recall any screen from disk any time
'Create BASIC lines to re-create any screen

FILE and RECORD HANDLING

"Rapidly access records with BTREE File structure

'Search for a record with only the first few letters of the

name or key (partial key) (Example locate PRODUCER by

typing PR)
'Recall and edit duplicate and multiple keys (Example Several

last names may be the same on a file and you can find

and edit them individually

"Fully edit any part of a previously entered record
'Recover unused space automatically upon deletion of a record
'Enter data very fast with the special batch mode
■Recall immediately any record after it's been entered.

eliminating time consuming sorting and indexing
'Rapidly access any record anytime (2-4 seconds average)
'Globally search and replace data in certain fields in

selected record range
'Automatically rebuild any file to meet new specifications. No

need to re-enter data when a file needs to be restructured.
'Balance any BTREE file automatically to reorganize and speed

up file access time
"Recover from power failure and easily rebuild files that have

been damaged Avoid laborious re-entry of long data files

SCREEN ORIENTED INPUT
and EDITING of DATA

'Insert and delete characters at any position in any field No

back to start' retyping of data
"Move forward or back to previously entered fields to edit

using the arrow keys Totally non-destructive cursor Does not

require re-entering of each data field
'Move within any field using the arrow keys
'Move instantly to any field with Control G command
'Exit from input edit mode at any point allowing immediate

escape from data entry mode Allows partial information to be

entered for each record without the annoying, time

consuming need to press ENTER for each blank field not used

at the time of entry
"Duplicate field information from a previous record with one

keystroke No need to re-enter duplicate information.

addresses, etc on consecutive records
'View a custom prompt your own custom reminder or help

message for each field with 1 keystroke
"Verify each character typed automatically
"Enter data as last as you want, even if you are a speed typist
'View visible display of automatic field length restrictions
"View prompts for each field showing number of characters

allowed

PRINTED REPORTS

"Create up to 9 separate reports at a time in a finished program
"Generate any number of reports you want (no limit)
'Select reports by name from a report menu in the program
'Select from six different automatic report formats including

custom mailing labels
'Instantly print reports by key with no time consuming sort

necessary
'Sort and print any other (non key) field with the fast machine

language sort

'Sort only records that meet your search criteria
"Sort on more than one field if desired
'Use any restrictions or search criteria to determine which

records will be included in a report
"Use any number of multiple search cntenea (including logical)

(Example You can search for all the males who are single.

and drive a car that are over 24 years old but less than

35 years old
"Send any special command to your printer before or after any

report

"Specify any line length needed and any page length desired
"Select single line or multiple lines per record, even one page per

record
"Total any fields during the report (running totals)

FREEFORM REPORT GENERATOR

Option.il at onJy $49.95

'Specify column and row of every heading and field

'Allow up to 100 of interf ield calculations, even string

calculations

"Include any text anywhere on the screen
'Keep sub-totals on any field and print at any time in any format
'Format any numeric fields anyway you wish
'Print reports on pre-pnnted forms checks, etc
'Create form letters with merged field data with no word

processing necessary
'Put any field anywhere on the page No limitations

ADVANCED CALCULATIONS

"Globally recalculate any field in any or all records
(Example If file is a list of gold assets and the spot price
changes, each separate asset may be recalculated with
a new value for the spot price)

"Use all math operations including exponentiation and
trigonometry

"Use logical calculations such as And. Or Not. etc
'Use any level of parenthesis in calculation formulas
'Save results in any field and display results in any field
'Store temporary results in several extra memory slots
'Pass calculation results between records
'Determine the exact order of calculations
"Display or save results at your option in the finished record

OTHER ADVANCED FEATURES

"Edit any part of any program without starting over or redefining

the entire program
'Create screen and input modules only (for professional

programmers)
'Create Calculate-only programs with the easy desk-top super

calculator program

'Design custom logos for your program
'Control cursor type. size, flash speed, etc
"Design custom prompts or help info for any field

YOU ALSO GET

'FREE 1 year SUBSCRIPTION to PRODUCER Newsletter
'TOLL FREE assistance number for all registered users
•REFERENCE MANUAL of over 200 pages
'FREE audio TUTORIAL

The
PRODUCER,

WHAT ARE PRODUCER USERS SAYING?

We continue to receive testimonials from satisfied users almost every day.
Here's a sampling of the feedback we are receiving:

VALUE

VERY impressive! No matter how much I
use the PRODUCER, there is no doubt I got
my money's worth. It is clear the program,
packaging and tutorial are developed
with lots of thought... .Very user friendly!
Congratulations!

R. N. Forbes. Los Altos Hills. California

The PRODUCER package I received was
excellent The finest software package I
have ever purchased. Far beyond my
expectations.

S. R. Foster. Pensacola. Florida

/ think the PRODUCER will save me so
much time that it will give me the time to
do the more important tasks that my
business calls for and the money III save

from not having to buy canned programs
that are overpriced. Now with the
PRODUCER I can write a program
overnight to do almost anything I want it
to do and with written reports to boot.
Talk about saving time and money. IJeel
the PRODUCER will pay Jot itself with my

first three programs.

S. Tornatore. Canastota. New York

The PRODUCER is a very impressive
software package. It is well worth the
money. While other micro owners are
printing mailing labels. I am now selling
them programs to use. I now have more
time to spend enjoying my computer.

V. E. Ryberg. Bloomington. Illinois

I'm in love with the PRODUCER It's one of
my favorite programs.

R. Selsback. Burlingame. California

It was very complete and professionally
done The packaging and program seem
to have been thought out before assembly
and sale. The 'value' of the deal
everything included was the best Tve
seen to date.

G. Slusher. Martin. Kentucky

Very professional packaging. It gave the
feeling of getting your moneys worth
before even running the program.. .Very
easy to use and leaves veryfew questions
unanswered.. As you can see. I like the
PRODUCER and was impressed with how
trouble free it is.

A. C. Vincent Napa. California

Excellent Above and beyond other
software.

R- Hapgood. Henrietta. Texas

VERSATILITY

The PRODUCER is the best all purpose
program generator I have used. (We have
tried almost all of them.) The generated
code is bug free, well commented and
efficient.

R. A. Copella Northbrook. Ilinois

J bought the PRODUCER to save time. I
feel capable of being able to write almost
all programs I need. The PRODUCER
generated programs will save a lot of time
writing basic code and debugging. Using
the PRODUCER I can write a good
database type program using math
calculation in about three hours. I don't
have to tell you how long it would take
writing the same program from scratch.
S. Tornatore. Canastota. New York

A special thanks to Roger and all of you.
You ve made my computing life easier
and better. My 10 year old can't wait to
get his hands on the PRODUCER.

J. D. Konkler, Columbus. Ohio

DOCUMENTATION

The Reference Manual is a work of art.
Not only is it attractive and easy to use. it
is so well organized, documented and
logically written that the manual is a
rarity in the software market place.

S. R Foster. Pensacola. Florida

One of the best I've seen. We write about
20 volumes of material per year. Take it
from a 'pro', it's good!

J. Crespi. Sherman Oaks. California

The PRODUCER Reference Manual is
professionally written to provide ready
acess to easily understood answers to
questions which arise during use of the
PRODUCER.

R. A. Copella. Northbrook. Illinois

The Reference Manual is supreme and
superior to anything I have worked with.

R. A. Neuman. Okemos, Michigan

Very well laid out and organized. One of
the best Vve seen.

J. D. Konkler. Columbus. Ohio

QUALITY

Thank you for an excellent program. I
agree that The PRODUCER will change
the entire concept of program creation in
the future. But for now. you stand as the
best data-base-management-system I
can buy.

E. Sung. Vancouver. B.C.

Your system really is Software of the
Future. Your staff has insight others of us
only dream of Congratulations on a
product of extraordinary design.

S. R. Foster. Pensacola. Florida

This is an excellent program. At this
point I am totally pleased. This is by far
my number one software and I will use it
anywhere and everywhere I possibly can
both personal and business. Once again
congratulations to all of the people
involved.

R. A. Neuman. Okemos. Michigan

Comparison shopping indicates the
PRODUCER'S superiority to all others.
And I already own most of the others.

R. A. Copella. Northbrook. Ilinois

Glad to see you take an interest in what
some of us hackers are up against. I think
the PRODUCER will make the software
hackers upgrade their products to this
high level quality of the PRODUCER. Tm
sure you realize that there is a lot of
garbage on the market

D. J. Smith. Lombard. Ilinois

/ was impressed by the professional
appearance of your program. Other
software I have received were on copy
paper and stapled into a booklet with
very vague instructions.

W. J. Mahaffey. Absecon. N. J.

USE

The program is almost idiot proof.

J. Crespi. Sherman Oaks. California

It is a very friendly friend and we will be

working together for some time to come.

R. A. Neuman. Okemos. Michigan

Very easy to use and leaves very few
questions unanswered.

A. C. Vincent Napa. California

The PRODUCER

MODEL I version $149.95

MODEL III version $149.95

Available FALL/83 for

MODEL II $299.95

MODELIV $199.95

MODEL 12 $299.95

MODEL 16 $299.95

MODEL 16 XENIX $499.95

IBM - PC $299.95

PRODUCER
SOFTWARE

Box 1245
Arlington, Texas

76004-1245
Texas 817-274-6998

800-433-5355

GENERAL

Finding the Search Solution

by Joseph E. Trojak

hese two Assembly-language programs use
signature screening techniques that help
you easily maintain and search large text files.

If you have large text files that re-
quire efficient indexing and searching
methods, Mindex and Search can help.
Potential applications for these pro-
grams include indexing personal litera-
ture collections, client or patient rec-
ords, mailing lists, card catalogs, and
so on.

Most information retrieval programs
for microcomputers use sequential
searching techniques that are exceeding-
ly slow, or use indexing systems that re-
quire laborious coding of key words.
Mindex and Search use a method that
quickly searches large files of text and
avoids the problem of coding key words:
signature screening.

The first part of this article reviews
file searching techniques and explains
the signature screening method. The
second part describes how to apply the
signature screening method to 8-bit mi-
crocomputers, and lists the Assembly-
language source code for Mindex and
Search.

Both programs run on the Models II,

The Key Box

Models D and m

64KRAM

Assembly Language

Radio Shack Assembly Language

Development System (ALDS) or

EDTASM

12, 16, and III with 48K RAM and one
or more disk drives.

First, a few basic definitions. A key is
that part of a record that identifies the
record during a search. Primary keys
uniquely specify a record. For example,
when each record in a file contains the
name, address, age, and social security
number of a client, the social security
number is a primary key for each rec-
ord. It lets you call up a single, unique
record.

Neither the name, address, nor age is
sufficient to uniquely specify a record,
so each is termed a secondary key or at-
tribute. To avoid confusion I'll use the
term search key to refer to the item
you're searching for, and the term rec-
ord key to denote the part of the record
you're searching.

File Searching Techniques

Sequential Search

This is the simplest search technique.
You start at the beginning of a file and
compare every record key in the file
with the search key until you find a
match or the end of the file.

An example of this searching tech-
nique is that employed by a slow-witted
detective who has a telephone number
and needs to find the name and address
of the person who leases the telephone
line. The detective gets a telephone
book, starts at page one, and compares
every telephone number with the one he
is searching for until he finds the exact
number.

If the detective is lucky, the name be-
gins with A; if he is very unlucky, it be-
gins with Z. Most detectives would just
dial the number and ask questions.

Binary Attribute Search

In this search technique, each record
has a number of attributes (secondary
keys), each of which has only two possi-
ble values: yes or no (true or false).
Given a set of attributes, you can find
all the records with these attributes by

Suspect: Bugsy Moran

Criminal Record
Military Service o
College Education o
IRS audit <
Alibi ol
United States Citizen-^
Relative of Victim o
Alcohol Abuse o
Motive ^
o
o

o
o

Figure 1. Edge-notched card for suspect Bugsy
Moran.

110 • 80 Micro, December 1983

comparing corresponding true and false
values.

Our detective has a list of 200 sus-
pects in a case on which he is working,
and has the following information on
each suspect: criminal record, military
service, college education, IRS audit,
alibi at time of crime, United States citi-
zen, relative of victim, history of alco-
hol abuse, and motive for the crime. He
wants to find all suspects who have a
criminal record, no alibi, and a motive.

He goes to his local stationery store,
purchases edge-notched cards, and
codes them as shown in Fig. 1 . Each at-
tribute has a hole at the edge of the
card. If an attribute is true, a notch is
cut out of the card next to the attribute;
otherwise the hole is left intact.

In Fig. 1, you can see that Bugsy
Moran has a criminal record, no alibi,
and a motive. Our detective makes his
search in the following way: He ar-
ranges all 200 cards in a deck and puts a
needle through the holes for the alibi at-
tribute, then lifts the deck by raising the
needle. All records of suspects with
alibis fall out of the deck and he can ex-
clude them.

Automobile Model

Notch Code

Buick

99 21

Cadillac

54 83

Chevrolet

41 78

Chrysler

07 31

DeSoto

67 81

Dodge

46 IS

Edsel

66 10

Ford

73 09

Hudson

32 77

Lincoln

28 41

Mercury

12 88

Nash

34 89

Oldsmobile

59 42

Packard

44 75

Pontiac

74 28

Plymouth

57 71

Rambler

93 14

Rolls Royce

61 85

Studebaker

01 94

Volkswagen

57 39

Automobile Color

Notch Code

Black

40 74

Blue

02 77

Brown

04 14

Chartreuse

15 80

Gray

69 52

Green

23 94

Maroon

29 44

Red

39 15

White

70 96

Yellow

59 20

Table I. Superimposed notch codes for

automobile model and color.

The detective takes the cards that
didn't fall out and puts needles into the
holes for the criminal history and mo-
tive attributes. When he lifts the
needles, all records of suspects with a
criminal past, no alibi, and a motive for
the crime fall out. This amounts to 10
cards; he has narrowed his search to 10
out of 200 suspects.

You can consider the holes and
notches in the edge-notched card as a
string of bits. For any attribute, the bit
is either zero (the hole is intact) or 1 (the
card has a notch). The attribute bit
string of each record is called the
record's signature and is an index of the

record's attributes.

Binary Attribute Search of
Superimposed Codes

This technique is similar to the simple
binary attribute search except that the
signature has more attributes than bits.
The principle is to map a set of m binary
attributes from a record into a set of n
codes, then superimpose the codes for
each attribute onto an n-bit signature.

Our detective is so enamored with his
success in pruning his suspect list, he de-
cides to use edge-notched cards for an-
other purpose. In his state, automobile
license numbers comprise three two-

oOO

1954 Studebaker

Studebaker code .

>01

Color:

blue

Color blue code

Lic#: 23-56-46

o03

OwneT

: John Doe

o 04

5 Waterfront

o 05

o 06

License no.

o 07

o 08

o 09

o 11

o 12

o 13

o 14

o 15

o 16

O 17

o 18

o 19

o 20

o 21

o 22

License no.

o 24
o 25
o 26

73
74
75
76

027

Blue code

o 28

o 29

o 30

o 31

o 32

o 33

o 34

o35

o 36

o 37

o 38

o 39

o 40

o 41

o 42

o 43

o 44

Studebaker code

o 45

License no.

S46

o 47
o 48
o 49

97
98
99

Figure 2. Edge-notched card for a blue Studebaker with license number 23-56-46.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 111

digit numbers (72-54-81). There are one
million possible license numbers.

Often, a witness to a crime remem-
bers only one or two of the pairs of
digits, so our detective devises a method
that lets him quickly determine the
owner of a vehicle when he knows only
part of a license number.

He buys cards with 100 holes and
uses the following coding technique: He
numbers the holes in the card zero to 99.
For each pair of digits in the license
number, he makes a notch correspond-
ing to the number in the appropriate
card hole (Fig. 2). Additionally, he
codes 20 models and 10 car colors as

shown in Table 1.

The detective obtains a registration
list from the Department of Motor Ve-
hicles (DMV) and starts to code all the
information about 200,000 automobiles
in his city onto cards. One year later,
just as he finishes his task, he gets a call
from a client whose TRS-80 was stolen.

The client saw the get-away car (a
blue Studebaker) drive off, but could
read only the first and last pairs of digits
from the license plate. The DMV com-
puter is broken so the police can't
search the motor vehicle registry data
base until tomorrow, but the client
needs his computer today.

1952 Dodge

License no. t

Color:

green

License no.

UcM: 77-01-02

Owner

John Smith

5 Dock St.

Dodge code

Green code

License no.

Green code

Dodge code

)

112

Figure 3. Edge-notched card for a green Dodge with license number 77-01-02.
80 Micro, December 1983

The detective takes his cards, puts
them in a neat deck, then places very
long needles through the holes corre-
sponding to the digit pairs 46 and 23,
the color blue, and the automobile
model Studebaker. Three cards fall out
of a deck of 200,000 cards. The detec-
tive sequentially searches the three cards
and finds that only two are Stude-
bakers. He has narrowed his search
from 200,000 to two.

Both Studebakers are blue: one with
license number 46-79-23 and the other
23-46-42. The model and color codes
are the same and the detective specified
only two of the three possible two-digit
numbers from the license (23 and 46), so
the signatures of both automobile rec-
ords fit the search.

But why did the third car, a green
Dodge, also fall out? The code for the
color green is 23 94 and the code for the
model Dodge is 46 15. The green Dodge
that fits the search key had license num-
ber 77-01-02. The notches in the card
(23, 94, 46, 15, 01, 02, 77) corresponded
to every needle placed in the deck (Fig.
3), so the card fell out along with the
two Studebaker cards.

The detective used a primitive coding
scheme. Elaborate methods have been
developed for both edge-notch cards
and bit-string computer searches. Sig-
nature screening, which you'll use to
search text files, is a variation on the
method the detective employed.

Tree Search

In tree searching techniques, records
are arranged in some order (numerical,
alphabetical, and so on). Either the rec-
ords within the data file are ordered, or
a separate index file contains ordered
information (keys) that points to the ap-
propriate records in a file.

You start searching anywhere in the
file. If your search key doesn't match a
record key, you move your search closer
to the beginning or end of the file de-
pending on whether the search key is
greater or less than the key of the record
just searched.

As an example of this searching tech-
nique, consider the slow-witted detec-
tive. This time he has a suspect's name
(John Smith) and wants to know where
the suspect lives. Since names in the
telephone book are ordered (sorted al-
phabetically), the detective uses the fol-
lowing search algorithm.

He opens the telephone book to the
middle and finds names beginning with
the letter K. He knows that the letter S is
between K and Z, so he divides the re-
maining pages in half and finds names
beginning with R. One more division

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and search, and he finds names begin-
ning with T.

He continues his search in the oppo-
site direction, and after five more di-
vide-and-search sequences he locates 25
John Smiths. The detective could have
made his search more efficient if he had
used information he already possessed:
his knowledge that names beginning
with S are closer to the back of the tele-
phone book than to the front.

The many different tree searching
techniques include binary searches, in-
dexed sequential access methods, and so
on. All require that the information
you're searching for have some order so
that comparisons between a search key
and a record key determine in which di-
rection the search branches (toward the
beginning or end of a file).

Hash Search

In hash searching techniques, you
can store the source file records in any
order. The hash searching program per-
forms a sequence of mathematical oper-
ations (hash functions) on the search
key, and produces a value that points to
the appropriate record.

The detective has decided that he
must use high technology to keep up
with the competition. He buys a Model
12 and a 12-megabyte hard disk drive,
has a data-entry clerk type all the infor-

mation from the telephone directory
into one large file, then hires a high
school student to write a data retrieval
program that quickly searches the file
by name, number, or address.

The student realizes that sequential
search techniques are too slow and that
Microsoft Basic doesn't support ISAM
files. She writes a program to convert
every name into a code that indicates
where the program stores the record in
the file.

The hash function is simple: The
ASCII values of the characters compris-
ing an individual's name are multiplied
together, then divided by 200,001. The
remainder of the division is the record
number at which the program stores the
name, address, and telephone number.
Formally,

n
h(k) = (7ia i ) mod 200,001

where h is the hash function, k is the key

Because the program listings in
this article are so long, we had to
print them at a size smaller than
usual. We apologize for any inconve-
nience this causes.

To buy these programs on disk,
see the ordering instructions on p.
204.— Eds.

(in this case the person's name), n is the
number of letters in the person's name,
and ai is the ASCII value of the ith char-
acter in the person's name, n is the
product aj-a2- -an and mod is the mod-
ulus of the quantity in parentheses (the
remainder after the number in paren-
theses is divided by 200,001).

The student finishes her task and goes
away for summer vacation. The detec-
tive needs to find the address of James
Joyce. He sits down at his computer
and types in the search key, "James
Joyce". Instantly a name, telephone
number, and address appear on the vid-
eo display. Unfortunately, the name is
Joyce James, not James Joyce. Our de-
tective has experienced a collision — two
distinct record keys hashed to the same
number.

The detective is disappointed and
afraid that he'll have to use the tele-
phone book. Then he notices a message
at the bottom of the screen: "Press N
for next record". He presses N. The
computer pauses for a brief moment
and displays the name James Joyce.
The student incorporated a collision-
handling routine into her program.

Signature Screening

Tree and hash searching methods are
appropriate for records that contain
specific fields (name, address, tele-

38991

99992
28193
aim

••••5
f»M6

3DBC7
1M18
19919
•Ml*
•••11
•••12
•••13

• ••14

• •(15

• •tie

• ••17

• ••18
•••19

■ 1923

HIHDEX INDEXING

PROGRAM FOR MODEL II

MASTER SECTION:

links njin. program with Model
;and general purpose routines

II I/O routines

SOFTSHELL CORPORATION ALL R

PROGI1

START

PSECT

EXTERN BEGIN

JP BEGIN

LINK 'M3/REL'

/main program

mote: the program is called N3 because

iwas originally developed on Model III

lln its current forai it will work with

/Model II or in given the proper I/O

/module

/general programs

■Model II I/O routines

Program Listing 1. Assembly-language listing of Mindex2/SRC.

Ui 1

Source

in*

• •••1

/SEARCH 2/ SRC...

• •••3

•«••«

/SEARCH PROGRAM

FOR MODEL II

••••5

/MASTER SECTION

links S3, GP,

S30PEN, S3DSP, S30PT and MODI I

• •••6

• •••7
HIM

• ••••

• Mil

• ••11
•••12

SOFTSHELL COR

PROG 1 1 PSECT

/begin relocatable program section

EXTERN

BEGIN

/BEGIN • start of S3

START JP

BEGIN

•••13

LINK

■S3/REL'

/SEARCH program proper

•••14

/note: the program is called

• ••IS

i S3 because it was originally

• ••16

/developed on the Model III

• ••17

/In Its current form it will

• ••18

/work with Model II or III

• ••19

/given the proper I/O module

iitai

LINK

'GR/REL'

/general routines

•••21

LINK

'S30PEN/REL'

/SEARCH open files routine

• ••22

LINE

'S3DSP/RBL'

/SEARCH display

• ••23

LINK

'S30PT/REL'

/SEARCH options

LINK

'KOOIl/RIL'

sHodel II I/O routines

•1(2%

£NO

START

Program Listing 2. Assembly-language listing o/Search2/SRC:l.

Program Listing 3. Assembly-language listing of MODII/SRC.

Ln 1

1MB]

iHOOII/

SRC VERSION - 1 .2

• •••2

iJun 21

, 1983

• •0*3

• •••4

Mils

•9)96

MODI I

PSECT

/Model II

U'J routine.

/MAP MODI! I/O ROUTINES,

SUFFERS AND PARAMETERS

• •••7

/COPYRIGHT SOFTSHFLL 1981

••••a

■Mil

MOD 1 1

PSECT

/begin relocatable program section

• ••18

• ••11

/public routines

J9B12

• •813

PUBLIC

BOTTOM

/position corsoi tu last line o£ screen

• ••14

PUBLIC

/close file (DE->DCB)

• ••IS

PUBLIC

CURPOS

/determine cursor pos icoor:BC)

• ••16

PUBLIC

UISBKK

/disable ureak (lor Model II)

• 8917

pl'blic

DIVIDE

/divide A into HL

■Mil

PUBLIC

DOSCMD

;3F to TRSDOS and execute comrjnd

Mill

PUBLIC

ERASE L

/erase to end of line

19)28

PUBLIC

IRASES

/erase tu end of screen

• ••21

PUBLIC

ERRDSP

/MAP error display routine

•••22

PUBLIC

HOME

/position cursor to top line of screen

•••23

PUBLIC

rait

/Initialise iile (create/open, pos to 1st rec)

• 8B24

; (DE-XJCB, HL-^rec buf)

•9925

PUBLIC

JP2DOE

1 )p to TRSDOS

98926

PUBLIC

KBCHAR

/get char (or null! frotr keyboard

99927

PUBLIC

KBINIT

/Initialize keyboard (Mod III

HIM

PUBLIC

KB1.IN3

/get line fro/r Keyboard and end with (3

99929

PUBLIC

KBLINF

/get line fror, keyboard and end with 9DH

■ M3I

PUBLIC

KBKAIT

/wait for char irorc keyboard

81831

PUBLIC

KEYIN

/get search «ey(s| form keyboard

•••32

PUBLIC

NOVELS

jir.ove line fro-, screen to buffer

99933

jHL->buf, D-no. char, RC-curaor coor

• ••34

PUBLIC

MULT

/multiply routine

98)35

PUBLIC

NEWLf.

j role screen and pos cur to next to last line

98936

PUBLIC

OPEN

/open file (DE->DCB, HL->record buffer)

• ••37

PUBLI C

OPINIT

/open and initialize file

99938

1 (DE->DCB, HL->record buffer)

9««39

PUBLIC

POSCUR

/position cuisor (coordinates in BC1

99149

PUBLIC

POSEOF

/position to end of file

• 9841

PUBLIC

POSN

/position to record in file

99942

PUBLIC

PRINIT

/initialise printer

••943

PUBLIC

PRUNE

/print line (HL-^buf, B-no. char, C-end char)

89944

PUBLIC

PRSCN

/print entire screen

99945

PUBLIC

PRTBLN

/print last line of text

• 8946

PUBLIC

PRTREC

/print current record

• ••47

PUBLIC

PTFS

/point to file spec in cznd line

99848

PUBLIC

READDK

/read file: direct access

• ••49

PUBLIC

READNX

/read next record in file

•MSI

PUBLIC

SCRPRO

/set scroll protect line (A-line no.)

MM]

PUBLIC

SETII.R

/set INLRR to true last record

• ••52

PUBLIC

SETMLR

/set HAPLLR to true last record

• 1)53

PUBLIC

STMEND

/store top of mer.ory in MEMEND

• ••54

PUBLIC

VDCHAR

/display char in A register

• 8855

PUBLIC

VDCLS

/clear screen

99956

PUBLIC

VDINIT

/initialise video I/O (for Model 11)

9)957

PUBLIC

VDLIN3

/display line (HL-xagz don't print )DH)

91156

PUBLIC

VDLINE

/display line (HL->KSq)

9)959

PUBLIC

WPKBWT

/word processor Kbwait routine

9986)

PUBLIC

WRITE

/direct write routine

89861

PUBLIC

WRITNX

/write next record tu file

Listing 3 continued

114 • 80 Micro, December 1983

String He ran down the lane

Triplets ran dow own the
Hash value 181 185 101 191

String Jill walks up the lane

Triplets jil ill wal alk
Hash value 212 142 177 94

String The goat ran up the lane

Triplets The goa oat ran the Ian ane

Hash value 191 212 138 181 191 83 108

Table 2. Three strings, their corresponding triplets, and hash values.

Ian

ane

108

Iks

the

Ian

ane

188

191

108

phone number, and so on). Text, how-
ever, does not lend itself readily to such
indexing, and many text searching pro-
grams still employ sequential search
techniques.

In 1971, M.C. Harrison proposed a
method to speed up searching large text
files ("Implementation of the Substring
Test by Hashing." Comm. Assoc.
Computing Machinery. 14:777-779,
1971). The idea is simple: Before search-
ing a string of text for a particular
key, perform a quick screening test to
determine whether the key is not present
or possibly present.

If the test determines that the key
isn't present in a string, you don't need
to search that string. If the test is posi-
tive (the string might be present), a se-
quential search determines if the key is
actually present in the string. I refer to
this method as signature screening.

The following method is an extension
of that which Harrison proposed. It's
designed for use on 8-bit machines that
read 256-byte disk sectors. Each record
consists of a string of ASCII characters.

The search program considers every
three sequential characters (triplet) of a
string as attributes of the string. The
program ignores triplets containing one
or more spaces. For example, the string
"Jack ran up the hill" has the following
attributes: "Jac", "ack", "ran",
"the", "hil", and "ill".

Considering only letters of the alpha-
bet, you can have 26 1 or 17,576 possible
attributes for any triplet of letters A
through Z. The 17,576 possible attri-
butes (triplets) are mapped onto a
251 -bit string. A hashing function re-
duces the 17,576 attributes to 251 values
(zero to 250).

The hash function, h, for any trip-
let is:

h(c„c 1 ,c J ) = (100a(c,)+ ltefcj + afc,)) mod 251

where c, c 2 , and c 3 represent the first,

second, and third characters of the trip-
let respectively, and a represents the
ASCII value of any character. Any up-
percase letter is assigned the same value
as the corresponding lowercase letter.
The mod is the modulus of the quantity
in parentheses (the remainder) after the
number in parentheses is divided by
25 1 . If any triplet has one or more blank
characters in it, it has no hash value.

The word "hill" has two triplets.
You want to find the hash value of the
first triplet, "hil". The ASCII values of
"h", "i", and "1" are 104, 105, and
108, respectively.

First multiply 104 by 100, 105 by 10,
and 108 by 1. Then add the three num-
bers (11,558) and finally divide 11,558
by 251. The remainder, 12, is the value
of the hash function for the triplet hil.

The hash function has several fea-
tures that are important when indexing
text. The order in which letters are ar-
ranged in a triplet determines the hash
value. Triplets such as "tab" and "bat"
do not hash to the same value.

Spaces, which often consume a con-
siderable portion of text, aren't includ-
ed so the program indexes only words
of three or more characters. This avoids
indexing many meaningless triplets. In
the string "boy and girl", the program
hashes and indexes only the triplets
"boy", "and", "gir", and "irl". The
triplets "oy ", "y a", "nd ", "d g",
and " gi" aren't included. Last, the
computation of the hash value is simple
and quick.

The signature of a string consists of
251 bits initialized to zero. If a triplet of
the string hashes to a value i, the search
program sets the ith bit (bi) of the
signature to 1 (equivalent to cutting a
notch in the ith hole of a notched-edge
card). Signatures of file records are called
record signatures while those of search
keys are called key signatures.

It's easy to find a single key in a large

text file. First, the search program loads
the record signatures of the text file into
memory (or as much as will fit at one
time). Second, the program determines
the signature of the key. Then it sequen-
tially compares each record signature to
the key signature.

If for every bi equal to 1 in the key
signature, a corresponding bi is equal to
1 in the record signature, the screening
test is positive, and the program brings
the record into memory and searches
for the key. If for any i, bi equals 1 in
the key signature and bi doesn't equal 1
in the record signature, the key isn't
present and you don't need to search the
record.

This is the same as putting needles
through holes in edge-notched cards.
Cards that don't fall out when you lift
the needles lack at least one of the attri-
butes you're searching for and you can
bypass them.

As a concrete example, take a text file
with only three strings: "He ran down
the lane", "Jill walks up the lane", and
"The goat ran up the lane". See Table 2
for all triplets and the corresponding
hash values for the three strings.

Suppose you want to search the file
for all strings that contain the name
"Jill". The key signature for the name
"Jill" (Fig. 4) has bits 212 and 142 set to
1; all the other bits are zero.

Comparing the signature of the string
"He ran down the lane" bit for bit with
the key signature, you see that D212 of
the key signature equals 1 while b2i2 of
the record signature equals zero. The
screening test is negative and you don't
need to search the actual string.

Comparing the signature of the string
"Jill walks up the lane" with that of the
key signature, you see that every bit
equal to 1 in the key signature is also
equal to 1 in the record signature. Read
the record from the disk, search it se-
quentially, and you find the name
"Jill" present.

Comparing the signature of the string
"The goat ran up the lane" with that of
the key signature, you again find that
every bit equal to 1 in the key signature
also equals 1 in the record signature.
You read the corresponding record
from the file, search it sequentially, and
determine that the key isn't present (a
collision has occurred). If you had more
records in the file, you could continue
the search in the same manner.

Searching for a string that contains
two or more keys is simple. The pro-
gram logically ORs the key signatures

Continued on p. 182

80 Micro, December 1983 • 115

TECHNIQUE

Assembly Language
Shortcuts— Part II

by Bob Bowker

his month's shortcuts emphasize efficient use
of the stack and include a reassuring per-
spective on the mysteries of algorithms.

CONDITION 1 CONDITION 2

CONDITION 20

ID BC.0123H LD BC.0254H

LD BC.2017H

LD (BUF),BC LD (BUF).BC =

= >» LD(BUF),BC

CALL ROUTINE CALL ROUTINE

CALL ROUTINE

RET RET

RET

ROUTINE LD HL.(BUF)

RET

Program Listing 1. Slack value pass.

CONDITION 1

POP HI.

CALL ROUTINE
DEFB 32H
DEFB01H

CONDITION 2

POPHL

CALL ROUTINE
DEFB 54H
DEFB 02H

»>

CONDITION 20

POP HL

CALL ROUTINE
DEFB 17H
DEFB 20H

ROUTINE EX <SP),HL

RET

Program Listing 2. Byte-efficient Stack value pass.

In my last article on Assembly lan-
guage programming (80 Micro, June
1983, p. 173), I discussed some tech-
niques on reducing memory require-
ments. This month, I'll consider the
stack, a last in/first out storage area
used by the Z80 to save both addresses
and values as it jumps around in a pro-
gram. The stack is available to the user,
too; you can store addresses and values
on the stack with the Push command,
and reclaim them with Pop.

When you call a subroutine, the com-
puter automatically stores the return
address on the stack, so that when it en-
counters a return instruction, the last
address on the stack tells the program
where to return to.

If your subroutine has left an extra ad-
dress on the stack, when it encounters
the return, the program returns to the
extra address, not to the proper place.
Similarly, if too many addresses are
popped off the stack, the address to
which the program returns will be
wrong.

What's Wrong is Right

Sometimes you can misuse the stack
to advantage. Suppose that you have a
program with 20 possible situations,

The Key Box

Model I and 01
16KRAM
Editor/ Assembler

116 • 80 Micro, December 1983

each of which must pass a unique value
to a common Write routine. One possi-
bility is Program Listing 1. There is a
way to use the stack to pass the value,
and, in this example, save many bytes.
See Program Listing 2. In each of
the 20 cases here, the POP HL instruc-
tion puts the main return address into
the HL register pair, and the call routine
puts the address of the first DEFB onto
the stack, even though we have no in-
tention of returning here. At routine,
the 1-byte instruction EX (SP),HL puts
the main return address on the stack,
and the HL register pair points to byte 1
of the value to be passed. When the pro-
gram encounters the return instruction
at the end of routine, it goes back to the
original code that called the condition
and not to one of the DEFB lines.

How to Call Yourself

Shortcuts are often needed when the
number of bytes available for the task
is limited; if you have to fit a program
in a IK EPROM, that byte 1,025 has
got to go.

I am also motivated by laziness: I
don't like to type in the same code twice
if I can help it. Duplicating several lines
of code is a waste of both typing time
and assembler space, so I came up with
the subroutine in Program Listing 3 to
convert a hex digit into 2 ASCII bytes to
be displayed. This routine uses one re-
turn instruction to handle both passes
through its code. Line 160 calls the sub-
routine; when the program encounters
the return in line 240, it branches back
to line 170 to the address on the stack
and continues on until it hits line 240
again. This time, the return forces a
branch back to the main calling code
since that address is now on the stack.

There's no practical limit to the num-
ber of layers you can create using the
one return instruction. This next exam-
ple uses up to three passes through the
same section of code, at various times,
according to two switches. You could
use it to allow for differences in how
long you must wait for a disk drive
motor to get up to speed. The first flag
can indicate whether your speed-up
modification is on, and the second flag
can indicate that a full second is re-
quired for that drive to get to 300 revo-
lutions per minute (rpm), as opposed to
the half second required by newer
drives. The original version is in Pro-
gram Listing 4. The routine checks two
flags and calls wait once for each flag
that's on; then it calls a single wait re-
gardless of the flags. Compare it to the
version in Program Listing 5. The pro-
gram uses a single subroutine and its re-

00100

CONV

LDD.A

;Store for now

00100

E6F0

AND 0F0H

;Dump bot 4 bits

00120

RRCA

;Do the rotate trick

00130

RRCA

00140

RRCA

00150

RRCA

00160

CDxxxx

CALL SUB

;Call the subroutine

00170

LDA.D

; Recall the number

00180

E60F

AND0FH

;Dump top 4 bits

00190

C630

SUB

ADD A.30H

;Make it ASCII

00200

FE3A

CP3AH

;Allow for HEX
digits

00210

3802

JR C.ONE

;A thru F

00220

C607

ADD A.07H

00230

CDxxxx ONE

CALL 003BH

;Output the byte

00240

RET

Program Listing 3. ASCII converter.

00100

01FFFF DELAY

LD BC.0FFFFH

; Delay length

00110

3Axxxx

LD A,(FLAG)

;Gct flag

00120

PUSHAF

;Save the flag

00130

CB47

BIT 0.A

;Check bit

00140

C46000

CALL NZ.60H

;Wait if it's on

00150

POPAF

; Restore orig (FLAG)

00160

PUSH AF

;.. .and store again

00170

01FFFF

LD BC.0FFFFH

; Delay length

00180

BB4F

BIT I.A

;Check bit 1

00190

C46000

CALL NZ.60H

;Wait if it's on

00200

POPAF

;Restore orig (FLAG)

00210

01FFFF

LDBC.OFFFFH

; Delay length

00220

CD6000

CALL 60H

;Standard wait

00230

RET

;Job's done

Program Listing 4. Three-pass routine.

00100 010000 DELAY

LD BC.O000H ;Delay count

00110 3Axxxx

LD A.(FLAG) ;Get flags

00120 CB47

BIT 0.A ;Check bit

00130 C4xxxx

CALLNZ.SUB1 ;Delayifon

00140 CB4F

BIT1.A ;Checkbitl

00150 C4xxxx

CALLNZ.SUB1 ;Delayifon

00160 F5 SUBI

PUSH AF ;Save flags

00170 CD6000

CALL0060H ;... and delay

00180 Fl

POP AF ;Restore flags

00190 C9

RET

Program Listing 5. Single subroutine option.

tum several times. Each time the return
is encountered, the program branches
to the last address on the stack. If bit
of (FLAG) is on, the return forces a
return to line 140, and to line 160 if bit 1
is on. If neither is on, the return
branches back to the code that called
the delay.

The program initially sets BC register
pair to 00 00 hexadecimal (hex) instead
of 0FFFF hex since the wait routine
0060 hex returns it to 0000 hex every
time it's called; thus BC is set up for the

next pass. That one extra count in the
delay is only 14.65 microseconds, which
in most cases won't hurt. The bonus in
using the second routine is that 8 bytes
are saved— over 25 percent!

End of the Line

The word algorithm is not only ugly,
it's scary. That concept has probably
kept more people away from Assembly-
language programming than T-Bug
ever did. An algorithm is nothing more
than a way to do something.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 117

00100 3Axxxx

LINE

LD A,(4020H) :Get CSRPOS LSB

00110 CB67

BIT 4.A ;Bit 4 on?

00120 CO

RETNZ ;Go back if yes

00130 CB6F

BIT 5,A ;Bit 5 on?

00140 CO

RET NZ ;Go back if yes

00160 CDxxxx

CALLNULINE ;Ifs a new line

00170 C9

RET ;Now go back

Program Listing 6. Algorithm check.

For example, once I needed a way to
tell if the cursor was positioned at the
start of a line on the screen. At one
point I considered making a table of the
16 start-of-line addresses and doing 16
compares every time.

Then I found a blank page of Radio
Shack's $1.95 Video Display Worksheet
paper left over from Level I days, and
wrote the 16 addresses in a column
down the left side. I converted the ad-
dresses to binary and wrote them down,
too. In every case both bit 4 and bit 5
were off; that turned out to be an abso-
lute test. If either bit 4 or bit 5 of the
least significant byte (LSB) of the ad-
dress of the cursor were on, the cursor
was not at the start of a line on the
screen. I had an algorithm (see Program
Listing 6). This routine checks bits 4

"Don 't be frightened off

by jargon like algorithm;

if what you 're looking for,

or what you f ve found,

is a shortcut,

call it that. "

and 5; if either is on, the cursor is not at
the start of a line, so it returns. If both
are off, the program calls the subrou-
tine Nuline to do whatever, followed by
the main return.

Don't be frightened off by jargon like
algorithm; if what you're looking for,

or what you've found, is a shortcut, call
it that.

To Vector or Not to Vector

Lowercase modifications on the
Model I are pretty common now, but
not all users have them. This poses a
problem if you're going to sell, or other-
wise distribute, a program to others;
you have to make allowances for the
unmodified computers. Also, if your
program uses the printer in any way,
you should allow for those who don't
have one. There are few things more
frustrating than to accidentally hit the P
key, and sit helplessly as the computer
locks up in a ROM loop looking for a
printer that isn't there.

Vector is more jargon; it means jump,
so let's call it a jump. That's also an
easy way out of the problem: Place a
jump or two at the start of your pro-
gram, that can be changed by any user
to allow for printers and lowercase.

For example, I wrote a program that
calls a conversion subroutine just before
printing every character on the screen; if
the character were lowercase, it would
be converted to uppercase. Before dis-
playing the character in A on the screen,
I would call LC2UC.

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►-512

118 • 80 Micro, December 1983

My program also jumped through a
subroutine on its way to the line printer;
to print the character in A, I would call
print.

00100 C3xxxx LC2UC JP CONV ;Go convert

LC to UC
001 10 C3xxxx PRINT JP LPR ;Go print out

These were the first two lines of the pro-
gram, which loaded at 5200 hex. I in-
cluded instructions to zap a return into
line 100 (a C9 at 5200 hex) if the user
had a lowercase mod; then, every time
LC2UC was called, the program found
a return before it could convert any-
thing. Similarly, the program could zap
a return into line 1 10 (a C9 at 5202 hex)
if the user had no printer; this effective-
ly disables the print command in the
program.

Was That a I or a III?

When it first came out, the Model III
was advertised as able to run all Model I
software. As it turns out, that just isn't
so; the culprits are the new ROMs in the
III, which are different from the I's.

For most people, this is not impor-
tant. However, if you want to sell a pro-
gram that works on both, you have a
decision to make: Should you sell sepa-

rate versions, or try to write one version
that works on both models? If you
choose to do the latter, you've still got
problems. You must either make sure
the program uses only those routines
which are common to both models, or
you must somehow have your program
modify itself based on the host model.

The last choice is not difficult. You
can tell whether the computer running

"Should you sell

separate versions,

or try to write

one version that works

on both models?''

your program is a III or a I by looking
at the byte at 0054 hex in the ROM; if
it's a 01 hex, you're on a Model I, and if
it's an EB hex you're on a III. There are
probably other addresses you can use,
although this is the only reliable one I
know.

Start your program after t)ic jumps

with a check of 0054 hex, and deal with
the result accordingly. For instance, if
you find that your computer is a III,
you may want to disable your own LC
vector right away by putting a return
there, and store a 00 hex at 4019 hex to
default the III to lowercase. If any of
the DOS calls you intend to use are dif-
ferent in Model III versions of the oper-
ating system, you can alter them now.
For example, assume that a DOS call in
Model I is at 4290 hex, and in the Model
III is at 442B hex.

01320 CD9042 HERE CALL 4290H ;Model I
CALL

If your check finds that you're on a III,
include the following lines before start-
ing the main program:

65000 212B44 LD HL.442BH ;Model III address
65010 22xxxx LD (HERE+ 1),HL

When line 1320 is encountered, the prop-
er Model III address will be called. ■

Robert Bowker is a free-lance televi-
sion director. He can be reached at
11360 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA
90049.

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1 1 1 Marshall Street. Litchfield. Michigan 49252 P142

To Order: Call (313) 426 5086. (313) 482 4424; (517) 542 3280

(517) 542 3939; (517) 542 3947

OR WRITE:

Displayed Video. Ill Marshall St.. Lichfield. Ml 49252

' TRS 80 is a trademark of the Tandy CoqxxatKwi Prices subject :« » change Withi hi: notic

REVIEW

CP/M III Ways

by Terry Kepner

|yo

f you're looking for CP/M compatibility on
your Model m, choose one of these boards
d get access to hundreds of great programs.

• •••

CP/M Mapper III Board
Omikron Systems
1127 Hearst Ave.
Berkeley, CA 94702
$199

• •••

VID-80 Board
Holmes Engineering Inc.
5175 Green Pine Drive
Murray, UT 84107

$279

• •• •

Shuffleboard III
Memory Merchant
14666 Doolittle Drive
San Leandro, CA 94577
$299

CP/M, Control Program for Micro-
processors, was the first comprehensive
in-memory disk operating system for
8080 and Z80 based microcomputers.
And now it's available to those who
own Model Ills.

The three Model III CP/M conver-
sion boards included in this review are
the Mapper III from Omikron, the
VID-80 from Holmes Engineering, and

122 • 80 Micro, December 1983

the Shuffleboard III from Memory
Merchant.

All three boards offer useful modifi-
cations, but their features do differ.
Shuffleboard is the only one that lets
you perform single-drive file copies,
while Mapper III alone lets you transfer
files and programs from TRSDOS disks
to CP/M disks.

The Holmes board stands apart in
that it modifies your Model Ill's ROM
to use an 80-character by 24-line display
in standard TRSDOS environments as
well as the CP/M environment.

While all three boards provide CP/M
capability, you should consider their
features and choose the board best
suited for you.

Each modification is similar in con-
cept: You remove the Z80 CPU and
put it on the CP/M board, then plug
the CP/M board into the Z80 socket.
The computer now operates as either a
standard Model III or a Z80 CP/M
computer.

Mapper III

Omikron sells several modification
boards for the Models I and III, includ-
ing four versions of the CP/M board (a
48K and a 64K RAM version for each
computer), 8-inch drive support for the
Models I and III, and a 24-line by
80-character video display modification
for the Model III.

I'll describe the Model III 64K CP/M
board, without the 8-inch drive board
or the 80 by 24 display modification.
The Mapper III is quite small, measur-
ing 4 inches by 6 inches (see Photo l).
Centered on the right side of the board
are the socket for your computer's Z80
chip and the pins for plugging the board
into your computer.

The six pages of typeset installation
instructions are clear, with many pic-
tures to clarify the procedure. The guide
is a professionally prepared pamphlet,
the best hardware installation guide I've
ever seen.

The installation instructions are easy
to follow. You unplug the computer,
then locate and remove the case screws.
Lift off the cover, locate and remove
the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
shield screws, then remove the RFI
shield.

Remove the Z80 chip (be very care-
ful — bent pins aren't a total disaster,
but make the installation difficult), plug
it into the CP/M board (observe correct
orientation of the chip in the socket),
and plug the board into the computer
Z80 socket. Finally, reassemble the
computer. The entire installation takes
about half an hour of continuous work.

Now I must fault the documentation.
After reading the installation guide, I
looked for instructions on turning on
the system and testing the board's per-
formance, but there aren't any.

The owner's manual (15 photocopied
pages of mixed typesetting and printing)
details the CP/M system, describing
video, keyboard, RS-232, and printer
drivers, plus other important informa-
tion about the Omikron version of
CP/M. But it doesn't contain instruc-
tions on turning on the system in
TRSDOS, CP/M, or Level II Basic.

I've since discovered that Omikron is
still writing the user's manual. By the
time you read this review, the guide will
be finished and included with the other
manuals.

When I turned my system on, strange
characters filled the screen; I got no
drive response and other peculiar reac-
tions. I took my computer apart, re-
moved the CP/M board, then replaced
it and reassembled the computer. This
time everything worked the way it
should and the drive light came on.

The video screen displays the Omi-
kron sign-on message, with two opera-
tion choices listed, C and T. Pressing
the C key causes the Model III to boot
up the CP/M disk in drive zero. Press-
ing T boots a TRSDOS disk. If you

want Level III Basic, press T and the
break key. TRSDOS operation remains
unchanged.

Omikron designed the video driver to
emulate the Soroc IQ120 terminal, so
any CP/M programs compatible with

Photo 1. Mapper 111.

Photo 2. VIDJO.

Photo 3. Shuffleboard III.

LOCK OUIER I.E.
Of! YOUR 5CFEEF!

5top unauthorized use!

I NTRODUC I NG

^RE^^^^MPL^

s^iii i : mm

Ctaeulf It 1»» »riitri. W
.':»- C. to
HI ni\vm

:• I! Voir Slrm
torlM, ;. '1433
•)I3> I1HM7

Eftir I»r fcc.it Co* •

The Compu-locK is an electronic circuit board
thai virtually guarantees that no one can
access your files or damage important data
With the Compu-locn installed, your computer,
on power up. requires the entry of a
oassword before it can be used Without
correct password entry, your computer will
only display owner Verification I

The Compu-locK can be a very strong theft
deterent. and if your compute" should be
stolen. the Compu-locK could be the
single-most reason that your computer would
be returned to you Easy internal
installation requires nc soldering or trace
cutting Bold mylar decal. included, warns
would be thieves or meddlers

It has been estimated that the odds of a n
unauthorized persor gaining access to a
computer protected by a Compu-locK with a 6
letter password is one in 326 billion Those
are excellent odds in your fa /or ■

Tell us exactly how you wish your display to
be formatted and choose your own password
The screen display allows you up to five lines
of 35 characters each You may use these
lines in any manner you wish to display your
ownership identification lines may be skipped
or not used as you oesire See above screen
example The lines should contain owner

and/or company name, address, phone number
and. optionally, a drivers license number or
other identifiers of your choice The
password may be up to 20 characters iong
and any keyboard character may be used
(including lowe r case) with the e*ception of
the arrows We do suggest, for your
convenience, that the password you send to
us be f rotn 5 to B characters long and
something that you'll easily remember

Don't wait until it's too late Your computer
and files are worth the protection that the
Compu-locK affords fail your order today
Include a checK or money order for $99 95,
the password of your choice and a clearly
printed or typed copy of how you wish your 5
lines of information to read Add S2 50 for
postage and handling. California residents
add b 57- Be sure you give the mode! number
of your computer

The Compu-locK is available for the TRS-80
models 1. 3. I 4 and soon for other popular
computers Dealer inquiries invited

The Computer Council

1B22B Parthenia Street

Northridge, Cfl 91325

(213) BB5-1411

S 323

f 9M list of Adwrtisws on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 123

THE COMPUTER TANDY
SHOULD HAVE BUILT.

Software-selectable screen formats
let you run either 24 x 80 CP/M or
16 x 32 and 16 x 64 LDOS programs.

Monitor comes in your

choice of green or amber

phosphor display.

With our built-in disk interfaces,
you can simply plug in any
combination of peripherals.

Standard Centronics-type

parallel port accommodates

a wide variety of printers.

Our 5MHz Z-80B processor

runs your programs 25% faster

than TRS-80 Model 4.

Rugged construction includes heavy

duty case and full-stroke

sculptured keyboard.

Available storage includes Lobo's

5-1/4" floppy, 8" floppy and

Winchester hard disks.

All Lobo hardware products
carry a limited one-year
parts and labor warranty.

AT THE PRICE TANDY
SHOULD HAVE CHARGED.

The bottom line is this. For far
less than the pnce of a TRS-80"
Mod 4, you can own a lot more
computer
A computer that's 25% faster
That supports both the CP/M"
Plus and LDOS™ operating
systems.

A computer that features a
price tag of only $945 for the
MAX -80" processor And that
expands with your needs with-
out breaking your budget.

A FLEXBU SYSTEM
AT A FLEXIBLE PRKE

When you put it all together
—an entire system, including a
dual 5-1/4" floppy drive sub-
system (320 Kb of disk stor-
age), monitor, CP/M and LDOS

-totals up to just $1599.

Totally remarkable.

But that's not all. Because
this basic MAX -80 system is
incredibly flexible. Its dual
operating systems run far more
software than any other com-
puter (Including our specially-
discounted Perfect-Calc ,M and
Perfect-Writer'" software
packages.)

And since our MAX-80 fea-
tures two RS-232C serial ports,
you can easily add both pnnter
and modem without switching
back and forth.

SUPKHtTS A WRX VARIETY
OfMMPHERALS

What's more, Lobo offers
almost any peripheral you

might want to add to your
MAX-80. At very special prices.

Like $995 for a 5Mb Win-
chester hard disk, the ultimate
in fast, accurate data storage.

Or a whole line of affordable
dot matrix and letter-quality
pnnters. Or an 8" floppy drive.
Or even a MAX-80 local area
network.

EVERY MECE Off HARDWARE RACKED
RY OUR UNBEATABLE WARRANTY

Because every part of the
MAX-80 system is so rugged
and reliable, we go beyond
industry-standard 90 day war-
ranties. We back every piece
of Lobo hardware with a full
year warranty.

So now, you can run virtually

all your TRS-80 programs faster
and cheaper

Just give us your Visa or
Master Card number. We'll
rush you the MAX-80. Try it out.
Then, if for any reason you
change your mind, return it with-
in 30 days. We'll return all your
money.

So call us. Because owning
a MAX-80 costs you $945. But
finding out about it costs you
nothing.

1-800-235-1245

(1-800-322-6103 in California)

LOBO
SYSTEMS, MC

358 South Fairview Avenue,
Goleta, California 93117

-535

TTIS-80 ■ « tagiawod mrlMIMt o( Tandy Corp CP<U u 4 rogmerad rrademarn of Digital Ineaid Corp LDOS is • tradamaik ol Logical Sr««ms Inc Pertecl Calc and Pertacl Wrila-t ai( tiads

' $m List ol Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 125

the Soroc terminal should work without
alteration. The cursor addressing rou-
tine is the same system used by the
Osborne accounting packages, Word-
Star, and Wordmaster.

If you have 8-inch disk drive capabili-
ty, Omikron's version of CP/M auto-
matically supports it, assuming that
drives A and B are 5 V* -inch, and C and
D are 8-inch. Since much software is
sold on 8-inch disks, Omikron provides
an option that lets you use control/C to
warm-boot the system and make the
8-inch drives (physically located at po-
sitions C and D) the logical drives A
and B.

If you have a special drive configura-
tion, you can use the Options utility to
preset the system to match your needs.
The Options program controls other
factors, including video graphics en-
able, blinking cursor, printer line count-
er and line feeds, RS-232 and keyboard
swapping (lets you use a remote termi-

nal to control the system), and interrupt
disable.

At the moment Omikron CP/M sup-
ports only 5 Ya -inch single- and double-
density disk drives. As soon as they
complete their 8-inch double-density
board, it will support 8-inch single- and
double-density disk drives. In the mean-

"... Omikron includes a

Microsoft Basic disk with

their CP/M system. . . "

time, Omikron CP/M reads 17 disk for-
mats, including Osborne, IBM PC,
Cromemco, Xerox, DEC, and Super-
brain.

To aid the prospective programmer,
Omikron includes a special utility pro-
gram that lets you read Model III
TRSDOS disks, and copy files and pro-

grams from TRSDOS to CP/M. These
programs might or might not work un-
der CP/M.

Machine-language programs that use
their own input/output (I/O) routines
won't work under CP/M, since the pe-
ripherals have all been remapped to new-
locations. Basic programs should work
with MBasic, unless they have machine-
language PEEKs and POKEs.

To help the Basic programmer, Omi-
kron includes a Microsoft Basic (MBa-
sic) disk with their CP/M system, so
you can immediately begin using your
system to create standard Basic pro-
grams (most Model III Basic commands
are used in MBasic). This is important
since CP/M doesn't include a Basic
programming system, although some
versions of CP/M include a public do-
main version of Basic called EBasic.

Finally, Omikron supplies a set of
new CP/M and MBasic manuals that
are truly superior to any I've seen on

The CP/M Story

The birth of CP/M resulted from
a need for a microcomputer disk op-
erating system back when micros
were only the toys of computer hob-
byists and professionals. A few pio-
neers in the industry had managed to
build computer systems that in-
cluded a CPU, had the capability of
running a video display, and would
let you input data and instructions
from a keyboard.

Someone had even figured out
how to connect disk drives to the ma-
chine and transfer data between the
two. One programmer, at the request
of a business friend, took one such
system and wrote a program that su-
pervised the operation of the com-
puter, monitor, keyboard, printer,
and disk drives. This original DOS
design was for an 8080 Altair.

The program was so successful at
controlling the computer without
lots of work and attention from the
user that other people began asking
for copies. Finally, Digital Research
Inc. began selling the DOS and it
rapidly spread across the country.

It was so popular because it was
designed to be device independent.
The CP/M system used set addresses
for sending and receiving informa-
tion to and from the various periph-
erals. A new computer merely had to
honor those addresses to be compati-

ble with CP/M and CP/M pro-
grams.

Of course, each model computer
had different peripherals, some with
wider displays or better keyboards,
requiring different driver machine-
code instructions, but CP/M doesn't
care what the actual driver code
looks like, only that the driver re-
sponds to the proper CP/M data ad-
dress.

This means that a program written
on a CP/M computer, as long as it
honors the CP/M I/O calls, runs on
almost any other CP/M computer.
If your computer is from a new com-
pany, or even if you designed and
built it yourself, you still have many
CP/M programs available for it.
Owners of non-CP/M computers
have to wait for programmers to buy
the computers and start writing pro-
grams for them.

As the oldest available DOS,
CP/M has the most programs writ-
ten for it. In many cases these pro-
grams are public domain, free for
you to use and change. This public
software is often of very high quality.

Other computer companies mar-
keted their own DOSes for their
computers, but CP/M had already
become a standard. And people
didn't want to buy a computer with-
out software support.

When Tandy released the original
Model I, they didn't design it to be a
disk -based computer so they ignored

CP/M. When Level II came out, it
too ignored the possibility of CP/M
because CP/M requires the use of
low memory for its driver addresses
and high memory for its own code.
The Radio Shack uses all low memo-
ry addresses for itself and high mem-
ory for programs.

To allow for both TRS-80 Basic
and future CP/M expansion would
have required that Tandy abandon
their Level I customers or replace the
entire CPU Level I board when they
upgraded the machines to Level II.
They would have to switch RAM
and ROM, requiring a new circuit
board layout. The mechanical prob-
lems of redesigning the computer
and replacing the units in the field
were too costly.

CP/M requires using the low ad-
dresses of RAM as its tie points to
the peripherals. The Models I and HI
use the low addresses for other pur-
poses, making them fundamentally
incompatible.

For a while, a doctored version of
CP/M was available for the Models I
and III, but it experienced compati-
bility problems with much of the
CP/M software. The software ex-
pected the peripheral connection ad-
dresses to be in low memory.

Now several companies have be-
gun marketing boards that let Model
I and III owners convert to CP/M
operation while still maintaining
compatibility with TRSDOS. ■

124 • 80 Micro, December 1983

CP/M. The CP/M manual is 250 pages
long in 8- by 1 1-inch format.

The MBasic manual was written in 5-
by 7-inch format, but has been repro-
duced on 8- by 1 1-inch paper, with two
5- by 7-inch pages on one 8- by 1 1-inch
piece of paper. It's a little confusing at
first, but usable. Both manuals are
typeset and punched for insertion in a
three-ring binder.

VID-80

The Holmes CP/M system is a much
larger board than the Mapper III, mea-
suring 8 inches by 1 1 inches (see Photo
2). As with the Omikron board, you re-
move the Z80 CPU from the Model III
and plug it into the Holmes board.
However, you also remove the charac-
ter generator ROM, the power supply
connector, and the video connector
from the old CPU board, and plug
them into the Holmes board.

Then you attach two wires from the
VID-80 to the Model III with small
clamps, and plug the Holmes video con-
troller into the slot on the old CPU
board. These modifications make it
possible for the Model III to run
CP/M, and alter the video to use 80

characters by 24 lines as the standard
display.

In fact, if you are only interested in
an 80 by 24 display, you can buy the
VID-80 board alone, and forget CP/M.
CP/M is not required for the 80 by 24
display, and you can purchase it sepa-
rately for $120 extra.

This new display size has an impor-
tant implication for CP/M operation:
Some software on the market requires
an 80 by 24 display. A display size other
than that can cause problems when you
try to use software designed for the
larger display. Fortunately, much of the
CP/M software doesn't have a display
size requirement, so you can use a stan-
dard 64 by 16 screen display.

The documentation is a 34-page
8'/2- by 11 -inch booklet that clearly ex-
plains every step for dismantling your
computer, installing the Holmes board,
and putting everything back together.
It's not as slickly produced as the Omi-
kron instructions, but is adequate to the
task.

The instructions on CP/M are di-
vided into two distinct sections. The
first is part of the installation manual,
and provides technical information

about the CP/M board and the Holmes
CP/M Basic Input/Output System
(BIOS) information. It also includes
brief instructions on turning on and us-
ing your Holmes modified computer
and an introduction to the CP/M oper-
ating system.

The second part of the CP/M in-
structions is in the form of the Sybex
book about CP/M by Rodnay Zaks,
The CP/M Handbook with MP/M.
Rather than plowing through the CP/M
2.2 Digital Research manuals, which
tend to be confusing and hard to read,
you can study a well-written tutorial on
the CP/M system, with indexes and ap-
pendixes to help guide you through it.

The theory of operation for the
Holmes board is simple: When you turn
on the computer or press reset, the
Holmes board bootstrap ROM checks
to see if you're holding down the 6 key.
If you are, the bootstrap ROM relin-
quishes control to the Model III ROM
and your computer acts as though it's
unmodified.

If you're not holding down the 6 key,
the bootstrap ROM copies the Model
III ROM to a 16K bank of RAM on the
Holmes board, then patches the Model

•TRS-30 IS A TRADEMARK OF RADIO SHACK,
A DIVISION OF TANDY CORP.

TURNING THE PAGE TO A

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126 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Ill ROM in RAM to use the new 80 by
24 display. Every point where the ROM
would normally jump to the Radio
Shack video driver changes to use the
Holmes video driver.

The locations normally assigned to
the video RAM (3C00 to 3FFF hex-
adecimal (hex)) aren't used for video;
the system ignores them. The new video
RAM location is the uppermost 2K of
RAM in your computer (F800 to FFFF
hex).

Normally this means that you
wouldn't have a full 64K of user RAM,
but the Holmes board uses a bank-
switching technique to flip the video
RAM into place when the computer
wants to access it, and to flip normal
RAM in place the rest of the time. Thus
your high memory Model III drivers are
preserved for your use without altera-
tion.

This method works because the Z80
can do only one thing at a time: When
it's working on video RAM it can't use
the high memory drivers or informa-
tion, and vice versa. This is an interest-
ing and efficient method of handling
the video memory problem.

Unfortunately, by moving the video
RAM to a new location, any programs

that bypass the video's device control
blocks by going directly to video loca-
tions in the range 3C00 to 3FFF hex
won't work in the 80 by 24 display
mode, so you have to remember to set
the display to 64 by 16 when using those
programs.

When you first install the Holmes
board, you have to adjust the video dis-

"The CP/M mode
is quite transparent. . . **

play circuit board in the Model III to get
all 24 lines on the screen. This takes only
a few moments, and it's kind of fun
watching the letters on the display
scrunch down and new lines appear
from the bottom.

The new 80 by 24 display requires
that the individual characters be small-
er, in order for all of them to fit on the
screen. That's a small price to pay for
almost doubling (from 1,024 to 1,920)
the amount of information on your
screen— an 80 percent increase.

Another disadvantage is the appear-
ance of snow on the video whenever you
update the display, much like the snow

on a normal Model III during high-
speed display access (usually apparent
during machine-language games). For-
tunately, Holmes Engineering has a
modification that makes the display
clear and precise. Newer boards come
with the modification.

This approach, moving ROM to
RAM and modifying it to use the 80 by
24 display, lets you use almost any
Model III DOS with the 80 by 24 dis-
play. For example, TRSDOS works
quite well in the 80 by 24 mode, with on-
ly the DIR command requiring a patch
[PATCH *6 (ADD = 5AFA,FIND =
3F,CHG = OF)] to operate correctly in
both display modes. Similarly DOS-
PLUS 3.4, 3.5, and 4.x, NEWDOS80,
LDOS, and MULTIDOS work with lit-
tle or no alterations in both modes.
They require no special software
drivers.

One other feature, reverse video, is
accessible from either Model III mode
or CP/M mode.

The CP/M mode is quite transparent
to the operator. Memory management
on the Model III in CP/M mode gives
you 62K of RAM (the other 2K is for
disk I/O buffers and other miscellane-
ous data involved with the disk drives).

Micro-Designs System-Upgrade
for the TRS Model III and 4

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Sm our othor ad* on pg*. 203, Ml

^ Sm Utt of AOmtmn on Pagt 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 127

The Holmes board uses a 4K
EPROM for keyboard, video, and
printer I/O. This EPROM is bank
switched in and out of position in low
memory as needed by the BIOS.

The Holmes board lets you read and
write to disks formatted by the IBM
PC, Kaypro II, Xerox 820, Xerox
820-11, Osborne-I, Zenith Z-100, Free-
dom Technology (Model III CP/M sys-
tem), Memory Merchant Shuffleboard
III (Model III CP/M), Omikron (Mod-
el I CP/M), and Morrow Micro-Deci-
sion.

If your computer has 8-inch disk
drive capability, Holmes CP/M lets you
use the 8-inch drives without patching.
Eight-inch drive support includes the
ability to read and write to disks for-
matted in IBM 3740 single density, Xe-
rox 820 single density, and Xerox 820-11
double density.

The Holmes board is available in two
versions. The first, and cheaper, version
has a 16K bank of RAM and uses the
Model Ill's 48K RAM for the rest of the
RAM it needs. The other version comes
with 64K of on-board RAM and
doesn't use the Model III RAM except
as a RAM disk accessible from CP/M

for extremely fast data storage and re-
trieval.

When I wrote this review, no known
incompatibilities existed between
Holmes CP/M and other CP/M soft-
ware. You can even run UCSD Pascal
with the Holmes board.

Shuffleboard IH

The Shuffleboard III (see Photo 3), a
64K CP/M 2.2 system, is as easy as the
others to install. The only difference is
that you remove one of the Model III
memory chips, U25, and replace it with
a 16-pin plug attached to the Shuffle-
board unit. After installing the board,
you put your TRSDOS disk or your
CP/M disk in drive zero and press reset.
Level II Basic is still available, of
course.

Like Omikron, Memory Merchant
has provided MBasic for Basic pro-
grammers. You can also purchase an 80
by 24 video board separately for $275.

Actually, you have several hardware
options with the Shuffleboard: If you
want to, you can move a jumper on the
board from its "Automatic boot from
drive zero" position to another. This
clears the screen and asks you which

drive contains the system disk (press ze-
ro for drive zero, one for drive 1, and
so on).

Another board option lets you select
operation of either a 2716 ROM, or
2732 or 2764 ROMs. The manual
doesn't discuss this option, so it's prob-
ably being reserved for future develop-
ments and enhancements.

A unique feature of Shuffleboard is
the ability to switch between CP/M and
TRSDOS using the appropriate com-
mand. If you're in TRSDOS and want
to go to CP/M, enter the DOS com-
mand CPM. From the CP/M prompt,
enter DOS. These are memory erasing
changes: Anything in memory is zeroed
out, so you can't transfer between the
two operating systems and maintain in-
memory data integrity.

In its present form, Shuffleboard
CP/M is compatible with 35-, 40-, 77-,
and 80-track 5 V* -inch disk drives. With
the addition of the Memory Merchant
disk controller, you can use 8-inch disk
drives.

As with the Omikron board, you can
use your Model III as a slave to a re-
mote terminal, using the remote termi-
nal for input instead of the keyboard.

WE MAKE A GREAT CASE
FOR YOUR RADIO SHACK.

RS204

One size does not fit all. Our cases are designed for specific hardware con-
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working papers, and manuals in the compartments provided, and attach
the lid. It's as easy as that.

RS201

RS204

AP106

P401

P402

P403

P404
P405
P406
P407
P408
P409

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IB501
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Model III or IV

129

AmdekColorUlorlllMonitor 119

Paper Tiger Printer (400/445/460) 99

Centronics 730/737

&RadtoShack Printer 89

Epson MX70 or MX80, Microline

d2A Printer or Color Computer 89

Epson MX100 Printer 99

IDS 560 or Prism 132 Printer 109

C.ltohStarwriter/PrintmasterF-10 Printer 119

Okldata Microline 83A or 84 Printer 99

C. Itoh Prowrlter 2 Printer 99

C. Itoh Prowriter (Apple Dot Matrix)

or NEC PC8023 Printer 89

Epson FX80 Printer 109

IBM Personal Computer with Keyboard 129

IBM Monochrome Monitor

Case Cart

Matching Attache Case (5")

Matching Attache Case (3")

Matching Accessories Case

(5V«" Diskettes, Paper, etc.)

5.25" Diskette Case (Molds 75 Diskettes)

99
79
85
75

95
49

Computer Case Company, 5650 Indian Mound Court, Columbus, Ohio 43213 (614) 868-9464

128 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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Prints Labels

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Stores Order Amounts
Stores Order Payments
Prints Statements

MAIL LABELS

Stores by Variable File Names
Sorts by Zip Code
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INVENTORY

Sets Upper and Lower Limits
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Lists Inventory by Vendor

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Open A/R Accounts
Generates Monthly Statements
Interest and Non-Interest Accounts
Listing of Accounts Balances
Manually Enter Charges and Payments

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Enter Payments to Accounts
List Payable Balances

1 CHECK WRITING

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PERIPHERALS

Hayes Smart modem $219

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Holmes VID80 $259

Holmes CPM 2.2 $109

64KRam $114

Holmes DX3DC $ 157

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Diskettes Call

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Amdek 300G $ 149

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SOFTWARE

DOSPLUS 3.5 $119

DOSPLUS IV $119

MTERM $ 69

TRSDOS6.0 Plus Enhance $ 45

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Newscript 7.1 $ 99

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Sw Ust of Advertisers on Page 291

Microcomputer Business Systems

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1-800-638-1857
in Maryland 1 (301) 372-8555 — Washington, D.C. Local Call

80 Micro, December 1983 • 129

And unlike the other two CP/M sys-
tems, Shuffleboard includes the Auto
command as a valid command, which
operates just like the TRSDOS Auto
command. The length of the command
is limited to one screen line (64 charac-
ters).

Memory Merchant CP/M is config-
ured to expect the CP/M drive A to be
the physical drive zero, drive B to be
drive 1 , drive C to be drive 2, drive D to
be drive 3, and drive E to be nonexis-
tent. Drive E invokes a special Memory
Merchant CP/M utility called a virtual
drive. You also have drives F-I avail-
able as single-density drives.

The first two logical drives (A and B)
are 5 V* -inch, 40-track, double-density
drives. The third drive is configured as
an 8-inch, 77-track, double-density
drive. You can reorganize the CP/M
drive map to match any setup you have,
including using physical drive 4 as the
boot-up drive, logical drive A. You do
all this by using a disk drive map that
lets you match any of the logical drive
parameters to the physical drives.

Now for the virtual drive. Memory
Merchant has altered CP/M so you can
logically change a disk drive assignment
while running CP/M, a procedure not
allowed with the other CP/M systems.
This virtual drive capability means that
you can make single-drive copies.

If you have two 5 V* -inch drives and
one 8-inch drive, you can use the virtual
drive assignment to copy a file from one
8-inch disk to another. Otherwise,
you'd have to copy the file to a 5 Va -inch
disk, change disks in the 8-inch drive,
invoke a warm-boot on that drive, then

copy the file from the 5 14 -inch drive to
the new 8-inch disk.

This virtual assignment capability is
reflected in the use of logical drives F-I.
Physical drives 1-3 are given two logical
drive numbers, B-D and F-H. Drive 1
is both logical drive B and logical drive
F. The difference is that drive B is a
double-density drive and drive F is a sin-
gle-density drive.

You can copy files from or to a sin-
gle-density disk without going to the
disk drive assignment table and chang-
ing one of the drives to be logically sin-

"All three boards
are easy to install. "

gle-density. To let you copy files be-
tween single density and double density
on the same drive, logical drive I is used,
just as logical drive E is used for single-
drive, double-density file copying.

Speaking of copying, the Shuffle-
board can read and write to Osborne I,
Xerox 820, and IBM PC formatted
disks.

Three manuals come with the Shuf-
fleboard III. The user's manual is a
77-page, 8- by 11-inch printed booklet
that covers all phases of board installa-
tion and CP/M use. The second manual
is a bound edition of the new Digital Re-
search documentation on CP/M.

The last manual is the Microsoft
MBasic" instruction book. Unlike the
previous DRI manuals, these books are
well written and easy to understand.

Both books top 250 pages in length.

Summary

All three boards are easy to install
with only screwdrivers and a nail file. If
you follow the instructions carefully,
you should have no problems with the
installation.

One disadvantage shared by all three
boards is that they make it difficult for
the CPU RFI shield to fit properly. The
clearance between the RFI shield and
the CPU board is almost, but not quite,
enough room for the new piggy-back
boards. On my Model III, I could only
get the screws on the left side (looking at
the CPU board from the rear of the
computer) to go into place.

Putting the top and right side screws
in place put a good deal of stress on the
two boards, and actually forced the RFI
shield to bulge. However, the three
screws I used easily keep the shield in
place, and should maintain the cage de-
sign of the Model III.

At present, the Holmes board has the
largest base of CP/M disk formats that
it can read and write, but the others are
rapidly catching up. And all three com-
panies offer excellent customer support,
with customer hotline phone numbers.

As you can see, the final decision on
which board is best depends on your
needs. As a purely personal response,
the Holmes Engineering board is my fa-
vorite; it seems to offer the most for my
needs. ■

Contact Terry Kepner c/o 80 Micro, 80
Pine St., Peterborough, NH 03458.

Sure
Ws insured?

SAFEWARE™ Insurance provides full
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(In Ohio call 1-800-848-2112)

COIJMBIA NATIONAI GENERAL AGKNCY

ITS HERE!

CMON is a machine language monilot progiam
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executed under full control ol CMON This gives the
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finding those mconspicious. and sometimes latal little
gremlins haunting your software CMON is easy to
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FEATURES STANDARD MONITOR COMMANDS + USER
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ROM BREAKPOINTS READ — WRITE OBJECT FILES TO
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SI 00 FOR SAMPLE PRINTOUTS AND COMMANDS
SUMMARY DEDUCTABLl WUH ORDER

Please send payment or inquiries to

THREE STATE DATA

144S3 TURIN tANE
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WHEN ORDERING SPECIFY DISK OR TAPE

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING
LABORATORIES

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage. NY 11804

Telephone: (516) 694-3370
* Trademark of Tandy Corp
There is no affiliation between Scientific
Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp or
Radio Shack

130 • 80 Micro, December 1983

every month.

ALL THE NEWS YOU NEED FOR THE 80'S

80 Micro is news. News like our in-depth coverage of
Tandy's Model 100 debut in Boston and its impact on the
market. News like U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas' speech on
Asian competition and the importance of innovation. News
like what's happening at Texas Instruments and why. You'll
agree that 80's "NEWS THIS MONTH" column is the news
you need to stay informed.

80 is also a practical journal. It gives you the information
you need to expand your TRS-80 computing potential. Infor-
mation like:

• New product reviews— save valuable time getting the facts
and figures on the latest equipment releases.

• Hardware modifications— upgrade your computer and
become more familiar with its functions while you save
money and increase its value.

• Debugging techniques— 80 Micro saves time with expert
solutions to common and uncommon problems.

• User-application programs— written by readers like you
who need programs to maximize the productivity of their
machines.

And 80 Micro doesn't stop there. Every month, from
cover to cover, you'll get top rate REVIEWS: whether you're
buying or just looking, 80 keeps you informed on what
state-of-the-art can do for you.

If you want to get ahead with your TRS-80. get 80 Micro,
the news source of the 80's.

YES! Give me the news I need to put me
ahead and help me stay there. Send me 12
issues of 80 Micro for $24.97.

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Please allow 6-8 weeks for delivery.

•TRS-80 Is a trademark of Radio Shack,
a division of Tandy Corp. 33DP8

80 Micro • PO Box 981 • Farmingdale, NY 11737

80 Micro, December 1983 • 131

UTILITY

Protected Tape Programs

by Dan Robinson

This pair of short routines safeguards
your cassette pr ograms against predators.

ProteK (with a K; see Program List-
ing 1) makes your system tape auto-
start so spies can't jump into a monitor
program. It adds a leader to your tape
which befuddles copy programs tike the
RSM series or LMOFFSET by sending
a false checksum. A double delay loop
foils other copy cats that swallow pro-
grams until they think they've devoured
the last byte.

The program includes pitfalls for

Protect your tape pro-
grams from predators
with these two routines
that prohibit copying.

those who load a monitor first and
count on getting to your programs fol-
lowing a reboot: The entry points for
TBUG, DEBUG, and RSM2 16K, 32K,

Program Listing 1. ProteK routine.

00180

; PROTEK

2.0—

-CASSETTE SYSTEM TAPES ONLY

41E2

00110

ORG

41E2H ; SYSTEM RELAY FOR AUTO START

41E2

00120

DEFB

IE9H

7E00

00130

ORG

7E00H ; PROTEK

7E00

00140

START

EQU

7E00

CDC901

00150

CALL

01C9H .-CLEAR SCREEN

7E03

217 97F

00168

HL.MSG1 ) DISPLAY PGM NAME PROMPT

7E06

CDA728

00170

CALL

28A7H

7E09

3E0D

08188

A.0DH

7 EBB

CD3A03

00190

CALL

03 3 AH

7E0E

2AA740

00200

HL,(40A7H)

7 til

061S

00210

B,21

7E13

CDD905

00220

CALL

05D9H ; INPUT NAME fc ADDRESSES

7E16

116D7F

00230

DE.NAME

7E19

08248

NAHE1

A, (HL)

7E1A

FE2F

08258

2FH j ■/"

7EIC

280S

00260

Z.NAME2

7E1E

08270

(DE),A

7E1F

88288

INC

7E20

80290

INC

7E21

1BF6

00308

NAME1

7E23

CD1D7F

00310

NAME2

CALL

HEX

7E26

32747F

80328

(STADR+1) ,A

7E29

CD1D7F

00330

CALL

HEX

7E2C

32737F

00340

(ST ADR) ,A

7E2P

003S0

INC

7E38

CD1D7F

00360

CALL

HEX

7B33

32767F

00370

(ENDADR+1) ,A

7E36

CD107F

003 80

CALL

HEX

7E39

32757F

00390

(ENDADR) ,A

7E3C

80488

INC

7E3D

CD1D7F

00410

CALL

HEX

7E40

32787F

00420

(TRPADR+1) ,A

7E43

CD1D7F

80438

CALL

HEX

7E46

32777F

00440

(TRFADR) , A

7E49

3E0D

00450

A,0DH

7E4B

CD3A03

00460

CALL

033AH

7E4E

21AA7F

00470

HL.MSG2 ; DISPLAY PREPARE RECORDER

7E51

CDA728

00480

CALL

28A7H

7E54

010000

00490

BC.0000

7E57

CD6800

00500

CALL

0060H

7E5A

00510

7E5B

3A4038

00520

READY

A,(3840H) ;CHECK KEYBOARD FOR <ENTER>

7E5E

PE01

00530

01H

7E60

2807

00540

Z,REC

7E62

FE04

00550

04 ; CHECK KEYBOARD FOR <BREAK>

7E64

CAB 07 E

00560

Z, START j RETURN TO BASIC

Listing 1 continued

and 48K will take them back to the
MEMORY SIZE? prompt.

ProteC (with a C; see Program List-
ing 2) converts your Basic program into
a system tape with an auto-start feature
and the same booby traps as its com-
panion program. Furthermore, the pro-
gram turns the trace off (TROFP) and
disables the break key so that no one
can list your program to the screen or a
printer.

Instructions

To safeguard a Basic program, you
can load ProteC either before or after
your Basic file. As it completes its load,
ProteC displays detailed instructions on
the screen. The program then returns to
the Bask READY prompt, and you're
set to go.

ProteK does not list the instructions
to the screen; you load it in series after
the system program you wish to encode.
When you load ProteK, it automatical-
ly boots up, asking for the name of the
new system tape and the hexadecimal
start/end/transfer address. The pro-
gram prompts you to prepare the tape
recorder, and then writes your encoded
program.

Both ProteC and ProteK change some
pointers and addresses, so once you've
encoded your program it's wise to reset
yourTRS-80.H

Contact Dan Robinson at J625 Hig-
gins Way, Pactfka, CA 94044.

The Key Box

Model I
16KRAM
Assembly Language
Editor/Assembler
Tape Recorder

132 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 1 continued

7E67

18F2

00570

READY

7E69

00580

REC

7E6A

3E2A

00590

A, 2 AH

7E6C

323E3C

BB6BB

(3C3EH) ,

A j STAR

7E6P

3 EBB

0B61B

A,0

7E71

CD12B2

BB620

CALL

021 2H

INITIALIZE RECORDER #1

7E74

CD87B2

0B63B

CALL

0287H

WRITE LEADER t SYNC BYTE

7E77

3E55

BB640

A,55H

; SYSTEM TAPE ID

7E79

CD64B2

00650

CALL

026 4H

(WRITE BYTE

7E7C

116D7F

00660

DE.NAME

7E7P

0616

00670

B,6

7E81

00680

WRTNAM

A, (DE)

7E82

CD64B2

006 90

CALL

B26 4H

7E85

00700

INC

7E86

1BF9

0B71B

DJNZ

WRTNAM

WRITE NAME

7E88

3E3C

BB72B

A,3CH

DISABLE LMOFFSET

7E8A

CD64B2

BB73B

CALL

0264H

7E8D

3EB1

00740

A,l

7E8F

CD6402

00750

CALL

0264H

7E92

3E00

00760

A,00H

7E94

CD6402

00770

CALL

B264H

7E97

3E00

00780

A,B0H

7E99

CD6402

00790

CALL

0264H

7E9C

3E00

00800

A,0

7E9E

CD6402

00810

CALL

0264H

7EA1

CD6402

0B82B

CALL

0264H

OUTPUT FALSE CHECKSUM

7EA4

213E3C

BB83B

HL,3C3EH

7EA7

DD21EB7F

00840

IX, STAR

7EAB

CD417F

00850

CALL

SET

7EAE

B1BBBB

00860

BC.0000

DEFEAT TIMERS

7EB1

CD600B

00870

CALL

0060H

7EB4

CD60BB

00880

CALL

0060H

7EB7

21A043

00890

HL.43ABH

; TBUG

7EBA

CD3D7F

0090B

CALL

BLOCK

7EBD

21807F

BB91B

HL.7F80H

;RSM2 fc 2D 16K

7ECB

CD3D7F

00920

CALL

BLOCK

7EC3

2180BF

00930

HL.BBF8BH :RSM2D 32K

7EC6

CD3D7F

00940

CALL

BLOCK

7EC9

218BFF

0B95B

HL.BFF8BH ; RSH2D 48K

7ECC

CD3D7P

BB96B

CALL

BLOCK

7ECF

21BF4B

BB97B

HL.400FH

; DEBUG

7ED2

CD3D7F

BB98B

CALL

BLOCK

0099B

;ADD BLOCKING

ROUTINES HERE — LD HL,ADDR CALL BLOCK

7ED5

2A757F

B1BBB

HL, (END ADR)

7 EDS

ED5B737F

01810

DE,(STADR)

7EDC

B1B2B

7EDD

ED52

B103B

SBC

HL,DE

7EDF

B1B4B

DE,HL

7EE0

01050

PUSH

7EE1

DDE1

01060

POP

7EE3

01070

A,D

7EE4

FEB0

01080

7EE6

2808

01090

Z,WRT2

7EE8

0600

01100

WRT1

B,0

7EEA

CD437F

01110

CALL

PUNCH

7EED

01120

DEC

7EEE

20F8

01130

NZ,WRT1

7EF0

01140

WRT2

A,E

7EF1

PE00

01150

7EP3

CAFA7E

01160

Z,WRT3

7EF6

01170

B,E

7EF7

CD437F

01180

CALL

PUNCH

7EFA

0601

01190

WRT3

B,l

7EFC

DD216C7P

01200

IX, LIST

7FI0

21E241

01210

HL,41E2H

; SYSTEM/ AUTO- START RELAY

7FB3

CD437F

01220

CALL

PUNCH

7FB6

ED5B777F

0123B

DE,(TRFADR)

7FBA

3E7B

B124B

A,78H

; TRANSFER BLOCK

7FBC

CD6402

B125B

CALL

026 4H

7FBF

B126B

A,E

7F1B

CD64B2

B1270

CALL

B264H

7F13

B1280

A,D

7F14

CD64B2

B129B

CALL

B264H

7F17

CDF8B1

81300

CALL

B1F8H

;TURN OFF RECORDER

7F1A

C38B7E

01310

START

7F1D

01320

HEX

INC

; ASCI I TO HEX

7F1E

B133B

A,(HL)

7F1F

D630

B134B

SUB

3BH

7F21

FE0A

81358

7F23

F43A7F

B1360

CALL

P.ADJ

7F26

CB27

B1370

SLA

7F28

CB27

01380

SLA

7F2A

CB27

01390

SLA

7F2C

CB27

01400

SLA

7P2E

0141B

B,A

7F2F

B142B

INC

7F3B

B1430

A,(HL)

7P31

0630

01440

SUB

30H

7F33

PEBA

0145B

7F35

F43A7P

B146B

CALL

P,ADJ

7F38

B147B

ADD

A,B

7F39

B148B

RET

7F3A

D6B7

B149B

ADJ

SUB

7F3C

B15B0

RET

7F3D

DD216B7F

B1510

BLOCK

IX, RESET

7F41

B6B1

B152B

SET

B,l

7F43

3E3C

0153B

PUNCH

A,3CH

BLOCK SYNC

7F45

CD64B2

B154B

CALL

0264H

WRITE BYTE

7F48

B155B

A,B

BYTE COUNT

7F49

C064B2

01568

CALL

0264H

7F4C

B1570

A,L

LSB ADDRESS

7F4D

CO6402

8158B

CALL

0264H

7PSB

B159B

C,A

SAVE FOR CHECKSUM

7P51

01600

A,H

MSB ADDRESS

7F52

CD6402

8161B

CALL

0264H

7F55

B162B

ADD

A,C

7F56

B1630

C,A

Listing 1 continued

SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC

Complete diagnostic tests for every compo-
nent of your TRS-80" Model 1, 3 or 4. Tests for
ROM. RAM. Video Display, Keyboard, Line Print-
er, Cassette Recorder, Disk Drives, RS-232-C Inter-
face. Individual tests or continuous testing mode.
System Diagnostic $99.95

TYPITALL

TheSCRIPSlT" Compatible Word Processor
TYPITALL is a word processing program which
is upward compatible with SCRIPSIT" for the
TRS-80" Models 1 , 3 and 4. TYPITALL includes
features like these: Assign any sequence of key-
strokes to a single control key. See the formatted
text on the screen before printing. Send the for-
matted text to a disk file for later printing. Merge
data from a disk file during printing. Send ANY
control or graphic character to the printer. Use
the same version on the Model 1 or Model 3.
Reenter the program with all text intact if you
accidentally exit without saving the text.
TYPITALL (disk only) $129.95

TRS-80'" MODEL III
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

A complete course in assembly language,
written for the beginner. Basic concepts, the Z-
80 instruction set. complete Model III ROM and
RAM information, programming examples, the
disk controller, the TRSDOS 1.3 disk operating
system, RS-232-C interface.

With the book you can also purchase Mon-
itor #5, a comprehensive machine language
monitor (specify Model 1 or 3).

Book only $16.95

Book and Monitor #5 on disk $29.95

SMART TERMINAL

The intelligent terminal program, with auto-
matic transmission and storage of data, true
BREAK key, character translations, cassette and
disk files compatible with SCRIPSIT" and Elec-
tric Pencil". Same program supports both cas-
sette and disk systems.

Model 1, 3 or 4 $74.95

Model 2/12/16 (CP/M) Version $79.95

SMALL BUSINESS
ACCOUNTING

Based on Dome Bookkeeping Record #612,
this program keeps track of income, expenses,
and payroll (not in cassette version) for a small
business.

Model 1/3/4 dick version $59.95

Model 1/3/4 cassette version $29.95

Model 2/12/16 or IBM/PC version .... $69.95

SMALL BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

An integrated package that manages order
entry, invoicing, general ledger, accounts re-
ceivable, and inventory for a small business.
Installation package tailors the programs to
your business. Requires minimum 2 floppy disk
drives or hard disk. 80-column printer. Available
for TRS-80* Models 1/3/4, 2/12/16, IBM/PC,
Osborne I, Kaypro II, and many other CP/M
computers.
AB versions $250.00

24-hour TOLL-FREE Order Number
Outside California call:

(800) 428-7825, ext. 169

Inside California call:

(800) 428-7824, ext. 169

Visa, Master Card, or COD orders only.
Add $3.00 postage & handling.
New York residents add sales tax.

Howe Software

14 Lexington Rd., New City, NY 10956

•TRS-80* is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

.^175

B0 Micro, December 1983 • 133

CREATE: f oru . l»b«ll and form letters.

This machine code word processor c»n
•van ADD/SUBTRACT bookkeeping column

Change, delete, add, insert, stove, copy
(characters/lines/blocks) of text fast.

SELECT: margins, page length, number of
copies, tabs, center lines / page, line
spacing and LEGAL PAPER LINE NUMBERING.

MODEL I users get: Model III shift key
controlled upper / lower case letters!!

EASIER to USE than other systems . Only
i keys control 96% of the LW features!!

TRY a IM for 3 MONTHS. If not satisf-

ied return it. He will refund all but
$3.50 to cover postage / handling. IF
YOU CAN NOT RETURN IT, DO NOT BUY IT.

C. A. of N. Y. rates his LW purchase as
"one of the best buys I have Bade. "I

TAPE 16K Model I/III systems $23.99
DISK 32K Model I/III systems $37 99

WE PAY: t ax / US postage on all orders.
SbCbISs Cspecials^ ' T* .,-.

Verbatim MD525 01 disks:
Microsette CIO tape*box:

10 for $25.95
20 for $13.95

5905 Stone Hill Dr.
Rocklin, CA 95677

Computer Phone
(916) 624-3709,

YOUR TRS-80*

SPECIALISTS

IN CANADA

HACKER'S PARADISE

7VT

nimcf * iMMtii

SOFTWARE FROM

ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL

APPARAT INC.

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MED SYSTEMS

FANTASTIC SOFTWARE

INFOCOM

AND MORE

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DISK DRIVES

BOOKS

MODEL I LOWER CASE MOD

WRITE OR PHONE FOR A FREE CATALOGUE

CMD MICRO

10447 - 124 STREET " 1 » 1

EDMONTON. ALBERTA

T5N 1R7
PHONE 403- 488-7109

VISA & MASTERCARD ACCEPTED
•TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP

Living 1 continued

7F57

DD7E32

01640

PUN1

A, (IX)

7F5A

CD6402

01650

call

0264H

7F5D

01660

INC

7F5E

DD23

01670

INC

7F60

01680

ADD

A,C

7F61

01690

C,A

7F62

10F3

01700

DJNZ

PUN1

7F64

CD6402

01710

CALL

0264H

;OUTPUT CHECKSUM

7F67

CD2C02

01720

CALL

022CH

; BLINK STAR

7F6A

01730

RET

7F6B

01740

RESET

DEFB

76H

;HALT CODE

7F6C

01750

LIST

DEFB

0E9H

7F6D

01760

NAME

DEFB

20H

7F6E

01770

DEFB

20H

7F6F

01780

DEFB

20H

7F7B

01790

DEFB

20H

7F71

01800

DEFB

20H

7F72

01810

DEFB

■ 20H

0002

01820

STADR

DEFS

; STORE START ADDRESS

0002

01830

ENDADR DEFS

; STORE END ADDRESS

0002

01840

TRFADR DEFS

; STORE ENTRY ADDRESS

7F79

01850

MSG1

DEFM

'ENTER

PROGRAM NAME/START/END/ENTRY HEX

ADDR

ESSES'

52 20

50 52

4D 20

4E 41

54 41

52 54

2F 45

4E 54

45 58

20 41

53 53

45 53

7FA9

01860

DEFB

7FAA

01870

MSG2

DEFM

•

PREPARE RECORDER AND PRESS RECORD

t PL

AY <ENTER>

20 50

52 45

20 52

45 43

52 20

41 4E

45 53

53 20

52 44

20 26

59 20

3C 45

7FDF

01880

DEFB

7FE0

01890

STAR

DEFB

2 AH

7E00

01900

END

START

00000 TOTAL ERRORS

Program Listing 2. ProteC routine.

00100

1 PROTEC

1.1 —

-BASIC CASSETTE TAPES ONLY

41E2

00110

ORG

41E2H ;

SYSTEM RELAY FOR AUTO START

41E2

00120

DEFB

0E9H

40B1

00130

ORG

40B1U ;

BASIC TOP OF MEMORY PTR

40B1

1F7E

00140

DEFW

START- 1

418E

00150

ORG

418EH

NAME VECTOR

418E

00160

DEFB

0C3H

JUMP

41 8F

207E

00170

DEFW

START

4049

00180

ORG

4049H

MEMORY SIZE

4049

1F7E

00190

DEFW

START-1

7E20

00200

ORG

7E20H

PROTEK

7E20

00210

START

EQU

7£20

CDC901

00220

CALL

01C9H

CLEAR SCREEN

7E23

31287E

00230

SP,START+8

7E26

21837F

00350

HL,MSG1

DISPLAY PGM NAME PROMPT

7E29

CDA728

00360

CALL

28A7H

7E2C

3E0D

00370

A,0DH

7E2E

CD3A03

00380

CALL

033AH

7E31

2AA740

00390

HL, (40A7H)

7E34

0606

00400

B,6

7E36

CDD905

00410

CALL

05D9H

INPUT NAME

7E39

117D7F

00420

DE.NAME

7E3C

00440

NAME1

A, (HL)

7E3D

00450

(DE) ,A

7E3E

00460

INC

7E3F

00470

INC

7E40

10FA

004B0

DJNZ

NAM El

7E42

3E0D

00490

A,0DH

7E44

CD3A03

00500

CALL

033AH

7E47

21967F

00510

HL.MSG2

DISPLAY PREPARE RECORDER

7E4A

CDA7 28

00520

CALL

28A7H

7E4D

010000

00522

BC0000

7E50

CD6000

00524

CALL

0060H

7E53

00530

7E54

3A4038

00540

READY

A, (3840H

,-CHECK KEYBOARD FOR <ENTER>

7ES7

FE01

00550

01H

7E59

2807

00560

Z.REC

7E5B

FE04

00570

CHECK KEYBOARD FOR <BREAK>

7E5D

CA191A

00580

Z,1A19H

RETURN TO BASIC

7E60

18F2

00590

READY

7E62

00600

REC

7E63

3E2A

00610

A, 2 AH

7E6 5

323E3C

00620

(3C3EH) ,A ;STAR

7E68

3E00

00630

A,0

7E6A

CD1202

00650

CALL

0212H

INITIALIZE RECORDER 11

7E6D

CD8702

00660

CALL

02B7H

WRITE LEADER i SYNC BYTE

7E70

3E55

00670

A.55H

SYSTEM TAPE ID

7E72

CD6402

00680

CALL

0264H

WRITE BYTE

7E75

117D7F

006 90

DE.NAME

7E78

0606

00700

B,6

7E7A

00710

WRTNAM

A,(DE)

7E7B

CD6402

00720

CALL

026 4H

7E7E

00730

INC

7E7F

10F9

00740

DJNZ

WRTNAM

WRITE NAME

7E81

3E3C

00800

A,3CH ,

DISABLE TRACE

Listing 2 continued

134 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 2

continued

7E83

CD6402

00810

CALL

0264H

7E86

3E01

00820

A,l

7E88

CD64B2

00830

CALL

0264H

7E8B

3E1B

00840

A,1BH

7E8D

CD6402

00850

CALL

0264H

7E90

3E41

00860

A,41H

7E92

CD6402

00870

CALL

0264H

7E95

3E00

00880

A,0

7E97

CD6402

00890

CALL

0264H

7E9A

CD6402

00900

CALL

0264H

OUTPUT FALSE CHECKSUM

7E9D

213E3C

00910

HL,3C3EH

7EA0

DD21CC7F

00930

IX, STAR

7EA4

CD477F

00940

CALL

SET

7EA7

010000

00942

BC,0000 ;

DEFEAT TIMERS

7EAA

CD6000

00944

CALL

0060H

7EAD

CD6000

00946

CALL

0060H

7 EBB

210000

00950

HL,0000 ;

LMOFPSET

7EB3

CD437F

00970

CALL

BLOCK

7EB6

21A043

00980

HL.43A0H

; TBUG

7EB9

CD437F

00990

CALL

BLOCK

7EBC

21 807 F

01000

HL,7F80H

;RSM2 k 2D, 16K

7EBF

CD437F

01010

CALL

BLOCK

7EC2

2180BF

01020

HL.0BF80H

;RSM2D 32K

7EC5

CD437F

01030

CALL

BLOCK

7EC8

2180FF

01040

HL,0FF80h

;RSM2D 48K

7ECB

CD437F

01050

CALL

BLOCK

7ECE

210F40

01052

HL.400FH

; DEBUG

7 EDI

CD437F

01054

CALL

BLOCK

7ED4

210C40

01056

HL,400CH

; DISABLE BREAK KEY

7ED7

DD217A7F

01058

IX, BREAK

7EDB

0603

01060

B,3

7 EDO

CD497P

01062

CALL

PUNCH

7EE0

2AF940

01064

HL, (40F9H)

; SIMPLE VARIABLES PTR

7EE3

ED5BA440

01066

DE,(40A4H)

; START OF BASIC PGM PTR

7EE7

01068

7EE8

ED52

01070

SBC

HL,DE

7EEA

01072

DEC

7EEB

e:b

01074

DE,HL

7 EEC

01076

PUSH

7EED

DDE1

01078

POP

7EEF

01080

A,D

7EFB

FE00

01082

7EF2

2808

01084

Z,WRT2

7EF4

0600

01100 WRT1

B,0

7EF6

CD497F

01110

CALL

PUNCH

7EF9

01120

DEC

7 EPA

20F8

01130

NZ.WRT1

7EFC

01140 WRT2

A,E

7EFD

FE00

01150

•

7EFF

CA067F

01160

Z,WRT3

7FB2

01170

B,E

7FB3

CD4 97F

01180

CALL

PUNCH

7P06

01190 WRT3

PUSH

HL i

SAVE FOR TRANSFER

7F87

DD21727F

01200

IX, LIST

7FflB

0607

01210

B,7

7F0D

CD497F

01220

CALL

PUNCH

7F1B

21E241

01240

HL,41E2H

; SYSTEM/ AUTO-START RELAY

7F13

CD477F

01250

CALL

SET

7F16

0602

01290

B,2

7F18

21P940

01300

HL,40P9H

; SIMPLE VARIABLES PTR

7F1B

01310

PUSH

7F1C

DDE1

01312

POP

7F1E

CD497F

01320

CALL

PUNCH

7F21

21A440

01330

HL,40A4H

; START OF BASIC PTR

7F24

01340

PUSH

7F25

DDE1

01342

POP

7F27

0602

01350

B,2

7F29

CD497F

01360

CALL

PUNCH

7F2C

01370

POP

RECOVER RUN BLOCK

7F2D

3E78

01380

A,78H

TRANSPER BLOCK

7F2F

CD6402

01390

CALL

0264H

7F32

01400

A,E

RUN ROUTINE

7F33

CD6402

01410

CALL

0264H

7F36

01420

A,D

7F37

CD6402

01430

CALL

026 4H

7F3A

CDF801

01440

CALL

01F8H

TURN

OFF RECORDER

7F3D

CDC901

01480

CALL

01C9H

CLEAR

SCREEN-

7F4B

C3191A

01490

1A19H

RETURN TO BASIC

7F43

DD21717F

01500 BLOCK

IX, RESET

7F47

0601

01510 SET

B,l

7F49

3E3C

01520 PUNCH

A,3CH

BLOCK

SYNC

7F4B

CD6402

01530

CALL

0264H

WRITE

BYTE

7F4E

01540

A,B

BYTE

COUNT

7F4F

CD6 40 2

01550

CALL

0264H

7F52

01560

A,L

LSB ADDRESS

7F53

CD6402

01570

CALL

0264H

7F56

01580

C,A

SAVE

FOR CHECKSUM

7P57

01590

A,H

MSB ADDRESS

7F58

CD640 2

01600

CALL

0264H

7F5B

01610

ADD

A,C

7F5C

01620

C,A

7F5D

DD7E00

01630 PUN1

A, (IX)

7F6B

CD6482

01640

CALL

026 4H

7F63

01650

INC

7F64

DD23

01660

INC

7F66

01670

ADD

A,C

7F67

01680

C,A

7F68

10F3

01690

DJNZ

PUN1

7F6A

CD6402

01700

CALL

0264H

OUTPUT CHECKSUM

7F6D

CD2C02

01710

CALL

22CH

BLINK

STAR

7F7B

01720

RET

7F71

01722 RESET

DEFB

76H

HALT

CODE

7P72

01730 LIST

DEFB

21H

7P73

01740

DEFB

1EH

7P74

01750

DEFB

1DH

7P75

01760

DEFB

0E5H

7F76

01770

DEFB

0C3H

Listing 2 continued

ANALYTICAL ^tw
PROCESSEsJMj

raj ^CORPORATION

BUSINESS
SOFTWARE

for

IBM-PC, OSBORNE, XEROX

NORTHSTAR, RADIO SHACK

EPSON QX-1 0, CPM & MS-DOS

All Prices Include Full Support
and Source Code

* TAX/PACK 9

TAX/PACK for practitioners is
complete, coordinated, and in-
cludes most-used forms and
schedules Prints all schedules,
no masks, no data field entered
more than once. All data passed
automatically between sched-
ules and 1 040. Fully supported
all year. Partial or full system.
Can be used for single or multi-
ple returns Extremely flexible.
Computing taxes for over five
years

$995.00

MORE!

TRIED & TRUE APPUCATIONS

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Send Check. M.O.. or VISA/MC Number
and Expiration Date TODAY to:

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635 Main Street - P.O. Box 1313

Montrose, Colorado 81402

• 406

For More

Information

Call:

(303) 249-1400

We Are Unique . . . Try Us . . . Find Out

• SeeUstof Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 135

THIS MAY BE
THE SAVINGS ON

SOFTWARE

WHEN YOU'RE
A MEMBER OF

SOFTWARE

OF THE

MONTH CLUB

As a member of the Software of
the Month Club, you'll receive:

■ SAVINGS: high volume CLUB
purchases allow wholesale-like
prices to members.
Example: dBASE II ... . $389*

■ SELECTIONS: members to
decide best-seller list by
frequent polling: 40-50% off.
Other requests at cost plus 5-10%.

■ SUPPORT: technical hot-line.

■ NEWSLETTERS: tips &
"how-to" by consultants.

■ HARDWARE SPECIALS: co-op
savings.

■ No minimum purchase required.

Membership registration fee $25.

Join now for only $7 (limited time)

and receive price list.

BOM 11-83

SOFTWARE OF THE
MONTH CLUB, INC.

953 Mission St.. Mint Mall
San Francisco. CA 94103

Enclosed is $7 for this special.
Please enroll me in the club.

Name

•oTmT^

.-29

Address-
City

State/ Zip_

'Plus shipping/handling. Subject to change without notice.

136 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 2 continued

7P77

01780

DEFB

5DH

7P78

01790

DEPB

IBB

7P79

01B0B

DEFB

0E9H

7P7A

01810

BREAK

DEPB

0C3H

7P7B

01820

DEPB

98B

7P7C

• A

01830

DEFB

7F7D

01840

NAME

DEFB

20H

7F7E

01842

DEPB

20H

7F7P

01844

DEFB

20H

7F80

01846

DEPB

20H

7P81

01848

DEPB

20H

7F82

01849

DEFB

20H

7P83

01850

MSG1

DEPM

'ENTER PROGRAM NAME'

52 20

47
45
80

4D 20

7F95

01860

DEPB

7F96

01S70

MSG2

DEPM

' PREPARE RECORDER AND PRESS RECORD & PL

AY <ENTER>

20 50

20 52

52 20

45 53

52 44

59 20

7PCB

01880

DEPB

7PCC

01890

STAR

DEFB

2AH

SCH

01910

ORG

3C00H ; WRITE INSTRUCTIONS

3C00

01920

DEFM

• PROTEC

20 20

20 50

20 20

3C3F

01930

DEPP.

1 WHEN YOU ARE READY TO ENCODE YOUR BASI

C PROGRAM «

TYPE NAME"

20 57

55 20

41 44

4E 43

55 52

20 50

2C 20

41 4D

3C7E

01940

DEPM

1 < ENTER). YOU WILL BE PROMPTED TO ENTER U

P TO

SIX CHARACTERS

4E 54

59 4F

20 42

50 54

45 4E

20 54

43 48

52 53

3CBD

01950

DEFM

' UNDER WHICH YOUR ENCODED PROGRAM WILL OP

ERATE AS A

SYSTEM TA'

4E 44

43 48

45 4E

50 52

57 49

52 41

41 20

20 54

3CFC

01960

DEFM

'PE < ENTER >. YOU WILL THEN BE PROMPTED TO

PREPARE

THE RECORDER'

3C 45

20 20

4C 4C

42 45

54 45

52 45

48 45

44 45

3D3B

0197

DEPM

', PRESSING RECORD AND PLAY < ENTER >. YOUR

BASIC PROGRAM WILL

20 50

47 20

20 41

59 20

3E 2E

42 41

4F 47

4C 4C

3D79

01980

DCPM

1 BE ENCODED AS A SYSTEM TAPE. TO RUN YOU

R TAPE,

TYPE

SYSTEM

20 20

45 44

53 59

41 50

52 55

20 54

59 50

45 4D

3DB7

01990

DEFM

* <ENTER>. AT THE PROMPT *? ENTER THE NAN

E UNDER

WHICH

THE'

54 45

20 41

50 52

3P 20

54 48

Listing 2 continued

45 20 55

57 48 49

3DP3 20

02000

PROGRAM

WILL LOAD'

52 4F 47

41 53 45

44 20 3C

3E 2E 20

20 45 4E

20 50 52

20 57 49

41 44

3E30 20

02010

RS WILL

UNABLE TO'

44 20 41

54 49 43

59 20 42

54 4F 20

54 45 2E

52 53 20

42 45 20

45 20 54

3E6F 20

02020

R MONITORS

SUCH AS 1

49 53 54

53 54 20

45 20 54

45 41 4B

20 20 50

52 20 4D

52 53 20

41 53

3EAC 20

02030

LL BE DISABLED, AS W

45 20 52

45 52 49

20 53 59

43 4F 50

20 54 42

4C 4C 20

53 41 42

41 53 20

3EEB 49

02040

CLOAD

YOUR BASIC PR 1

20 54 48

43 45 20

20 20 46

4F 4E 2E

20 4D 41

20 43 4C

4F 55 52

43 20 50

3F2A 4F

02050

PROGRAM WASENCODED <ENTER>. YOUR ENCODED

AND AUTOMATIC- ALLY BEGIN TO OPERATE. USE

LIST, LLIST OR USE THE BREAK KEY. POPULA

THE RSM2 SERIES, SYSTEM COPY AND TBUG WI

'ILL THE TRACE FUNCTION. YOU MAY NOW

'OGRAM IF IT HAS NOT ALREADY BEEN LOADED.

47 52 41 4D 20 49 46 20
49 54 20 48 41 53 20 4E
4F 54 20 20 20 41 4C 52
45 41 44 59 20 42 45 45
4E 20 4C 4F 41 44 45 44
2E 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
20

4020

4020 803F
1A19

02060
02070
02080

ORG

DEFW

END

4020H
3F80H

1A19H

; BASIC RE-ENTRY

00000 TOTAL ERRORS

Prolessional

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for IBM APP1E TRS-80 and CPM Computers

• PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $525

Tenanl Inlormation Owners Report

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REAL ESTATE ANALYSIS MODULES $50 Modul*

Loan Sales 'Purchase
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OPTIONS-BOA
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REMSOFT, INC.

Let Your TRS-80®

Teach You

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Tired of buying book after book on assembly
language programming and still not knowing
your POP from your PUSH?

REMSOFT proudly announces a more
efficient way, using your own TRS-80® to
learn the fundamentals of assembly language
programming . . at YOUR pace and YOUR
convenience.

Our unique package, "INTRODUCTION TO
TRS-80® ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING, will
provide you with the following:

• Ten 40 minute lessons on audio
cassettes

• A driver program to make your TRS-80®
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the instructor.

• A display program for each lesson to
provide illustration and reinforcement for
what you are hearing.

• Step-by-step dissection of complete and
useful routines to test memory and to
gain direct control over the keyboard,
video monitor, and printer.

• How to access and use powerful routines
in your Level II or Model III Basic ROM

AVAILABLE FOR MODEL 1 & 3
REMASSEM (up.) $74.95

REMASSEM (di.o $79.95

LEARN TRS-80®

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

DISK I/O

Your disk system and you can really step
out with REMSOFT'S Educational Module.
REMDISK-1, a "short course" revealing the
details of DISK I/O PROGRAMMING using
assembly language. Intended for the student
with experience and assembly language.
COURSE INCLUDES:

• Two 45-minute lessons on audio cassette

• A driver program to make your TRS-80®
video monitor serve as a blackboard for
the instructor.

• A display program for each lesson to
provide illustration and reinforcement for
what you are hearing.

• A booklet of comprehensive, fully
commented program listings illustrating
sequential file I/O random-access file
I/O and track and sector I/O.

• A diskette with machine readable source
codes for all programs discussed in both
Radio Shack EDTASM and Macro
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• Routines to convert from one assembler
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Presently available for Modal 1 only
REMDISK-1 only $29.95

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These courses were developed and recorded by Joseph t
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has taught at Meta Technologies Corporation, the Radio
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REMSOFT, INC.

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SHIPPING CHARGES:

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OTHER FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 20%

OHIO RESIOENTS ADD 6V,% SALES TAX

TRS-80* IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP

* See List of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 137

a&ag^affi&g^

-°1S3«

fSfl

SOFTWARE

DOS PLUS 3.5 MODEL 1/1 1 1

Better than standard Dos Plus. Added enhancements to make this
the best system that will put you in total control.

OUR
Retails at $149.95 PRICE

DOS PLUS 4 MODEL 4

All the features of Dos Plus 3.5 and more. 80-column capability
with full Microsoft BASIC. 1 00% faster than TRSDOS 6.0.

OUR
Retails at $149.00 PRICE

CPM 2.2 FOR THE MODEL 4

From Montezuma Micro comes a fully implemented version of
Digital Research's CPM 2.2. Now you can run all CPM-compatible
programs on your Model 4 computer.

OUR
Retails at $199.00 PRICE

NEWSCRIPT

A complete word processing system based on the editing and
text-formatting programs developed by IBM for use on mainframe
time-sharing systems.

OUR cft - nn
Retails at $110.00 PRICE $ 00 00

SOS DISK TIMER

Speed-O-Scope drive speed test program used to check drive
R.P.M. and to adjust TRS-80 Model III Disk Drives. Allows assur-
ance and adjustment of your disk drives to proper operating speed.

OUR . . _ ftn
Retails at $19.95 PRICE $ 1 5 00

BASIC EDITOR

If you do a lot of editing of your BASIC programs, then this is the
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for your TRS 80

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§3

GENERAL

LOAD 80

Channels of Communication

by Dan Keen and Dave Dischert

ome satellite receiving dishes can bring you
more than 140 cable stations free. This article
explains dish technology and positioning.

You're sitting at home on a Friday
night, looking for something entertain-
ing to watch on television. But all that's
on are reruns of The Dukes of Hazzard,
a show on how to train your dog, and
the Miss Teen U.S.A. pageant.

You do have an alternative — more
than 140 TV and movie stations, each
of which comes into your home free.
All you need is a satellite receiver and a

Model I or III.

In this article we discuss how satellite
receivers work, how to get one, the costs
and time involved, and how to use your
Model I or III to position your receiving
dish to pull in signals from different sat-
ellites.

Satellite Receiver Boom

Home satellite receivers are gaining in

UPLINK

DOWNLINK

o
o

RECEIVER

AMP

popularity. Currently, more than
100,000 U.S. homes have receivers. As
more dishes are set up and newer, less
expensive technology becomes avail-
able, dish receivers will drop in price
and come within reach of almost every-
one. As it is, satellite receiver systems
are significantly less expensive today
than they were five years ago. You can
get a complete system now for as little as
$2,500.

The Technology

Cable program signals travel around
the United States via satellite (see Fig.
1). The transmitting station that gener-
ates the microwave signal beams it up to
an orbiting satellite.

The satellite receives the signal, cleans
it up, and rebroadcasts it to receiving
stations scattered across the United
States. These receiving stations then
send the signal, via ground-based ca-
bles, to homes.

Home receiving dishes work just like
their commercial counterparts. They,
too, pick up signals from satellites, but
instead of sending them out over com-
mercial cables, they shunt the signal to
your home television set.

Communications satellites orbit di-
rectly over the equator in a geostation-
ary orbit at an altitude of 22,300 miles.
Satellites occur in the North American
continent in an equatorial arc of from
roughly 83 to 135 degrees longitude,
with a spread of about four degrees.

Figure 1. The bask components of a satellite TV system.
140 • 80 Micro, December 1983

The Key Box

Model I and m

16K RAM Cassette Bask

32K RAM Disk Basic

Television Stations

Typically, satellites have either 12 or
24 channels, called transponders. Sev-
eral communications satellites carry a
full load (24 channels) devoted to tele-
vision programming.

Some programs are free religious or
commercial stations, such as Satellite
News Channel and Music Television.
Other channels may be illegal to receive,
such as Home Box Office and Show-
time, but comprehensive laws govern-
ing this medium are still being debated.

Satcom F3R, the most widely accessed
satellite, is one of the few that dedicates
all 24 transponders to television pro-
gramming. It carries Nickelodeon, The
Movie Channel, ESPN (entertainment
sports), MTV (Music Television), Cable
News Network, the Christian Broadcast
Network, and superstations WGN and
WTBS. The Program Listing contains
all the stations available through Sat-
com F3R.

U.S. companies launch more satel-
lites each year, providing a larger se-
lection of programming services from
which to choose.

Getting the Signal

Communications satellites send out
polarized microwave beams in either a
horizontal or vertical format. For ex-
ample, RCA's Satcom F3R satellite has
horizontal polarization on even tran-
sponders and vertical polarization on
odd transponders. The Westar 3 satel-

Figure 2. The feed assembly, consisting of the fa) antenna, (b) low-noise amptifier, and (c) downconverter.

lite polarizes all its signals horizontally.

Even though all communications sat-
ellites (about 12 currently in operation)
broadcast on the same frequencies,
there is no interference between them
because the receiving antennas are
highly directional.

To pick up these signals, you need to
rotate your dish antenna. You can
equip your antenna with a remote con-
trol motor to rotate the dish from inside
your house. Other satellite systems pro-
vide electronic switches that correctly
position the antenna.

Earth transmitters send TV signals to
satellites at 1,000 watts. This is called the

Photo. One of the authors' microwave antennas.

uplink of the transmission. The satellite
receives the signal, usually at around 6
gigahertz in frequency, cleans it up, and
retransmits it back over the United States
(see the schematic in Fig. 1).

The return signal arrives at between
3.7 and 4.2 gigahertz and at a power of
5 watts. Because the signal is so weak,
you need a large receiving dish to gather
and concentrate the signal (see the
Photo). For most of North America, a
10-foot dish is the minimum required
for a good picture. The dish gathers and
concentrates the signal, and bounces it
back into the feed assembly, a combina-
tion receiver/amplifier suspended op-
posite the center of the dish (see Fig. 2).
The feed assembly directs signals into
the receiving amplifier, called a low-
noise amplifier, or LNA.

The LNA amplifies the signal and
sends it to the downconverter, also part
of the feed assembly. The downconvert-
er changes the high-frequency micro-
wave signal to a lower, more manage-
able signal of about 70 MHz. It then
sends the signal along a standard TV
cable wire (Radio Shack part number
RG-59U) into your home.

Finally, the signal travels indoors to
the receiver, letting you select a channel
from 1 to 24. You receive the signal
through a radio frequency signal (usual-
ly on channels 2, 3, or 4) connected to
the antenna input of any television. Di-
rect video/audio outputs are included
for connection to a video tape recorder
or a large-screen projection TV.

Broadcast Scrambling

Potential satellite owners need not
worry about spending money for a receiv-
ing system that only picks up scrambled
signals. As of this writing, scrambling

80 Micro, December 1983 • 141

Program Listing. Satellite guide and site survey program.

10 CLS:PRINT§512, "ENTER YOUR CHOICE <S>ITE SURVEY <P>ROGRAM GUIDE

";:GOSUB640:IFIK$="S"THENGOTO1000ELSEIFIK$<>"P"THENGOTO10

20 CLEAR1000:DIN A$(24) ,S{75) :GOSUB580

30 DATA Nickelodeon/Arts, PTL,WGN, Spotlight, The Movie Channel, WTBS,

E. S.P.N. Entertainment k Sports Programming Net, A. E.T.N. /Christian

Broadcasting Network, USA Cable Network/C-Span, Showtime, MTV (Music

Television) , Showtime
40 DATAHorae Box Off ice, Cable News Network, Cable News Network Headl
ine News

50 DATA HTN Plus/ASCN/National Jewish Television, Cable Health Netw
ork, Reuters Monitor Service/Eternal Word Television, C-Span,Cinemax
,The Heather Channel, Modern Satellite Network/Daytime/HBO/USA Net.
,Cinemax,HBO

60 F0RZ=1T024:READA$(Z) :NEXT:CLS

80 PRINTe87,CHR$(176) ;CHR$(176) ;STRING$(9,188) ;CHR$(176) ;CHR$(176)
90 PRINTil48,CHR$(184) ;CHR$(190) ;STRING$(15,191) ;CHR$(189) ;CHR$(18
0) ;CHR$(144)

100 PRINTi210,CHR$(184) ;STRING$(21,191) ;CHR$(189) ;CHR$(144)
110 PRINT@273,CHR$(186) ; STRINGS ( 24 , 191) ;CHR$(144)
120 PRINT@337,STRING$(25,191) ;CHR$(149)
130 PRINT@401,CHR$(138) ;STRING$(24,191)

140 PRINT8466,CHR$(139) ;CHR$(175) ;STRING$(20,191) ;CHR$(143) ;CHR$(1
29)

150 PRINTe532,CHR$(131) ;CHR$(143) ;STRINGS(15,191) ;CHR$(143) ;CHR$(1
35) ;CHR$(129)

160 PRINTP599,CHRS(130) ;CHR$(131) ;CHR$(131) ;STRING$(7 ,143) ;CHR$(13
1);CHR$(131) ;CHR$(129)
170 PRINT#365, "Earth";
180 REM PLOT SATELLITES

190 SET(0,24) :PRINT§513, "Satcom 3"; :SET(2, 28) :PRINT§578, "Comstar D
4"?

200 SET(5,33) :PRINT§707,"Westar 5" ; :SET(11,38) :PRINTG774, "Satcom 2
";

210 SET(18,41) :PRINT§842,"Anik A3/A2"; :SET(28,44) :PRINTg976, "Anik
Dl"j

220 SET(47,46) :PRINTe911,"Anik B";
230 SET(64,46) :PRINTg993,"Westar 4"; :SET(78,43) :PRINT$937 , "Comstar

D1/D2";

240 SET(87,40) :PRINT§878, "Westar 3"; :SET(0,21) :PRINTg449, "Satcom F
1";

241 SET(0, 18) :PRINT§385, "Satcom F5" ; :SET(96 ,37) :PRINT§817 , "Comstar
D3"; :REM F5 & D3

242 SET( 101, 34) :PRINTS756, "Satcom F4"; :SET(105,31) :PRINTg694,"West
ar 1/2";:REM F4 6 WEST 1/2

250 S«1:REM STAR TWINKLING

260 GOSUB550:X»0

270 FORA=1TO75:B-RND(1024) :S«15359+B:C-PEEK(S) : IF032THENNEXTELSEP

ORES, 46 : S (X) =S:X=X+1: NEXT

280 TW-RND(X) :POKES(TW) ,32:FORDE-1TO20: IFINKEY$«""THENNEXT:POKES(T

W) ,46:GOTO280

290 REM SATELLITE DATA VIDEO PAGE

300 CLS:GOSUB55ft

310 PRINTG128, "SATELLITE" , "POSITION" , "COUNTRY"

320 PRINT"

330 PRINT"Satcom F3R","131 degrees" , "U.S.A."

340 PRINT"Comstar Dl","127 degrees", "U.S. A."

350 PRINT"Westar 5", "123 degrees", "U.S. A."

360 PRINT'Satcom F2","119 degrees", "U.S.A. "

370 PRINT'Anik 3", "114 degrees" , "Canada"

380 PRINT" Anik B","109 degrees", "Canada"

390 PRINT'Westar 4"," 99 degrees", "U.S.A. "

400 PRINT'Comstar D2"," 95 degrees", "U.S. A. "

410 PRINT'Westar 3"," 91 degrees", "U.S. A."

420 PRINT'Comstar D3"," 87 degrees" , "U.S.A. "

430 PRINT'Satcom F4"," 83 degrees" , "U.S.A."

440 GOSUB610

450 REM SATCOM DATA VIDEO PAGE

460 CLS:GOSUB550

470 PRINT: PRINT" Satcom F3R Programming Services For Transponders

1 Through 12"

480 X-194:F0RP-1T012:PRINT8X,P,A$(P) :X«0C+64:NEXT

490 GOSUB600:GOSUB610

500 CLS:GOSUB550

510 PRINT: print" Satcom F3R Programming Services For Transponders

13 Through 24"

520 X=194:PORP-13T024:PRINTM,P,AS(P) :X»X+64:NEXT

530 GOSUB600:GOSUB610

540 RUN

550 PRINT87, "SATELLITE GUIDE - Hit any key for more information";

560 RETURN

580 REM

MAKE BORDER

590 A$=STRING$(63,131)+CHR$(191) :F0RA-1T012:A$-A$+CHR$(26) +CHR$( 8)
+CHR$ ( 191) : NEXT : FORA=lT013 : B$-B$+CHR$ ( 191 ) +CHR$ ( 26 ) +CHR$ ( 8) : NEXT rB
$»B$+CHR$(191)+STRING$(62,176) rRETURN

Listing continued

is almost nonexistent in the satellite in-
dustry. Only Home Box Office has
threatened to modify their signal in the
future.

Some programming on Canada's Anik
satellite is scrambled, but it has techno-
logical problems that are so significant
that subscribing cable companies have
appealed to them to discontinue this
practice.

The Latest Developments

Satellites launched since 1982 have
more power than previous units. Conse-
quently, picture quality remains high
with less efficient (and less expensive)
receiving systems.

Because of these advances, great dif-
ferences exist between equipment per-
formance and cost. You can find dish
antennas for around $1, 200 that give

"Satellites launched

since 1982 have

more power than

previous units.

Consequently, picture

quality remains high

with less efficient

(and less expensive)

receiving systems. "

the same performance as those costing
in excess of $10,000. You can install
complete systems today for about
$2,000 to $3,000.

The latest line of receivers on the
market are more attractively packaged
than those of a few years ago. They also
provide new features and innovations.

Richly furnished cabinets, illumi-
nated meters, and digital channel read-
outs enhance front panel appearance.
Several companies even offer hand-
held, infrared remote control.

The Program

Our program contains a satellite
guide option and a site survey option.
The satellite guide option lists all satel-
lites and their position relative to earth,
and prints a graphics display. It also
lists the 24 TV channels on the Satcom
F3R satellite.

The she survey option prompts you
for your location and tells you if you

142 • 80 Micro, December 1983

You've Got

TOTAL ACCESS

Rose

TO YOUR COMPUTER HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
NEEDS. CALL ROSE TODAY!

AEROCOMP DISK DRIVES

External drives lor TRS80 Mod I or III. IBM PC & Tl
99/4 A are complete with power supply & enclosure

40 Track Single Side (Tandon) $199

40 Track SS "Flippy" (MPI) 239

40 Track Dual Head (Tandon/MPI) 279

80 Track SS (MPI) 299

80 Track SS "Flippy" (MPI) 329

80 Track Dual Head (Tandon) 379

Color Computer Add-On

Drives (2nd & 3rd) 199

8" EXPANSION BOX

Complete system with power supply & fan
(slimline)

Two 8" Single Side $699

Two 8" Double Side 849

'All New! Half-High Drives
Available Now. Call For Prices.
BARE DRIVES

Internal drives for TRS80 Mod. Ill, IBM PC & Tl 99/41

(controller reauired)

40 Track SS (Tandon) $169

40 Track Dual Head (Tandon/MPI) 249

80 Track SS (MPI) 269

80 Track Dual Head (Tandon) 339

8 inch Single Side Thinline 260

8 inch Dual Head Thinline 375

MODEL III DRIVES

Complete internal drive kits with 40 track drives, disk

controller, power supply, all hardware & cables.

Drive Kit Only (no drives) $1 99

One Drive System Kit 369

Two Drive System Kit 539

MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY

CONTROLLER

AEROCOMP "DDC" $99

AEROCOMP "DDC" w/LDOS 169

AEROCOMP "DDS" 49

(Double dens data separator for Percom
Doubler. LNDoubler or Superbrain

AEROCOMP "SDS" 29

(Single dens, data separator)

MISCELLANEOUS DRIVE STUFF

TRSDOS 2.3 Disk & Manual $20

LD0S(Mod I or III) 119

NEWD0S/80, 2.0 (Mod. I or III) 129

Diskettes (10 in library box) 23

MX80 Ribbons $9

Drive Power Supply & Enclosure (5 25") .59

2-Drive cable 24

4-Drive cable 34

Extender cable 13

c Total Access 1 983

MICRO
DECISION

$1299

64 K CP/M 2.2. two serial ports
MBASIC - WordStar - Logicalc
BaZic - Correct- IT
12" Green Video 80 x 25
Double Density (200K) Drive

Uses APPLE Software
Call, it may be
cheaper by now

$999

brother

EM-1 Electronic
Typewriter
Choose
Either One

HR1 PRINTER

$799

EPSON FX-80

160cps Fnction/Tractof (S32 Option)
10.12.165 cpi

+ Doubiew.de CCCQ

6.8.12 ipi M>%JV57

TRS-80 SPECIAL EQUIPMENT

80 x 24 Video Board for the Model III. .. $199

112K CP/M 2.2 for the Model III $399

16K Memory, 200nsec. Guar 1 yr 8/S1 2

64 K Memory, 200nsec, Guar 1 yr 8/S48

1 2' Green Phosphor Monitor $87

SOFTWARE

Super Utility Plus 3.0 by Kim Watt $59

Alcor PASCAL Model I or III 169

P&T CP/M for the Mod II 159

P&T CP/M for the Mod 16 189

P&T CP/M for the Hard Disk 199

All SNAPPWARE **10%"OFF

I have lots of other software. Call me now for your
needs. All at discount

MEDIA & SUPPLIES

8" disks SS DblDen, Guar. Forever $29

8" disks DS DWDen, Same Guarantee. ... 39

5" Flipsort, holds 75 disks 19

8" Flipsort same deal 29

5" Library boxes $2.50

8" Library boxes $3.50

5" or 8" Head cleaning kit 9

Tractor paper, letter size 2900 sheets 25

LNW COMPUTERS

128K LNW-80 Model II, Both NTSC & RGB
outputs. RS232 and parallel printer port.
Uses both 5" and 8" drives. Works on all
known TRS-80 DOS's. Comes with
DOSPLUS. Also works with CP/M 2.2
which is included at no extra cost Now
a FREE 12" GREEN PHOSPHOR
monitor and cable included. All for
the low price of $1695

PRINTERS & OTHER ACCESSORIES

ANADEX DP-9500A or 9501 A $1239

ANADEX DP-9620A 200 cps 1399

ANADEX WP-6000, 284 cps. NLQ 2695

PROWRITER 120 cps. 10" Fnction/Tractor 375
PROWRITER 2. 120 cps, 15" Fnc/Trac . 669
STARWRITER F-10. 40 cps Daisy Wheel. 1250
PRINTMASTER F-1 0,55 cps Daisy .1499

Rutishauser Bidirectional Tractor 1 99

Rutishauser Sheet Feeder 895

PERIPHERALS -
32K LNW Expansion Interface w/RS232...$329
Mod III RS232 complete, ready to install. 79
Signalman Mk I Modem 300 baud,
direct connect 89

Please add $5 handling charge to all orders under $24

ORDER NOW!
TOLL FREE
800-527-3582

Write or call Toll free lines are for orders only. Texas
residents call 21 4/458-1 966 and deduct $2.00 from
your order. If you need technical information or service
use the Texas number. Prices are subject to change
without notice and are mail order only. I accept VISA
or MASTERCARD, you can send a check or money
order (allow a couple of weeks for personal or
company checks to clear) or order COD (cash,
certified check or money order only). Shipping is not
included unless otherwise indicated Please add $5
handling charge to all orders under $24. Texas orders
add 5% tax No tax added on shipments outside
Texas Order up - I need the money!

TOTAL ACCESS

P.O. BOX 790276
DALLAS, TX 75379
214-458-1966

NEXT DAY SHIPMENT on all in stock Merchandise

* See List or Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 143

l.ishnt continued

600 PRINTei28,A$; :PRINT3128,B$; :POKEl6383 f 191 i RETURN

610 GOSUB550:PORX»1TO200:IFINKEY$«""THENNEXTELSERETURN

620 PRINT325," "; :FORX=1TO50:IPINKEY$«""THENNEXT

630 GOTO610

640 IK$=INKEY$:IFIK$=""THENGOTO640ELSER£TURN

1000 CLEAR100:DEFDBL A-Z

1010 PI-3. 141592

1020 R-3963

1030 H*2230fl

1040 CLS:PRINTei8, "SATELLITE SITE SURVEY PROGRAM" :PRINTSTRING$( 64 ,

"-")

1050 PRINT-ENTER THE LONGITUDE OF THE SATELLITE. HOW MANY DEGREES

1060 INPUT SD: INPUT" HOW MANY MINUTES ";SM

1070 INPUT"IS IT WEST OR EAST LONGITUDE (ENTER W OR E) ";SB$

1080 SA-SD+SM/60:IF SB$»"E"THEN SA— SA

1090 INPUT" ENTER DISH (ANTENNA SITE) LONGITUDE. HOW MANY DEGREES

";DD

1100 INPUT"HOW MANY MINUTES "jDM

1110 INPUT'IS IT WEST OR EAST LONGITUDE (ENTER W OR E) ";DB$

1120 DA«DD+DM/60:IF DB$-"E"THEN DA— DA

1130 INPUT"ENTER DISH LATITUDE. HOW MANY DEGREES "jTD

1140 INPUT'HOW MANY MINUTES ";TM

1150 TA«TD+TM/60:TA-90-TA

1160 A»ABS((SA-DA)*PI/180)

1170 OTA*PI/180

1180 CA=SIN(C)*COS(A) :TA=SQR(1/ (CA*CA) -1)

1190 AA-ATN(TA)

1200 BS-SIN(A)/SIN(AA)

1210 TB-1/SQR(1/(BS*BS)-1)

1220 BB-ATN(TB) :BB-BB*180/PI

1230 IF SA>DA THEN TR-180+BB ELSE TR=180-BB

1240 PRINT'THE TRUE BEARING (ANTENNA HEADING) IS ";

1250 PRINTUSING"M#.##";TR

1260 X-SQR(R*R+(R+H)*(R+H)-2*R*(R+H) *COS(AA) )

1270 SE-(R+H)*SIN(AA)/X

1280 TE=1/SQR(1/(SE*SE)-1) :EL«=ATN(TE)

1290 EL-EL*180/PI

1300 EL-90-EL

1310 PRINT'THE ANGLE OF ELEVATION IS ";

1320 PRINTUSING"###.##"; EL;: PRINT" DEGREES"

1330 PRINT: INPUT'HOW MANY DEGREES IS THE MAGNETIC DEVIATION OF YOU

R AREA ";MD

1340 INPUT" IS THAT WEST OR EAST (ENTER W OR E) "»A$

1350 IFA$="W"THEN MD»MD+TR ELSE MD=TR-MD

1360 PRINT"YOUR COMPASS HEADING SHOULD ";USING"#M . M";MD; :PRINT"

DEGREES"

1370 INPUT"HIT <ENTER> FOR MENU ";OLS:RUN

can place a satellite receiving station on
your property by calculating the head-
ing and elevation of a dish for any given
satellite.

The program first prompts you with
a menu containing the two options. Hit
the S key to perform a site survey or the
P key for a satellite programming guide.

The satellite guide section presents a
visual picture of the earth, with current
satellites in their respective positions.
The program displays information about
the various satellites, including their
longitude (true position) and their coun-
try of origin.

There must be an unobstructed line
from your dish to the satellite. In the
winter, trees have no effect on micro-
waves, but the addition of water in
foliage in the spring and summer wipes
out reception.

The mathematics used in the pro-
gram involve spherical trigonometry
and is beyond the scope of this article.

Data Input

It's easy to accurately determine the
144 • 80 Micro, December 1983

latitude and longitude of your house by
checking a map or referring to the deed
to your house. You must also input the
magnetic deviation (the difference be-
tween true north and magnetic north) in
your area. You can get this information
from your local airport or, if you live
along the coast, from the local Coast
Guard base.

Enter the longitude of the satellite
you wish to find by copying the infor-
mation from the satellite guide section
in the program. Enter fractional degrees
using either a decimal point or by an-
swering the prompt for the number of
minutes of arc. For example, if your lat-
itude is 74 degrees, 50 minutes, you can
enter this into the program in two ways:

ENTER DISH (ANTENNA) LONGITUDE
HOW MANY DEGREES? 74.8
HOW MANY MINUTES?

ENTER DISH (ANTENNA) LONGITUDE
HOW MANY DEGREES? 74
HOW MANY MINUTES? 50

Installing It Yourself

If you're interested in purchasing
your own satellite receiver, we suggest
you talk to your local satellite dealer.
Unless you're mechanically inclined, a
site inspection for reception quality,
and siting the antenna should be done
by a professional.

With a distance of 22,300 miles from
satellite to the equator, an antenna
situated off by 1 degree will miss its in-
tended satellite by 1,000 miles. A
preliminary inspection will save you a
lot of wasted effort in an area of poor
reception.

By running your own cable, pouring
the concrete, and assembling the equip-
ment yourself, however, you can save
hundreds of dollars.

We purchased a Wilson Microwave
system. The Wilson system is not a
turnkey system; that is, the manufac-
turer does not supply all the material
necessary to put the system into opera-
tion, but only a few connectors and
some wire aren't included.

The wire is standard multiconductor
cable. It runs the power supplied by the
indoor receiver out to the low-noise am-
plifier and downconverter. You also
need an RG-59U wire to bring the TV
signal from the downconverter into the
house. You can purchase both types of
wire at Radio Shack.

One person cannot install this system
alone. Laying the concrete foundation
for the dish and assembling its panels
are two-man operations.

An 1 1-foot dish has a surface area of
95 square feet. On a 100-square-foot
area, an 80 mph wind exerts a 2Vi ton
force. This kind of stress makes a secure
base essential.

Conclusion

In retrospect, the expense we incurred
to construct a working earth satellite re-
ceiver system was higher than orig-
inally estimated. Several nuts and bolts,
two special microwave connectors
(available from a satellite system
dealer), and wire and cables all were ad-
ditional expenses.

The system is fairly easy to operate,
although you have to adjust the fine
tuning every time you change stations.

During heavy rain, we pick up some
snow on the picture, but other than
that, picture quality is good.

What's on TV tonight? Everything! ■

Dan Keen and Dave Dischert can be
reached at Soft Horizons Computer
Software, RD1 Box 432, State Highway
83, Cape May Court House, NJ 08210.

DOES YOUR COMPUTER
WA$TE MONEY?

It Does If Your Software
Wastes Valuable Time

Our programs and systems are the result of experience gained working with custom systems. They were developed
for the general user with the user's needs in mind at all times. Every effort has been made to make the very best possible
use of the hardware in terms of speed, capacity, and efficiency.

All versions of mailing list and data bank are programmed in compiler basic using ISAM' files to eliminate the need for
time consuming, inefficient, and expensive sorting. Through the use of 'ISAM' files, the maximum number of records that
can be handled by the computer is only limited by the availability of disk space and not by the amount of computer
memory needed for sorting and the complete file is accessible at any time.

The use of ISAM' files is not the only time saver, as compiler basic programs run considerably faster than ordinary
basic programs. For example: the loan amortization system was programmed in compiler basic just to speed up the time it
takes to calculate the loan payments and produce the amortization report.

Both versions of our inventory system are programmed in interpreter basic, utilizing both direct access and variable
length records to maximize access speed and the use of available disk space.

The dedication, ability, and years of experience of both the system analyst and the programmer combine to make
these programs and systems among the finest that you have had the opportunity to use and certainly one of the best values
on the market.

DATA BANK SYSTEM

Builds and maintains user defined data f Me(s) with up to 16 (12 for
model III) user defined data fields. The user specifies file name,
control field data, data field names, and data field size The
system adds records, changes records, deletes records, displays
individual records, prints all records in user defined format with
user's choice of fields and order, and prints records by user
defined search as to field and value in user defined format with
user's choice of fields and order. Model 2, 12 $295.00

Model III ..'.'.'..'. %27SM

MAILING LIST SYSTEM (Alpha Sequence)

Builds and maintains mailing list in alpha sequence by entire
name. The system adds records and checks for duplicates,
changes records, deletes records, displays individual records,
prints all records, prints records by user specified zip code
search, prints all mailing labels, prints individual labels (as many
as requested), prints labels by user specified zip code search, &
prints telephone directory. The data file created by this system
can be used as input for the mailing list (zip code sequence)

system Model 2, 12 $200.00

Model III $175.00

MAILING LIST SYSTEM (Zip Code Sequence)

Builds and maintains mailing list in alpha sequence within zip
code sequence. This system adds records and checks for
duplicates, changes records, deletes records, displays individual
records, prints all records in alpha sequence within zip code,
prints records by user specified zip code, prints all mailing labels
in alpha sequence within zip code, prints individual labels (as
many as requested), prints labels for user specified individual zip
codes, prints telephone directory in alpha sequence within zip
code, and reads in f ile(s) created by mailing list (alpha sequence)

Model 2, 12 $250.00

Model III $225.00

LOAN AMORTIZATION

Calculates personalized loan payments and interest User specifies
loan amount, interest rate, and length of loan. Displays monthly
payment, displays monthly analysis, displays totals, prints monthly
payments, prints monthly analysis, and allows user to enter over
ride of monthly payments and recalculate totals and print or

display monthly analysis. Model 2, 12 $125.00

Model III $115.00

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM
(Retail, Wholesale, Manufacturer)

Builds and maintains records on all in stock items. Records
contain user's part number, manufacturer's part number, on
order quantity, in stock quantity, reorder point, wholesale price,
retail price, sales history for preceeding month, year, same month
last year, this year to date, last year to date. Displays individual
item record, prints complete record for all items, and prints
suggested purchase order. The add routine checks for duplicates.

Model 2, 12 $275.00

Model III $225.00

DESK CALENDAR

Each month prints on 14'- B x 11 paper. Each day is blocked to
allow appointments entry. User specifies beginning month and
number of months and number of calendars to be printed. 4 lines
of user information may be printed on each month which makes
it useful as an advertising media. Model 2 12 $49.95

Model III $49.95

WALL CALENDAR

Each year prints on 8'/? x 11 paper. User specifies beginning
month and number of calendars to be printed 4 lines of user
information may be printed on each month which makes it useful
as an advertising media Model 2 12 $49.95

Model III ........ U9.9S

For Additional Information Send for User Documentation — $15.00 per copy.

Minimum Hardware Requirements

Model III 48k 1 Disk

Model 2, 12 64k 1 Disk

Shipping Costs Included on Pre Paid Orders.
N.C. Residents Add 4V6% Sales Tax.
Personal Checks Allow 3 weeks.

CDP

Route 3, Box 1 • Hamptonville, N.C. 27020
(919) 468-2113

8 am • 5 pm Eastern

• 65

^ See List ot AcMtrtisens on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 145

REVIEW

A Modem Sampler

by R.A. Langevin

• •••

J-Cat
$149

• •••

103/212 Smart Cat
Novation Inc.
18664 Oxnard St.
Tarzana, CA 91356
$595

• ••V2

212A/D Direct Connect Modem
Universal Data Systems
5000 Bradford Drive
HuntsvOe, AL 35605

$745

These three direct -connect modems
offer attractive alternatives to meet the

Choose one of these
modems and get the
right communication abil-
ity for your applications.

need to transmit information from your
computer over telephone lines. They
differ significantly in price and capabili-
ties* but one of them is likely to suit
your needs.

Each of the three modems works well
and does all that it's supposed to. If you
can get along with a 300 baud modem,
the J-Cat is hard to beat in terms of
price and performance. It's small,
works perfectly, and is about as
inexpensive a modem as you can buy.

If you need a 1,200 baud modem, in

103/212

Feature

J-CAT

Smart CAT

UDS 212A/D

Size (Inches)

5.0 x 1.9 x 1.3

10.0 x 4.7 x 1.2

10.85 x 9.76 x 2.42

Baud Rates

300

300/1200

Auto Dial

See Text

Yes

Manual Answer

Yes

Auto Answer

Yes

Keyboard Dial

Yes

Manual Redial

Yes

Auto Redial

Yes

Oial Modes

See Text

Pulse/MFTD

Memory

None

Last #

5 #'s ♦ Last t

Asynchronous

Yes

Synchronous

Yes

Resettable Defaults

Yes

Self Test

Yes

Analog Loopback

Yes

Local Digital Loopback

Yes

Remote Digital Loopback

Yes

Phone Jack(s)

RJ11C

RJ11C/RJ45S

Power (Watts)

8.0

13.5

7.0

Power Supply

Wall XFMR

Internal

Power Switch

Yes

Status Response

LED

DISPLAY

Phone Service

1, 2, 3*

Cables Provided

All

Phone Line

Price

145.00

595.00

745.00

•Phone Service: 1 - Permissive, 2 - Programmable. 3 - Private Line

Table 1. Summary of modem characteristics.
148 • 80 Micro, December 1983

addition to or instead of 300 baud oper-
ation, the Smart Cat offers a near-per-
fect alternative. It's remarkably small,
offers all the features you're likely to
need, and is competitively priced.

Alternatively, if you want a modem
that can handle any 300 or 1,200 baud
operation you might encounter, the
UDS 212A/D is an excellent choice. It
offers all the flexibility you're likely to
need, is easy to operate, and includes di-
agnostic capabilities to isolate commu-
nications problems on the line, in the
modem, or in the terminal equipment.
All in all, it's a good product for com-
mercial or industrial applications.

Table 1 summarizes major features.
Which modem you choose depends on
your finances and applications.

The three modems differ radically in
size. The Novation J-Cat is scarcely
larger than a pack of cigarettes. Its
more capable companion, the 103/212
Smart Cat, resembles a tall paperback
book. The UDC 212A/D, clearly in-
tended for commercial use, has a foot-
print that is almost 3/4 of a square foot!

The J-Cat and UDC units are housed
in plastic cases and the Smart Cat comes
in a nonmagnetic metal case. All the
units should retain their physical in-
tegrity in any ordinary use.

A conventional plug-in wall trans-
former powers the two Novation mo-
dems. The UDC unit has an integral al-
ternating current (ac) power supply.

Neither of the Novation units has an
on/off power switch, an unfortunate
omission. The power requirements of
these modems are nominal, however,
ranging from 7-13.5 watts, so it's feasi-
ble to leave them turned on all the time.

J-Cat

The J-Cat is a simple, full duplex, 300
baud modem that has surprising capa-

bility in spite of its tiny size. You oper-
ate it with two push buttons; it has two
LEDs that indicate its status. One push
button puts the modem on line; the sec-
ond disconnects it. Pressing the two
buttons simultaneously puts the modem
in analog loopback mode, so that its
output connects to its input — an invalu-
able test to verify its operation.

You select auto answer or manual
answer modes with a slide switch on the
back of the unit. The two LEDs indicate
when the modem is off-hook and ready
for operation.

Although the J-Cat is not directly
usable in auto-dial mode, you can im-
plement auto pulse dialing with dial
tone detect if 1 input and 1 output bit
are available from another port. The
operations manual provides a simple
program to implement directory dialing
and automatic redial using these bits.
The program is written in Applesoft
Basic but you can readily adapt it to Mi-
crosoft Basic.

The J-Cat is relatively unique among
modems in providing automatic mode
selection. When on line, the modem al-
ternates between originate mode for
two seconds and answer mode for four.
As soon as it detects a carrier, the
modem locks in its current mode. This
relieves the user of any concern for se-
lecting the modem's operating mode — a
very useful feature.

The J-Cat comes with all the required
cables, including one terminated with a
female RS-232C D-connector that plugs
into the output of your serial interface.
A Y cable is also provided; one end of it
plugs into the phone line via an RJ11C
plug. The other leg of the Y terminates
in a socket that accepts the RJ1 1C plug
on the telephone.

You don't need to buy anything else.
Simply hook up the modem according
to the clear directions in the operations
manual, load your terminal program,
and you're ready to communicate.

The J-Cat's operating manual is a
4!4- by 9 , /2-inch booklet of 21 pages
that is clearly written and provides
all the necessary information to install
and operate the modem. A schematic is
included, with detailed pin-outs for the
connectors on the back of the unit.

103/212 Smart Cat

The 103/212 Smart Cat is the J-Cat's
big brother. In addition to operation at
both 300 and 1,200 baud, the user-pro-
grammable Smart Cat provides numer-
ous operating conveniences.

In normal operation this modem has
no visible controls. You select all oper-
ating modes by entering commands

-- S— U*t of A&mmm on Htm 291

from the terminal or computer key-
board. As a consequence, you can tuck
the modem away from the operating
position in the most convenient loca-
tion. You can even place it inside a piece
of equipment if the thermal environ-
ment isn't severe.

The Smart Cat has five option
switches located behind its front panel.
These are readily accessible if you pry
the panel off with a small screwdriver.
Once you set them, these switches will
not normally need resetting.

Switch 1 sets the command mode. It
determines the character you must send
from the terminal to indicate to the
modem that a command follows. Nor-
mally, the percent sign is the command
indicator. By using the option switch,
you can select any other character, in-
cluding a control character, and substi-
tute it for the percent sign. You termi-
nate all commands with a carriage
return.

Switch 2 sets the response mode and
gives the user the option of receiving
modem responses on the terminal
screen in full English words or in the
terse mode as single characters.

Switch 3 sets the data rate to which
the modem is automatically set when
you turn on the system. Naturally, you
can change the rate afterward from the
terminal keyboard.

Switch 4 enables or disables the auto
answer mode. You cannot subsequently
reset this switch selection from the key-
board.

Switch 5 determines whether the
modem senses the Data Set Ready
(DSR) and Clear To Send (CTS) lines all
the time or only after detection of a car-
rier on the phone line.

You maintain normal control of the
Smart Cat with 21 commands that you
can enter directly from the terminal or
computer keyboard. Depending on the
type of command, some have argu-
ments and/or default values.

Initialize puts the modem in its nor-
mal working state, while Hangup dis-
ables the modem, waits three seconds,
and hangs up the phone. You cannot
receive data during the three-second
wait.

Dial, followed by a string of up to 32
characters, takes the phone line off
hook and dials in accord with the char-
acter string contents. Allowable charac-
ters comprise 0-9, #, *, I, P, and W. I
indicates that the modem generates tele-
phone pulses rather than tones until the
next P or W.

P forces a wait for a dial tone; if no
dial tone occurs in five seconds, the
modem hangs up and gives a No Dial

response. W forces a five-second wait
before the modem begins dialing.

You can use another dialing com-
mand, Count, followed by an integer,
to determine how many rings the
modem waits for before aborting a call.
Redial dials the last number at intervals
of 40 seconds until you reach the num-
ber or you've dialed it 10 times.

Voice puts the modem in voice mode,
and Modem puts it in data mode. Pick-
up puts the phone line off hook, and
also puts the modem in voice mode.
Answer and Originate put the Smart
Cat in answer or originate mode, re-
spectively; they both take the phone line
off hook. You must follow the last
mode command, Giveback, with zero
or 1 to put the modem in full or half du-
plex mode 1 , respectively.

Speed, followed by 1 or 2, sets the

MODEL I

UPGRRDE

TD 9GK RRM

• 4BK keyboard aeaory on pot*er-up

• plus access to 32K E/I memory

• and 2. 7K RAM above ROM.

• Run CP/M 2. 2 or your Model 1 DOS

•169 BIGMEM kit or »199 installed.
•20 Utility software. «119 CP/M 2.2.
•34 VisiCalc patch for 5SK storage.
Send SASE for flyer with details.

XHAS SPECIAL - DEDUCT 1BX

MICR0HATCH

POBoxSOl
DeHitt MY 13214 - 4 ' 9
(315)446-8831 after 6PN

VIIICIU Tl VIIICMF. IIIKR Tl HICMMTCN.
CF/I TR tlBITM. KICMCa IK.

FOR USE WITH MOST MKRO COMPUTUS

[j PAYMENT ENCLOSED $ • Add

SI 00 per order for postage and handling Out
side USA add $2 50 per unit ordered send US
funds only [J Visa [J MasterCard

«, P.O. BOX 7008

P ^CMfUN ROSEVILLE. Ml 48305

* • wwcw 1-600-732-0614

Michigan Ftosktents Add 4%

127

80 Micro, December 1983 • 147

modem speed to 300 or 1,200 baud. In
answer mode, the modem automatical-
ly sets itself to the incoming data's
speed, irrespective of speed selection.

Follow New with a single ASCII
character to substitute that character
for the current command character.
Use Echo followed by zero or 1 (with a
default of zero) to enable (zero) or dis-
able (1) the echo of commands back to
the terminal. The modem does not echo
data.

Query forces the modem to return a
single character that describes its status.
Long, followed by zero or 1, causes the
modem to provide full English (zero) or
single-character (1) responses. Break,
followed by an integer n, sends a space
on the phone line. The length of the
space is n times 250 milliseconds.

With the modem in voice mode,
XMIT followed by a phone number
transmits the DTMF tone pairs corre-
sponding to the given number.

Follow Unlisten with a one- to four-
character hexadecimal (hex) argument
to transmit the number of bytes given
by the hex argument as data. This per-
mits transmission of data that the mo-
dem would otherwise interpret as com-
mand strings.

Format followed by a single-charac-
ter argument establishes the number of
data and stop bits, and the parity of
data transmitted over the phone line.
The allowable arguments and their in-
terpretations are shown in Table 2.

Test, followed by an integer from
zero to 3, selects, respectively, hardware
integrity, analog loopback, remote digi-
tal loopback, or local digital loopback
test modes. The hardware integrity test
also occurs automatically when you
turn on the machine. It verifies the
modem's operation and correct connec-
tion of the RS-232C cable.

The responses the Smart Cat provides
are clear and easy to understand. Ring

Stop Data

Argument

Bits Bits Parity

1 7 Mark

1 7 Space

1 7 Odd

1 7 Even

1 8 None

2 7 Mark

2 7 Space

2 7 Odd

2 7 Even

2 8 None

Table 2. Format allowable arguments and in-

terpretations/or the Smart Cat.

indicates that the modem detects a ring-
back tone, and Busy indicates a busy
signal. No Dial, CONN Lost, and No
ANS are self-explanatory, although the
No ANS occurs only after the specified
number of rings.

UNSUCC means that for some un-
specified reason the modem cannot
complete the call. Ready means that
carrier is acquired and communication
established. Ring In tells you the
modem detects an incoming ring. Final-
ly, OK tells you that your last command
is complete and the modem is ready for
another.

While this description sounds com-
plicated at first reading, operating the
Smart Cat becomes second nature with
a little use. The operations manual,
identical in size to that of the J-Cat, is
only slightly longer, yet it provides a ful-
ly adequate description of all the
modem's operational and test features.

The Smart Cat package includes the
wall mount power transformer and a
cable to connect the modem to an
RJ11C phone jack. An RJ11C socket
on the back of the modem lets you plug
the telephone directly into the unit.

The manufacturer provides no RS-
232C cable, so you have to make one up
yourself or buy one ready-made. The
manual describes the necessary pin-out
details at the cable's modem end. You
have to determine the corresponding
pin-outs at the serial connector on your
terminal or computer.

UDS 212A/D

The UDS 212A/D includes most of
the features available in the Smart Cat
as well as a number of others that make
it a natural selection for system houses
that want to carry only a single modem
that can be configured to meet most
communications needs.

Additional features available in the
212A/D include selectable permissive or
programmable transmit levels, operation
with private phone lines, optional syn-
chronous operation at 1,200 baud, bat-
tery-backed memory for five 30-char-
acter dial strings, and capability to wait
for a second dial tone. The modem also
displays and edits stored dial strings,
and has a Help command to display and
describe commands.

The 212A/D is built on two circuit
boards. The top board contains the
modem circuitry, and the bottom the
automatic calling unit (ACU) and the
power supply. DIP (dual in-line pack-
age) switches on the top board permit
setting a variety of options.

These include forced answer, forced

originate modes, and private line opera-
tion. You can disconnect on long
receive or transmit space, loss of Data
Terminal Ready (DTR), or loss of car-
rier. The 212A/D also has auto answer
always or only when DTR is enabled,
synchronous or asynchronous opera-
tion, and 9-, 10-, or 11-bit characters
(including stop bits).

Strapping options on the board per-
mit grounding or ungrounding the
modem chassis; selecting internal, ex-
ternal, or slave transmit clock options;
and selecting permissive or program-
mable transmit levels. A DIP switch on
the lower board enables or disables the
automatic calling unit.

In operation, you should think of
these option selections as permanent,
since you must remove the modem
cover to change them— not something
you care to do often.

The 212A/D starts up in initialization
mode. It expects to receive an upper-
case, two-character string, EN, from
the terminal or computer. The modem
uses this input to establish the opera-
tional character rate and data format.
After it receives EN, the modem
responds with:

(CR) (LF)

UDS 212 DIALER
(CR) (LF)

The colon is the prompt from the
ACU and indicates that the unit is ready
to receive commands. Eleven com-
mands, input as single, uppercase let-
ters, are available to control the opera-
tion of the ACU.

H, the Help command, displays a
brief summary of the available com-
mands on the terminal or computer
screen.

D lets you dial a telephone number
directly from the keyboard. You can
specify a number of up to 30 characters
long containing both digits and opera-
tors. Five operators are available: W,
D, E, A#, and space. W in the dial
string causes the ACU to wait for a sec-
ond dial tone. This important feature
permits use of the modem with alterna-
tive carriers such as MCI, Sprint, and
soon.

D in the dial string introduces a pause
of 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 seconds in the dial-
ing operation. You select the length of
the pause. E at the end of the dial string
immediately terminates the calling se-
quence and connects the telephone to the
phone line for voice communication.

A#, after all other digit entries and
where # is a digit from 1 to 5, takes the
dial string from the memory register

148 • 80 Micro, December 1983

identified by # to complete the original
dial string. The space character is pure-
ly a cosmetic operator to improve the
string's readability.

ACU command L, followed by a
digit from 1 to 5, loads any of the five
memory registers with a dial string. The
ACU repeats the loaded string back to
the CRT and returns to command mode
with the display of the : prompt. P, the
Print command, displays the contents
of all loaded memory registers on the
screen.

C, followed by a digit from 1 to 5,
clears the contents of the correspond-
ingly numbered memory register. If C is
followed by the character L rather than
a digit, all memory registers clear.
Where # is a digit from 1 to 5, # causes
the ACU to dial the dial string in the
memory register identified by #.

R redials the last number dialed, and
X redials the last used dial string contin-
ually until the modem detects an
Answer Back Tone.

Q, the Quit command, aborts any
ACU operation. B takes the phone line
off hook, and N cancels the B com-
mand and returns the phone line to on
hook status.

A primitive, although entirely ade-
quate, editing capability lets you correct
mistakes made when you enter dial strings
from the keyboard. Enter the character
@ to delete the last character entered. If
you enter several @ characters, the pro-
gram deletes the corresponding number
of previous keyboard entries.

The 212A/D provides simple English
responses to the terminal or computer
screen to indicate the status and disposi-
tion of ACU actions. These are self-ex-
planatory and include such responses as
Off Hook when you initiate dialing, No
D.T if the modem detects no dial tone,
echo of the number dialed, No ABT if
the modem receives no Answer Back
Tone, and Busy, Complete, or Abort to
indicate call disposition.

In addition to the options you set on
the modem board itself, you can set six
more options from the keyboard. OA#,
where # is zero or 1 , requires dial tone
detection before dialing (zero) or waits
four seconds and then dials (1) even
though no dial tone is present. Zero is
the default.

OB# provides pulse dialing, the de-
fault, where # is zero and multifrequen-
cy tone dialing where # is 1. OC# pro-
vides DSR active if # is zero, the default,
or inactive if lis 1.

OD# sets the wait time before an un-
successful dialing attempt aborts.
Values of # from zero to 4 give wait
times from 15 to 75 seconds. The de-

fault is 30 seconds. OE# sets the delay
produced by the D command in a dial
string. Values of # from zero to 2 give
delays of 1.5 to 4.5 seconds. Three sec-
onds is the default.

OF# lets you turn on or off the echo
of commands back to the screen. A value
of zero for # turns off the echo and 1
turns it on. Echo On is the default. OG0
reinitializes the modem to its start-up
condition and requires entry of the ini-
tialization sequence EN to enable the
automatic calling unit.

While it is convenient to set some of
the modem parameters with the
OA-OF commands, whatever settings
you've established are lost if you turn
off the modem or reinitialize it by using
OG0.

Finally, six buttons on the modem's
front panel provide the last remaining
elements of control. Four of these ac-
tivate a modem self-test or the three
loopback test modes.. A fifth forces the
modem into 1 ,200 baud mode, and the
sixth puts the telephone set on or off
line.

Overview

All the modems are covered by a one
year warranty on parts and labor. None
of them is readily repairable by the user,
nor is this recommended.

You must return the two Novation
modems to the factory for repair. You
can have the UDS modem repaired at
the factory or at a number of authorized
service locations. Since none required
service as I prepared the review, I don't
have information on the turnaround
time for repair.

Reliability of the Novation units
should be very good since they use a
high degree of integration — the J-Cat
has four integrated circuits and the
Smart Cat has only a few more.

The UDS 212A/D might be very re-
liable as well, but the extraordinary
parts count is a potential source of
worry — the modem board alone has 83
integrated circuits!

None of the three modems comes
with communications software. I oper-
ated all of them for test purposes with
the Lobo Max-80 using both the COM-
M/CMD terminal program that is inte-
gral with LDOS and SMODEM, a re-
cent version of the widely available,
public domain MODEM7, operating
under CP/M 2.2.

I accessed CompuServe and several
local bulletin board systems at both 300
and 1,200 baud (only 300 baud for the
J-Cat) to verify the modems' opera-
tional features. Each performed exactly
as represented in the respective manuals,

and I encountered no problems of any
kind.

Most of my complaints are minor.
The J-Cat's remarkably small size
makes you wish you could tuck it inside
a terminal or a computer case. Unfortu-
nately, you must use the unit's push
buttons to put it on line and back off
line. It's also aesthetically annoying that
the label on the face of the modem is
printed upside down.

The Smart Cat leaves little room for
complaint. It does what it's supposed to
do and does it well, although it would
be nice to have a power switch.

The UDC modem has some prob-
lems. As I mentioned, you must take
the cover off to set the character size.
This is a minor annoyance that becomes
a major one when you remove the cover
and the front panel falls off. It turns out
to be devilishly difficult to get back in
place.

A more serious problem exists with
the telephone set. Although you can
plug the phone into the back of the
modem and activate it with the talk
switch on the front panel, you can't use
the phone at all unless the modem is
turned on.

It is also unfortunate that, although
you can reset a number of modem pa-
rameters from the keyboard, you can't
reset the defaults for these parameters
and you are returned to the built-in de-
faults whenever you turn off or reini-
tialize the modem.

The UDS manual deserves special
mention. Unlike the manuals for the
Novation units, the UDS manual tells
you both too much and too little. It is
full of acronyms, usually defined long
after they are first introduced if they are
defined at all.

It tersely describes the bewildering
array of available options that you can
set or strap on the modem board, but
you get no guidance as to what options
you should select in what circum-
stances. An entire chapter is devoted to
"theory of operation," but after read-
ing it you know nothing useful about
the modem.

Last, although the battery-backed
memory for dial strings is a convenience
and works perfectly, I can't understand
why, with the low price of CMOS mem-
ory, storage is provided for only five
numbers. Except in dedicated service,
five numbers don't seem to be
enough. ■

Contact R.A. Langevin at 7621 Fon-
taine St., Potomac, MD 20854.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 149

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^ 26

HARDWARE

••,

LOAD 80

Real World Control— Part II

by David L. Engelhardt

se your Model in to control a burglar alarm,
sprinkler system, or other household device.
These programs work with the hardware in Part I.

This is the second of a two-part arti-
cle for advanced builders to utilize a
real-world interface and clock to operate
a burglar alarm and sprinkler system with
room for other real-workl applications.

The four Assembly-language pro-
grams in this article let you implement
home control devices through your
Model III, a real-time clock, and the in-
put/output (I/O) board described in
Part I (November 1983, p. 216).

After you build and test your I/O
board, you're ready to program your
computer to take over some mundane
household chores.

Clock Program

Program Listing 1 is almost identical
to the one in "Real World, It's About
Time" (80 Micro, March 1983, p. 342).
I made a few slight changes to allow a
relationship with the sprinkler and bur-

Program Listing 1. Clock Initialization.

00010

; CLOCK

INITIALIZATION AND INTERRUPT READ PROGRAM

00020

; WRITTEN BY DAVE ENGELHARDT

3/15/82

00030

.-SAVE MEMORY SIZE OF -32447-

(THIS WILL ALLOW ROOM

00940

FOR PATCHING IN FUTURE

90959

;

PROGRAMS . )

00060

; EXECUTE WIT

A /32448

00070

;

90(180

;

INITIALIZATION SECTION

00090

00109

ORG

7EC9H

INITIALIZATION SECTION

99110

DEFW

9«H

SPARE

99129

BEGIN

DISABLE INTERRUPTS

09139

i.D

A, 12

USED TO SET INTERRUPTS

99149

I.D

(4213H) .A

ENABLE EXT INTERRRUPTS

99150

I.D

HI, START

LOAD START OF CLOCK

99169

I.D

(493EH) ,HL

TO INTERRUPT VECTOR

90170

A, 16

00180

OUT

(9ECH) ,A

; ENABLE TRS MAIN BUS

00190

A,128

;SET UP 82 55 FOR

00200

OUT

(SETUP) .A

; MODE 9

00210

XOR

00220

OUT

(OUTC) .A

;MAKE SURE PC7 IS OFF

00230

OUT

(9ECH) ,A

;SH"T OF MAIN BUS

00240

;SET MODE 1 INTERRUPT

00250

1:1

; ENABLE INTERRUPTS

00260

EX I

1A19H

;BACK TO BASIC

00270

00780

;

00?90

INPUT*

EQU

30H ;USED

TO CONTROL CLOCK DATA LINES

00300

OOTB

EQU

31H ;USED

TO CONTROL CLK ADflRSS LINES

00310

OUTC

EQU

32H ;USED

TO CONTROL CLK FUNCTIONS

00320

SETUP

EQU

33H .-USED

TO CONFIGURE 8255

•0339

;

11*41

;

CLOCK

INTERRUPT/ READ PROGRAM

•0350

;

00360

START

PUSH

HI.

;SAVE REGISTORS

••370

PUSH

00 3 89

PUSH

99399

PUSH

99499

PUSH

99419

PUSH

99429

A, 16

; VALUE FOR TRS BUS

Larmg 1 connnurd

glar alarm programs. The principal ad-
dition is the patch in lines 1270-1320. If
activated, the sprinkler and burglar
alarm programs patch themselves here.
These patches contain a jump address
to the scan sections of the appropriate
program. The clock's one-second inter-
rupts trigger one-second scans of each
program. If either or both of the pro-
grams become deactivated, they disen-
gage themselves from the clock's patch
region.

Burglar Alarm Program

Program Listing 2 is heavily com-
mented. When executed, the program
prompts you with specific questions re-
garding system status and locations
where the alarm system is activated. I'll
describe some of its basic functions
below.

When you run the program, it indi-
cates its status and asks for the code
word allowing it to swap its state. The
code word I used is Mom, but you can
change it. The program shows each lo-
cation where the alarm is on. This lets
you decide which point to deactivate
when you turn off the system.

An alarm system must allow time for
you to exit and enter the building before
the siren sounds. In this case there is a
two-minute exit delay and a 30-second
entrance delay. Two minutes after you
leave, the system activates itself and
starts scanning all of the activated alarm
points. Upon entering, you must deacti-
vate the system within 30 seconds or the

The Key Box

Model m

16K RAM Cassette Basic
32K RAM Disk Bask
Assembly Language
Editor/ Assembler

152 • 80 Micro, December 1983

siren sounds.

Upon re-entry to the program, you
must enter the code word to deactivate
the system. It allows three attempts to
enter the code word correctly. In case of
a code entry error, the program jumps
back to Basic. I label user-changable
parameters in the listings. Just remem-
ber to keep the time delay parameters in
units of seconds.

Also, in regard to the time delays,
note that I allow two points in Port 2 for
entry time delays. I label these in the
listing under the individual alarms. If
you need more points, double up some
of them so that one point covers two
doors.

In case of an illegal entry, the pro-
gram sounds a buzzer attatched to Port
1, bit 16. This buzzer turns on and off
for 30 seconds prior to activation of the
main siren. The siren stays on for two
minutes then shuts off. After a 30-sec-
ond wait, the program checks its status
again and recycles if an alarm condition
still exists.

There are also provisions in the pro-
gram to make sure the relays shut off
when they should. If the relay isn't off
or fails to turn off the first time, there is
one last attempt to shut it off. The sys-
tem turns on the buzzer and prints an
error message to attract your attention.

This is usually the result of a hard-
ware problem. The relay may actually
shut off but the indication read back is
in error. An asterisk blinks once a sec-
ond in the upper right-hand corner indi-
cating the system is active.

I designed this system to be simple to
use, fairlyburglar proof, and adaptable
to your needs. It is not a guarantee of
protection but only part of a home pro-
tection plan.

Sprinkler System Program

In Program Listing 3, I designate
four sprinkler zones. It starts with a
menu offering four options: Auto,
Manual, Go, and Exit. This program is
self-explanatory, but I'll briefly de-
scribe each mode.

The Auto mode patches the scan sec-
tion of this program into the clock pro-
gram. Once this is done, the program
checks the time of day (am/pm), day
code, and time to start. You can change
this to suit your needs. When this mode
starts, each zone runs for 15 minutes for
a total of two cycles. The Go mode is
the same as the Auto mode except that it
starts on your request.

The Manual mode lets you turn on
any zone for up to a maximum of 39
minutes. The program checks for illegal

Continued on p. 1S8

Luring I continued

0043«

OUT

(0ECH) .A

; ENABLE MAIN BUS

09440

A, 144

(SET 8255 FOR CONTROL

00450

OUT

(SETUP) .A

(CONFIGURE 8255

00460

A,l

;SET UP FOR READ

00470

OUT

(OUTC) .A

jPO«T C FOR READ

00480

COUTB

;C IS USED FOR OUT INSTR.

00490

B,12

;USED TO ADDRESS COUNTERS

00500

H', BUFFER

; START OF TIME STORAGE

00510

CALL

GET

;GET Y10

00520

CALL

GET

;GET Yl

00530

(HL) .'/'

|PUT / IN WORD

00540

INC

Br.

;INC TO NEXT LOC IN BUFF

00550

CALL

GET

;GET M10

00560

CALL

GET

;GET HI

00570

(HL) .'/'

;PUT IN SEPERATOR

00580

INC

;INC TO NEXT POSITION

00590

CALL

GET

j GET D10

00600

BIT

2, A

;IS LEAP BIT SET?

00610

Z.GETD1

(SKIP OP NOT 8BT

00620

AND

31H

; STRIP OFF LEAP BIT

00630

DEC

;BACK UP 1 POSITION

00640

(HL) .A

;PUT CORRECT VALUE IN

00650

INC

;INC TO NEXT POSITION

00660

GETD1

CALL

GET

;GET Dl

00670

CALL

FILL

; INSERT 2 SPACES

00680

CALL

GET

;GET DAY DIGIT (0-6)

00690

AND

07H

;MASK FOR DAY CODE

00700

(DIGIT) .A

;SAVE FOR SPINKLER PROG

00710

DEC

; RE-ALIGN BUFF PTR

0072*

DE,SU

;GET ADDRESS OF TABLE

00730

RLA

; SHI FT FOR 2 WORD OFFSET

00740

ADn

A,E

j ADn DAY INDEX TO A

00750

E,A

;PUT INDEX TD A REG

00760

PUSH

j SAVE PORT & ADRSS CONTRL

00770

A,(DE)

;GET PTR TO DAY CODE

00780

(TEMPI) ,A

;SAVE LSB OF DAY CODE

00790

INC

; INDEX TO GET NEXT PTR

00800

A,(DE)

;GET NEXT PTR TO DAY CODE

00810

(TEMP2) ,A

;SAVE MSB OF DAY CODE

00820

DE, (TEMPI)

;GET ADDRESS OF DAY

00830

DE.HL

;SWAP PTRS FOR LDIR MOVE

00840

BC.3

;SET CTR TO MOVE 3 BYTES

00850

LDIR

;M0VE IT

00860

DE.HL

;RETORE PTRS.

00870

POP

; RESTORE PORT i ADDRESS'S

00880

CALL

FILL

;FILL WITH SPACES

00890

CALL

GET

;GET H10

00900

DEC

HT.

;SET BACK BUFF PTR

11910

PUSH

;SAVE A REG FOR AM CHECK

00920

AND

3^H

,-MASK FOR H10 VALUE

00930

(HL) .A

;PUT H10 VALUE TO BUFFER

00940

INC

Ht.

;NEXT BUFFER LOCATION

00950

CALL

GET

(GET Hi

00960

(HL) .'!'

J PUT IN COLON I

00970

INC

j NEXT BUFFER LOCATION

00980

CALL

GET

;GET M10

00990

CALL

GET

;GET HI

01000

(HL) ,' : '

;PUT IN COLON

01010

INC

Ht.

;NEXT BUFFER LOCATION

01020

CALL

GET

;GET S10

01030

CALL

GET

(GET SI

01040

CALL

FILL

(FILL WITH SPACES

01050

POP

(RESTOR AM/PM INFO

01060

BIT

3, A

;IS THIS 24 HOUR FORMAT?

01070

Z.AMPM

;SKIP AM/PM DISPLAY SECT

01080

CALL

PILL

; BLANK WHERE AH WAS TO BE

01090

DISPLY

;GO AND DISPLAY TIME

01100

AMPM

BIT

2, A

;IS PM BIT SET?

01110

NZ.PM

;PM BIT SET

01120

(HL) .'A'

;AM CODE

01130

CONT

01140

(HL) ,'P'

;PM CODE

01150

CONT

INC

Ht.

; INC TO NEXT BUFFER PTR

01160

(HL) , 'M'

;PUT IN THE M FOR AM/PM

01170

DISPLY

H', BUFFER

;BEGIN OF TIME INFO

01180

DE r 3C24H

(DESTINATION TO SCREEN

01190

BC;27

(NUMBER OF TTME WORDS

01200

LDIR

(MOVE THE TIME TO SCREEN

01210

NODISP

A, 15

(FOR CLOCK ADDRESSES

01220

OUT

(OUTB) .A

(SET ADDRESS LINES HIGH

01230

A, 129

(SET READ HIGH-ENABLE INT

01240

OUT

(OUTC) .A

(TURN ON INTRUPTS VIA PC7

01250

XOR

(CLEAR A REG

01260

OUT

(0ECH) ,A

(TURN OFF TRS MAIN BUS

01270

WATER

NOP

(THIS IS WHERE

01280

WATERl

NOP

THE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

01290

WATER2

NOP

t IS PATCHED IN.

01300

BURG

NOP

(THIS IS WHERE

01310

BURG1

NOP

( THE BURGLER ALARM

01320

BURG 2

NOP

; IS PATCHED IN.

01330

POP

(RESTORE REGISTORS

01340

POP

01350

POP

01360

POP

01370

POP

01380

POP

01390

(ENABLE INTERRUPTS

01400

RRT

(RETURN TO INTERRUPTED PT

01410

01420

INDEX

TO DAY MESSAGE

TABLE

0143"

01440

DEPW

SUN

01450

DEFW

MON

01460

DEFW

TUE

01470

DEFW

WED

Luting 1 continued

80 Micro, December 1983 • 153

SOFTWARE
for INVESTORS

* STOCK MARKET ADVISOR
i* SYSTEM — SM AS 2.0

SMAS employs both fundamental and
advanced technical analysis. Its refined
procedures that correlate three moving
averages and other factors have been
validated by applications to both stocks
and portfolios.

•Sophisticated procedures yield weekly
appraisals of market trend and adviso-
ries (with action price ranges) to buy, to
sell, to hold, and not to buy specific
stocks.

• Data base includes 196 stocks. A/D file,
and 4 indexes.

• Data base stocks were selected on
fundamentals.

• You can use SMAS' results the very first
week.

• Metropolitan papers print data required
by SMAS.

• SMAS is menu driven, with both built-in
checks for accuracy and efficient utility
routines.

• SMAS is especially valuable to inves-
tors seeking long-term capital gains.
Minimizes emotional involvement.

• SMAS works with Nebula and printer;
with TRSDOS, LOOS. NEWDOS/80, &
DOSPLUS on TRS-80 (TM Tandy Corp.)
Models I and III (48K). SMAS version
2.0 only $169.95 + $3.00 for shipping.*

f NEBULA STOCK
i* DATA RETRIEVAL

Nebula (Model 1, 48K. one drive. 300
baud modem, RS232, optional printer,
TRSDOS 2.3 or LDOS 5.0) retrieves
stock, bond, option, and T-Bill prices from
Dow Jones Service. Stores symbols in
data statements and returned prices &
volumes on disk in data file. Automatically
disconnects. Does not need a terminal
program. Dates & times are logged for
reconciling service bill. Available either
for independent operation ($52.00 +
$3.00 shipping) or for use with SMAS
(Special 1983 combination offer: Only
$199.95 + $6.00 shipping for SMAS 2.0
and Nebula together).

-ANDROMEDA STOCK
& TRADER & CALCULATOR

Andromeda records transactions, includ-
ing purchase/sale prices & dates, divi-
dends, total cost & net realization. An-
dromeda does not use special com-
mands. Learning time is nil. When posi-
tions are closed, it posts transactions to
the sales file. Reports include Active
Security and Security Sales Summaries,
Portfolio Summary, and a summary table
(either 80 or 132 col.) for use with IRS
Schedule D. Requires TRS-80 Model I,
48K. one drive with TRSDOS 2.3 or
LDOS 5.0. Andromeda is regularly only
$51.95 plus $3.00 shipping.
SAVE — Special Introductory Price
through Dec. 31, 1983: Andromeda only
$32.50 + $3.00 shipping.*

•Remittance by VISA. MASTERCARD, cashiers check,
or MO. brings prompt shipment. Shipment is made

after personal checks dear (about 3 weeks). Software
is sent insured.

SPIRA

•92

NTERPRISES

Phone your order now: (017) 4414801 'Wf[

P.O. Box 5219, Fort Worth, TX 76106 5C I

301 Crown Roed.WMow Park. TX7MM ^^

SPIRAL ENTERPRISES rS REGISTERED WITH THE S E C AS AN
WVESTMENT ADVISOR

Listing 1 continued

• 1480

DEFW

THR

01490

DEW

FRI

01500

DEFW

SAT

•151f

;

01520

01S30

DIGIT

DEFB

;USED FOR SPRINK DAY CODE

01540

TEMPI

DEFB

;LSB STORAGE FOR DAY

01550

TEMP2

DEFB

;HSB STORAGE FOR DAY

01560

BUFFER

DEFS

; TI«E INFORMATION BUFFER

01570

;

01580

TABLE

OF DAY MESSAGES

01590

01100

SUN

DEPM

•SUN'

01610

HON

DEFH

•HON'

01620

TUE

DEFH

•TUE'

01630

WED

DEFM

'WED'

01*40

THR

DEFH

'THR'

01*50

PR I

DEFH

■FRI'

01660

SAT

DEFH

'SAT'

01*70

01*80

;

SUBROUTINE TO READ THE

CLOCK'S COUNTERS

01690

;

01700

GET

OUT

;SEf UP ADrtRSS POR READ

01710

OUT

;DO AGAIN FOR TIME DELAY

01720

A,(INPUT»)

;READ TIME

01730

ADO

A,30H

j OBTAIN ASCII VALUE

01740

(HL) .A

fPUT VALUE TO BUFFER

0175"

INC

BI.

;INC TO NEXT BUFPER PTR

01760

DEC

J DEC B FOR NEXT COUNTER

01770

R*T

;FINISHEDI

• 1780

;

01790

ROUTINE TO PUT SPACES

BETWEEN TIME INFO

0180"

;

0181ft

FILL

(HL) ,2011

.•ASCII SPACE CODE

01820

INC

HI-

j INC NEXT SPACE

01830

(HL) ,2011

j PUT IN NEXT SPACE

01840

INC

HI.

;INC BUFPER PTR.

01850

RPT

jDONE

01860

01870

END

BEGIN

Program Listing 2. Burglar Alarm.

•••If

; BURGLER ALARM PROGRAM

00020
00030
00040

; WRITTEN BY

DAVE ENGELHARDT

10/82

; MAY

BE EXECUTED WITH A /30992....OR

00050

I COMMAND

ALARM', WITH USE

OP -CMDTBL- PROGRAM,

00060

00070

ORG

7910H

00080

BASIC

EQU

1A19H

jJUHP TO BASIC

00099

BURG

EQU

7F99H

j EXTERNAL IN CLK

00100

BURG1

EQU

7P9AH

; EXTERNAL IN CLK

00110

BURG 2

EQU

7P9BH

; EXTERNAL IN CLK

00120

CLEAR

EQU

1C9H

; CLEAR SCREEN

00130

DORDLY

EQU

120

j 2 HIN TIHE DELAY

00140

ENTDLY

EQU

;31 SEC ENT DLY (ODD VAL)

00150

SIREN

EQU

120

;2 HIN SIREN ON TIHE

00160
00170
00180
00190
00200

TOCLK

EQU

7P9CH

.•EXTERNAL JUMP TO CLK

I START OP

PROGRAM

ALARM

CALL

CLEAR

;CLS

00210

H'.HESSl

00220

CALL

21BH

; PRINT INTRO MESSAGE

00230

A, (ALSTAT)

;TEST TO SEE IP ALARM

00240

j ACTIVATED 0» DEACT

00250

NZ. ALMACT

;GO IP ACTIVATED

00260

HL,MESS2

00270

CALL

21BH

; PRINT DEACT MESSAGE

00280

;SKIP ACTIVATED MESSAGE

00290

ALMACT

Ht.,MESS3

00300

CALL

21 BH

; PRINT ACTIVATED HESSAGE

00310

HI..KESS4

00320

CALL

21BH

; PRINT CODE HESS

00330

B,4

J 3 TRYS POR CODE- LOOP

00340

CALL

CODE

;GO AND TFST FOR CODE

00350

CALL

BUSON

;TURN ON TRS INTERNAL BUS

00360

A,(1H)

; INPUT RFLAY ALARM PORT

00370

CPL

.•COMPLIMENT VALUE

00380

AND

30H

;MASK RELAY BITS 4 k 5

00390

;ARE THE ALARMS OFF?

00400

Z.ALT

jSKIP IF RELAYS ARE OFF

00410

OUT

(1H) .A

,-TURN OFF RELAYS

00420

CALL

DLY

;GIVE THEM TIME TO LATCH

00430

2. ALT

;SKIP IP OFF FOR SURE

00440

H1.,ALHFLT

00450

CALL

21BH

; PRINT RELAY FAULT MESS

00460

OFFA

;GO AND DEACT SYSTEM

00470

ALT

A, (ALSTAT)

.-FLAG USED TO PUT

00480

CPL

; SYSTEH IN IT'S

00490

(ALSTAT) .A

I OPPOSITE STATE

00500

;IS IT SET?

00510

NZ . ACT ALM

;GO TO ACT SYSTFM

00520

CALL

CLEAR

; CLEAR SCREEN

00530

HI.,MESS2

00540

00570
00580
00590
00600

CALL

21BH

j PRINT DEACTIVATE HESS

; DISABLE ALARM PROGRAM

OFFA

XOR

;CLR A

Listing 2 continued

154 • 80 Micro, December 1983

My wonderful upgrade offer:

If you bought my accounting software a while back,
his good news.

If you didn't, it's a good reason to buy it now.

You're probably growing. My software keeps
growing too.

I've tinkered with it right along, improving
it constantly. My accounting systems now work
for CP/M, TRSDOS and MS/DOS (the IBM PC).
It's a natural outgrowth of my support. Talk to
a few thousand users on the phone, and you
get a few new ideas.

Early on, I resolved that none of my customers
would suffer if they bought a system before I
improved it. So I've made this offer ever since I
started over four years ago:

No matter when you bought, I'll upgrade any of
my accounting systems to its latest capability on
the same machine for $25. If you've upgraded your
machine, I'll give you a replacement system for
either $25 or the difference between what you paid
for your software originally and the price of the new

software. If you've gone from a TRS-80 Model I to a
Model n/16 or an IBM PC, say, you get a full credit
for whatever you paid me for your Model I systems.
Just send me your old disks and I'll send you the
new ones.

It's this simple. If you ever buy any of my
software, you'll never lose your investment.

I wish the whole world were that simple.

Taranto

& ASSOCIATES. INC

• 70

Modal I. Modal III and Modal 4 systems: Accounts Payable. Accounts
Receivable. General Ledger. Inventory Control. Invoicing. Payroll.
Modal II. Modal 11/12/16, CP/M and IBM PC ayatama: General Ledger.
Accounts Payable /Purchase Order. Accounts Receivable (Open Item or
Balance Forward). Payroll /Job Costing, Inventory Control.
Post Office Box 6216. 121 Paul Drive, San Rafael CA 94903. Outside
California, toll free (800) 227-2868. In California. (415) 472-2670.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corporation. TRS-80 and TRSDOS are trademarks of Tandy Corporation. MS/DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation

s»u« <"****-" on fg, 291 80 Micro, December 1983 • 155

SPACE

- ■ "

■ ill

Definitely THE BEST of the space
games for the TRS-80 MOD l/l 1 1

• 1 ,2 or 3 SIMULTANEOUS players!

■ Each piloting a separate space ship

* Incredibly realistic graphics!

* Fast arcade response!

* Options individually selected!

• Meteors • Blackhole Gravity

• Frying Saucers • Objects & Mines

• Bounce or Wrap-Around Screen

• Weapons: Missiles or Lasers

• Difficulty options selectable!

• # of Saucers • Saucer Speed

• Space Ship Power • Gravity Force

• Meteor Speed • Fuel Supply

• Weapon Supply • Laser Length

• Sophisticated ship controls!

• Variable thrust level • Rotation • Flip

• Fire left or right barrel • Hyperspace

• Cooperative or Competitive!

• Numerous scoring options

• 1 player can fly 2 ships - 1 with each hand!

* Alpha S TriMtlck compatible * Sound

32K Disk $29.95 or 16K Tape $26.95

Specify MOD I or III. 22 page manual included.

California residents add 6% sales tax.

Outside USA (except Canada) add $1000

r»N0v coup

SOFT SYSTEMS
& CONSULTING

POBOK bOOJiA S.inid Bdfbdta CA 93160

7R8-80-

WOBOS" I

■awlc Operating System

W06O3 I * ■ mini drtvan. praatrueturad program n BASIC mat
nrowlaa ac c aaa to ovar 30 uMty funct«XM during davatopmant or
actual ua* Of a program. Ill uragua layout atow» you to da ■ atop
your program i wMan a wal oraan lt ad anna u ra u a nl mat providaa
a vary arrong foundation to buftj upon. You always had to ataft
rrom acratoh bafora but now. altar loadkig WOBOS I. you 'I atari
with aavaral K of aubrauHnoa and ayatam utaMaa. kin
Ma car do for your productivity! WOBOS I la not an
to your program. It actually bacomas Ha foundation!

Muatratad abova It tha Primary Manu of WOBOS I for Modal M.
In addition lo tha laaturaa ahown, tha DEVICE I/O ganarataa a
a aparata a-choica rnonu that wM alow you to compaa. updata.
aort and output your data flaw II atao mckidaa a utaHy that win
aava both tha DATA and WOBOS I on tapa and or draft.
Wrm controaabta SOUhtH

'One* yo

utwd H. you'll r,w¥wr wrltm
program without HI'

apacrfy your complata TRS-ag ayatam whan ordanng.
WOBOS I comaa with an ki a t r ucMon Manual and it

- Caaaatta for a> tapa ayatam* lupgradabta to dfakl .

- Caaaatta tranafarabf* to dlak tor Modal I dtak ayatai

- Diakatta for Modal ■ and Color Computor dlak ayatai

Stappad Rrat Ctsaa Akmal at no *»tra charga
ii you mantlon tNa ad.

<903> 289-1133

SEND CHECK. MONEY OROER OH NUMBER AMD
EXfNRATrON OATC Of YOUR CMDtT CARD TO

WtJP'EM Op*BM:* :-,■■ ^179

M» H. Haydan Bay orf,, pornand. eg,* 072,7

' tll-ll Ii a IB al 11III CM*.

■at.

Listing 2 continued

■ ■610

;DISABLE INTERRUPTS

■ ■620

(BURG) .A

(CLEAR OUT JUMP

■■630

(BURG1) ,A

; FROM CLK TO

00640

(BURG2) r A

1 ALARM PROGRAM

00650

(ALMPLG) ,A

(CLEAR SYSTEM FLAGS

00661

(BYPASS) ,A

(CLEAR TIME DELAY PLAGS

00671

(ALSTAT) .A

(CLEAR SWAP FLAG

00680

(ENABLE INTERRUPTS

00690
• ■700

00710
00720
00730

BASIC

(JUMP TO BASIC

1 ENABLE ALARM PROGRAM

ACTALM

XOR

(CLR A REG

00740

(SHPCTR) ,A

(CLR FOR ALARM MESSAGES

0075a

(MASK1) ,A

(CLR PORT 2 MASK

00760
00770
00780
00790
0080H

(MASK2) ,A

(CLR PORT 3 MASK

; SCAN

ALARMS

FOR SELECTIVE DEACTTVATION

UPDATE

CALL

SECT1

(SET-UP FOR PORT 2 ALRMS

00810

CALL

CHECK

(PRINT PORT 2 ALARMS

00820

CALL

SECT2

(SET-UP FOR PORT 3 ALRMS

0083"

CALL

CHECK

(PRINT PORT 3 ALARMS

00840

CALL

49H

(SCAN KEYBD

00850

■R*

(RE-SCAN a DISPLAY ALARMS

00860

Z. ACTALM

;G0 BACK AND RE-SCAN

00870

• 01

(CONTINUE WITH PROGRAM

00880

NZ-D1

;GO BACK TO KEYBD SCAN

00890

HL,MESS6

(PRINT ALARMS DEACT MESS

00900

CALL

21BH

(PRINT ABOVE DEACT MESS

00910

A,5H

(SET FOR TMLOOP

00920

TMLOnp

PUSH

(SAVE A CTR FOR TIME DLY

00930

CALL

60H

(CALL TIME DELAY ROUTINE

00940

POP

(GET A BACK AND

00950

DEC

( DEC LO^P CTR

00960

(IS A ZERO YET?

00970

NZ- TML0*1P

(GO BACK IF NOT DONE

00980

CALL

CLEAR

;CLS

00990

HT.,MESS7

(PRINT DO YOU WANT TTME

01000

CALL

21 BH

; DELAY MESS?

01010

QTD

CALL

49H

(QUESTION FOR TTME DELAY

01020

■ yl

IP NO — CONTINUE

01030

Z. DLYARM

(DO TTME DELAY

01040

•N 1

(CONTINUE IF NO

01050

NZ-QTD

(RE-SCAN KEYBD

01060

ARH

HT,, BYPASS

(GET TIME DLY C0NTRL BYT*

01070

SET

0r(HL)

(SET TO BYPASS ENTR DELAY

01080

ARMIT

(SKIP TIME DELAY SETUP

01090

DLYARM

HI, BYPASS

(GET TTME DLY CONTRL BYTE

01100

SET

lr(HL)

(SET FOR ENTRANCE DELAY

01110

Hi, TIMER

(GET EXIT DELAY VALUE

01120

(HL) rDORDLY

; 2 NIN DOOR EXIT DELAY

01130
01140
01150
01160
01170

AND 30 SEC ENTR DELAY

; PATCH

ALARM

PROGRAM TO CLK

ARMTT

A,0C3H

(PATCH JUMP INSTR TO CLK

01180

(DISABLE INTERRUPTS

01190

(BURG) ,A

(1ST PART OF JUMP INSTR.

01200

HT., CONECT

(GET JUMP ADDRESS IN ALRM

01210

(BURG1) ,HL

(LOAD TO CLK ALARM JUMP

01220

XOR

(ARM THE

01230

(ALMPLG) ,A

( BURGLER SYS

01240

CALL

BUSON

(TURN ON INTERNAL BUS

01250

A,(2H)

(GET AND STORE

01260

vLD

(MASK1) ,A

{ PO"T 2 MASK

01270

A, OB)

(GET AND STORE

01280

(MASK2) ,A

1 PORT 3 MASK

■ 1290

CALL

BUS0PF

(TURN OFF INTERNAL BUS

01300

CALL

CLEAR

;CLR SCREEN

01310

H'-,MESS3

(PRINT SYSTEM

01320

CALL

21 BH

( ACTIVATED MESSAGE

01330

(ENABLE INTERRUPTS

01340
01350
01360
01370
01380

BASIC

(JUMP TO BASIC

; SECTION SCANNED BY CLK ONCE A SECOND

CONECT

HT.,3C3FH

(GET SCREEN LOC FOR '*'

01390

A, (SWITCH)

(GET SWAP CONTROL BYTE

01400

CPL

(COMPLIMENT VALUE

01410

(SWITCH) ,A

(STORE VALUE BACK

01420

■

(IS IT ZERO?

01430

Z. ASTRIK

(SKIP IF ZERO

01440

(HL).' ■

(PUT BLANK TO SCREEN

01450

ASTRIK+2

(SKIP

01460

ASTRIK

(HL) .'*■

(PUT '•' TO SCREEN

01470

HI., BYPASS

(GET TTME DELAY BYTE

01480

BIT

1,(HL)

(IS IT SET FOR DELAY?

01490

NZ -TMEOUT

(GO TO COUNTDWN ROUTINE

01500

HI., ALMPLG

(GET ALARM CONTROL WORD

01510

BIT

5,(HL)

(SET FOR SIREN?

01520

NZ- TMEOUT

J DO 30 SEC OFF INTERVAL

01530

BIT

6,(HL)

(IS MAIN SIREN ON?

01540

NZ.CNTDWN

(GO AND COUNT DWN ON TIME

01550

BIT

4,(HL)

(SET TO ALTERNATE SONA

01560

NZ.T30SEC

(BEEP SONA FOR 30 SEC

01570

BIT

3,(HL)

(SET TO BYPASS ALARM SCAN

01580

NZ.SKIP

( UNTTL SIREN CYCLE DONE

01590

CALL

ACTSCN

(SCAN PORT 2 FOR ALARMS

01600

CALL

CHECK

(ARE THERE ANY ALARMS?

01610

CALL

SECT2

(SCAN PORT 3 FOR ALARMS

01620

CALL

CHECK

(ARE THERE ANY ALARMS?

01630

H'-, ALMPLG

,-GET ALARM CONTROL BYTE

t isting 1 continued

156 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Lining 2 continued

01640

BIT

3,(HL)

;WILL BE SET ON ALRH COND

01650

Z-TOCLK

j JUMP BACK TO CLK

01660 SKIP

BIT

7,(BL)

j IS ENTRANCE TIME DLY SET

01670

NZ T30SEC

jDONT TURN ON SIREN YET

01680 NODLAY

CALL

BUSON

j TURN ON INTERNAL BUS

01690

A f 16

; VALUE FOR SIREN

01700

OUT

(1H) ,A

;TURN ON SIREN

01710

CALL

BUSOPP

j SHUT OFF INTERNAL BUS

0172*

HI., ALMFLG

; GET ALARM CONTROL BYTE

01730

SET

6 r (HL)

;SET TO FLAG SIREN ON THE

01740

HI., TIMER

/GET TIME CONTROL WORD

01750

(HL) .SIREN

; LOAD SIRKN WAILING TIME

017*0

CNTDWN

;GO AND DEC TIME UNT1L-0

01770 T30SEC

HT, TIMER

/GET TIME CONTROL WORD

01780

XOR

/CLR A FOR COMPARE

01790

DEC

(HL)

;DEC ENTRANCE DLY 30 SEC

01800

(HL)

{TEST HL FOR ZERO

0181"

Z. NODLAY

;TIME DONE-TURN ON SIR*N

01820

HI, ALMFLG

;GET CONTROL BYTE

01830

SET

*, (ML)

/SET TO TURN ON SOMA

01840

BIT

1,(HL)

/BIT USED TO SWITCH

01850

NZ.SWAP

/ SONA (ON-OFF) TO ALERT

01860

SET

1,(HL)

j USER TO SHUT SYSTEM

01870

OUTSON

; OFF UPON ENTRY

01880 SWAP

RES

l.(HL)

; RESET ALT FLAG

01890 OUTSON

CALL

BUSON

;TURN ON INTERNAL BUS

01900

A, 32

j VALUE TO TURN ON SONA

0191"

OUT

<1H) ,A

/TURN ON OR OPF SOMA

01920

CALL

BUSOFF

;TURN OFF INTERNAL BUS

01930

TOCLK

/JUMP TO CLK PROGRAM

01940 CNTDWN

Hi, TIMER

;COUNTDWN SECTION TIMER

01950

XOR

;CLR A FOR COMPARE

01960

DEC

(HL)

j DEC TIME DELAY

01970

(HL)

,TEST FOR ZERO

01980

NZ. TOCLK

;SKIP IF NOT ZERO TO CLK

01990

CALL

BUSON

;TURN ON INTERNAL BUS

02000

A, 16

02010

OUT

(1H) ,A

;TURN OFF SIREN

02020

CALL

BUSOFF

;TURN OFF INTERNAL BUS

02030

HI, ALMFLG

1 SET-UP FOR OFF INTERVAL

02040

SET

5,(HL)

;SET POR SIREN OFF TIME

02050

HI-, TIMER

j GET TIMER CONTROL WORD

02060

(HL) ,ENTDLY

;31 SEC PAUSE BWTN CVCLE

02070 TMEfXJT

H' .TIMER

; PAUSE INTERVAL ROUTINE

02080

XOR

;CLR A FOR ZERO COMPARE

02090

DEC

(HL)

;DEC TIME

02100

(HL)

;TEST FOR ZERO

02110

NZ. TOCLK

;GO IF TIME LEFT

02120

XOR

;CLR A

02130

(ALMFLG) .A

/CLR CONTROL WORD

02140

HT, BYPASS

; AND GO FOR NEW CYCLE

02150

RES

1,(HL)

/DISABLE ENTRANCE DELAY

02160

TOCLK

/RETURN TO CLK PROGRAM

02180 / ALARM SCAN SECTTON

02200 SECT1

CALL

CLEAR

/CLR SCREEN

02210

Ht,MESS5

02220

CALL

21BH

/PRINT ALARM STATUS NESS

02230 ACTSCN

A.IHASKl)

/GET MASK FOR ALARMS THAT

02240

B,A

/ HAVE BEEN DEACTIVATED

02250

CALL

BUSON

/TURN ON INTERNAL BUS

02260

A,(2H)

/READ PORT 2 FOR ALARMS

02270

CALL

BUSOFF

/TURN OFF INTERNAL BUS

02280

HL.MTBLE1

/GET START OF PORT 2 MESS

02290

(MTBLE) ,HL

/ TBLE t SAVE LOCATION

02300

RET

02310 SECT2

A,(MASK2)

/GET MASK FOR ALARMS THAT

02320

B,A

/ HAVE BEEN DEACTIVATED

02330

CALL

BUSON

/TURN ON INTERNAL BUS

02340

A,(3H)

/READ PORT 3 FOR ALARMS

02350

CALL

BUSOFF

/TURN OF INTERNAL BUS

02360

HI ,HTBLE2

/GET START OP PO"T 3 HESS

02370

(MTBLE) .HL

/ TBLE t SAVE LOCATION

02380

RET

02390 CHECK

XOR

/MASK OUT DEACT. ALARMS

02400

Z . RETURN

/ZERO MEANS NO ALARMS

02410

HI .ALMFLG

/GET ALARM CONTROL WORD

02420

SET

3,(HL)

/SET TO BYPASS SECT CALLS

02430

/ALARM AT FRONT DOOR?

02440

Z.EE

/ZERO - IS YES THERE IS

02450

/ALARM AT GARAGE-HSE ENT7

02460

NZ.DD

/ZERO - IS YES THERE IS

02470 EE

HI., BYPASS

/GET TIME DLY CONTL BYTE

02480

BIT

0,(HL)

/IS 30 SEC TIME DLY SET?

02490

NZ-DD

/SKIP IF YES

• 2500

PUSH

/SAVE ALARM BITS

02510

HI .ALMFLG

/GET ALARM CONTROL BYTE

02520

SET

7,(HL)

/SET POR ENTR DELY 30 SEC

02S30

A,ENTDLY

/LOAD ENTRANCE DELAY TIME

02540

(TIMER) .A

/ TO TTME CONTROL BYT*

02550

POP

/RESTORE ALARM BITS

02560 DD

B.A

/SAVE BIT PATTERN

02570 CI

D.0

/CLR D REGISTER

02580

BIT

0.B

/IS BIT SET FOR ALARM?

02590

Z. SHIFT

/SKIP IF NOT AND TEST AGN

02600

HI .(MTBLE)

/GET CURRENT TABLE ADORES

02610

A.(SHFCTR)

/GET MESSAGE CTR OR INDEX

02620

E,A

/STORE INDEX INTO E

02630

AD"

HI..DE

/GET APPROPRIATE MESS

02640

E,(HL)

/GET LSB LOCATION OF NESS

0265"

INC

HI.

/INC PTR TO MSB LOCATION

02660

D,(HL)

/GET MSB LOCATION OP MESS

02670

DE.HL

/PUT MESS LOCATION TO BL

Listing 2 continued

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50 Micro. December 1983 • 157

Listing 2 continued

32680

CALL

21 BH

PRINT ALARM MESSAGE

02690

SHIFT

A, (SHFCTR)

GET MESSAGE CTR AND INC

82700

ACT:

A, 2

CTR FOR NEXT MESS LOC

02710

ALL 8 MESS BEEN PRNTED?

9272B

Z.PRFTRN

RETURN IF YES

02730

(SHFCTR) ,A

SAVE NEW INDEX 1

02740

SHIFT B RIGHT 1 BIT

0275"

GO TEST NEW BIT FOR ALRM

02760

PRfTRN

XOR

PORT HAS BEEN SCANNED

02770

(SHFCTR) .A

CLR FOR NEXT PO°T CHECK

02780

RETURN

RET

RETURN FROM CALL

02790

0280A

; SECRP

T CODE

ROUTINE TO ACT.

OR DEACT ALARM PROGRAM

0281C
02820
02830

CODE «

MOM

CODE

DEC

;DEC CTR AND T^ST FOR

02840

A,B

ONLY THREE TRIES TO

02850

GET CODE CORRECT

02860

Z.BAIL

CODE ERROR... EXIT PROG

02870

CALL

49H

SCAN KEYBD FOR CODE

02880

'M'

IS FIRST CHARCT. A 'M'

02890

NX, CODE

RE-SCAN KEYBD IF NOT

02900

CALL

49H

SCAN KEYBD

02910

•0'

IS 2ND CHARCT. A '0'

02920

NZ -CODE

RE-SCAN KEYBD IF NOT

02930

CALL

49H

SCAN KEYBD

02940

'M*

IS LAST CHARCT. A 'M'

02950

NZ.CODE

DEC B RFC AND BAIL OUT

02960
02970
02980
02990
03000

RF.T

; ROUTINE TO

PRINT CODE ERROR

4 JUMP TO BASIC

BAIL

CALL

CLE»R

;CLR SCREEN

03010

HI, ERROR

03020

CALL

21BH

; PRINT CODE ERROR MESS

03030
03040

03050
03060
03070

BASIC

;JUMP TO BASIC

; ROUTINE TO

TURN INTERNAL

BUS ON

BUSON

PUSH

;SAVE A REG AND FLAGS

030B0

A, 16

03090

OUT

(0ECH) ,A

; ENABLE INTERNAL BUS

03100

POP

.•RESTORE A REG AND FLAGS

03110
03120
03130
03140
03150

RFT

; ROUTINE TO

TURN INTERNAL

BUS OFF

BUSOFF

PUSH

;SAVE A RFG AND FLAGS

03160

XOR

03170

OUT

(0ECH) ,A

;TURN OFF INTERNAL BUS

03180

POP

;RETORE A REG AND FLAGS

03190
03200
03210
03220
03230

RET

; TIME DELAY

USED TO ALLOW RELAYS TTME TO SWITCH

DLY

BC4FFFH

; VALUE USED FOR CNT DWN

03240

CALL

60H

■CALL TIME DLY

03250

A, (1H)

■READ RELAYS

03266

CPL

■COMPLIMENT VALUE

03270

AND

30H

■MASK FOR ALARM RELAYS

03280

ARE THEY OFF?

03290
03300

RfT

03310

03320

; VARIABLES

03330

ALMFLG

DEFB

ALARM SYSTEM CONTRL BYTE

03340

ALSTAT

DEFB

BURGLER ALARM STATUS

03350

B*PAS<:

DEFB

TI*E DELAY CONTROL BYTE

03360

MASK1

DEFB

SAVES PORT 2 DEACT ALRMS

03370

MASK 2

DEFB

SAVES PORT 3 DEACT ALRMS

03380

MTBLE

DEFW

TABLE INDEX PTR.

03390

SHFCTR

DEFB

USED FOR MESS TBLE INDEX

03400

SWITCH

DEFB

USED TO BLINK ■*■

03410
03420
0343H
03440
03450

TIMER

DEFB

TIME DELAY CONTROL WORD

MAIN MESSAGE TABLE

MESS1

DEFM

'THIS IS THE

BURGLER ALARM PROGRAM'

03460

DEFW

0D0AH

03470

MESS2

DEFM

'THE ALARM

SYSTEM IS * DEACTIVATED *'

03480

DEFB

0DH

03490

MESS3

DEFM

'THE ALARM

SYSTEM IS ** ACTIVATED *•'

03500

DEFB

IDS

03510

MESS4

DEFM

'ENTER (CODE

WORD) TO PUT SYSTEM IN '

03520

DEFM

'OPPOSITE STATE'

03530

DEFW

0A0AH

03540

DEFM

•

OFF-ON OR ON-OFF**'

03550

DEFB

0DH

03560

MESS5

DEFB

0AH

03570

DEFM

'THESE ITEMS

ARE IN ALARM CONDITION '

03580

DEFM

'CLO*=E NEEDEC

POINTS'

03590

DEFB

0AH

03600

DEFM

'R « TO RF.CHECK C = CONTINUE PROGRAM'

03610

DEFB

0DH

03620

MESS6

DEFM

■•••• TAKE

NOTE — ITEMS ABOVE ARE DE- '

03630

DEFM

'ACTIVATED

*«

* • >

03M0

DEFB

0DH

03650

MESS7

DEFB

BAH

03660

DEFM

'DO YOU NEED

TIME DELAYS OF *2 MINUTES '

03*70

DEFM

' LEAVING

AND 30 SECONDS

03680

DEFM

'ENTERING*

ON THE ENTRANCE DOORS? Y/N'

03690

DEFB

0DH

0370H

ERROR

DEFB

BAH

03710

DEFM

' — CODE WORD-

-ENTRY ERROR.. PROGRAM '

03720

DEFM

'EXITEDI '

03730

DEFB

0DH

03740

ALMFLT

DEFM

'RELAY FAULT-

— SIRFN 0" SONA ILLEGALY ON'

Luting 2 continued

Continued from p. 153

zone and time entries. When it com-
pletes this mode, the program patches
the Auto mode back in for a continued
time scan. The Exit command leaves the
program and jumps back to Basic.

This program also checks for relay
failures and uses Port 4, bit 2 to sound a
buzzer if a failure occurs. Upon entry to
the program, it indicates the status of
the system and the zone that is currently
running if applicable. It displays a mes-
sage giving you the option to deactivate
the system or exit back to Basic. There is
a l'/2 -minute delay between each zone
that allows time for water pressure to
stabilize.

CMDTABL Program

Program Listing 4 lets you patch cus-
tom commands to the Basic command
table. Presently, 1 include only two
commands — Sprink and Alarm. When
you enter either of these two commands
under Basic, the specified program
runs. If you add more commands to the
table, insert them in order but keep
them between the ENDTBL label. This
label automatically computes the length
of the command table for scanning pur-
poses.

Execute this program with a /29024.
The set-up section patches the main
body of this program to the Basic com-
mand table. Upon execution, two more
commands are added to the system.
This program runs anywhere in memo-
ry by changing the ORG statement.

Conclusion

You should now have a Port I/O
board with relays to control the real
world, and hopefully an understanding
of how to control the port board and its
functions. You should have enough in-
formation to expand in regard to port
I/O control. The sprinkler and burglar
alarm systems provide a couple of good
applications to real-world control.

The amount of control applications
available are virtually unlimited.
CMDTBL opens a door to custom users
for designing your own Basic com-
mands and applications. You should
learn a lot about your Model III and
computers in general by putting togeth-
er this system, as interfacing and con-
trolling real world applications involve
many aspects of your micro.

For a 16K System

As shown, the burglar alarm and
sprinkler system don't assemble on a
16K RAM system since they include so
many comments and banners. I made

168 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 2 continued

03">S0 DEPB 0DH

83770 ; POBT 2 ALARM MESSAGE TABLE

03790 MTBLE1 DEFW A0 ,-GIVES LOC FOR PO»T 2

83 800 DEFW Al ; ALARM MESSAGES

03810 DEFW A2

03820 DEFW A3

03830 DEFW A4

03840 DEFW AS

03850 DEFW A6

03860 DEFW A7

03880 ; PORT 3 ALARM MESSAGE T&BLE

03900 MTBLE2 DEFW B0 ,-GIVES LOC FOR PO"T 3

03910 DEFW Bl ; ALARM MESSAGES

03920 DEFW B2

0393" DEFW B3

03940 DEFW B4

03950 DEFW B5

03960 DEFW B6

03 97 DEFW B7

03 990 ; PORT 2 ALARM MESSAGES

04010 A0 DEFM 'FRONT DOOR' ;•• NOTE **.. A0

04020 DEFB 0DH

AND Al MUST BE

04030 Al DEFM "GARAGE DOOR"

USED AS ENTR

04040 DEFB 0DH

DLY INPUTS

04050 A2 DEFM 'FAMILY ROOM*

04060 DEFB 0DH

04070 A3 DEFM 'SLIDING DOORS'

04080 DEFB 0DH

04090 A4 DEFM 'KITCHEN WINDOW'

04100 DEFB 0DH

04110 A5 DEFM 'DINNING OR LIVING ROOM WINDOW'

04120 DEFB 0DH

04130 A6 DEFM 'SEWING ROOM'

04140 DEFB 0DH

04150 A7 DEFM 'A BATHROOM WINDOW'

04160 DEFB 0DH

04170 B0 DEFM 'MASTER BEDROOM'

4180 DEFB 0DH

04190 Bl DEFM 'BEDROOM 41 WINDOW'

li~dd DEFB 0DH

04210 B2 DEFM 'BEDROOM »2 WINDOW'

04'20 DEFB BDH

04230 B3 DEFM 'BASEMENT WINDOW'

04'40 DEFB 0DH

04250 B4 DEFM 'CAR 11 GARAGE DOOR' ;NOTE: I HAVE TWO

34260 DEFB 0DH

427 B5 DEFM 'CAR 12 GARAGE DOOR'

042 80 DEFB 0DH

04290 B6 DEFM 'WATER LEAK IN BASEMENT' ; SENSE LEAKS

04300 DEFB 0DH

04310 B7 DEFM 'PANIC BUTTON' ;FOR EMERGENCY

04320 DEFB 0DH

04330 END ALARM

the listings easy to follow so you can Contact David L. Engelhard t

assemble them on a 16K RAM system 10221 W. 101 St. Place, Broomfield,

without the comments and banners. ■ CO 80020.

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 159

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160 • 90 Micro, December 1983

Its about ENB.

Southern Software's new relational database
manager for TRS-80 Model I/III, all DOS.

ENB is a treat to use, with an integrated data dictio-
nary to allow totally flexible datastructure (restructure
without reblocking the database) and data-interde-
pendencies of any complexity. Variable length fields,
no record-length constraints, select on any field.
High-level Basic interface (compatible with ACCEL3/4
Basic Compiler), plus file exchange with practically
everything (Scripsit, VisiCalc, more). Holds up to
64K data items without data redundancy, spans up to
4 disk drives (or hard disk).

Special Offer

Buy ENB before December 31, 1983 and receive
EDIT full-screen Basic editor ($40 value — you
must enclose a copy of this ad!).

Read the reviews . . .

"ENB is fascinating."

— Wynne Keller, 80-MICRO, July 1983.

"ENB has no peer at the present time."

— Jim Kkproth, 80-US, July 1983.

■El

You've seen this ad about ENB.
Now ENBase your data!

ENB. $ 140 cjmf

Scripsit " Radio Shack. VisiCalc - VisiCorp.

Allen Gekhr Software

Box 11721 San Francisco. CA 94101 (415) 681-9371

*■ Sm List ot Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 161

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162 • 80 Micro, December 1983

IT HAD TO GO SOMEWHERE

There's no reason to deprive you of solid microcomput-
ing information just because it wouldn't fit between the
covers of 80 Micro. But even 80, as thick as it is, can hold
just so much. Here's the answer— The Rest of 80—31
of the best tutorials and utilities, hand-picked from the
overflowing files at 80 Micro. These never-before-pub-
lished articles for the Model I and Model III were just too
good to let them get away.

SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE

Whatever your programming skills.
The Rest of 80 can help you learn
more and save time and effort. Here are
just a few of the chapters you'll find:
An Unltstable. Unbreakable Program
Adding Commands to BASIC
Programming in Tiny Pascal
Line Drawing

Automatic Master Disk Directory
Faster Loading for the Model I
ASCII Converter

A Better LDOS KSM
And more on BASIC,

Pascal, and assembly language!
Every program is of the same high qual-
ity you wait for every month in 80
Micro. Now try The Rest of 80— a wel-
come addition to your computer library.

ISBN 0-88006-062-X. softcover with spiral bind-
ing. 7x9, approx. 300 pp. BK7392 $9.97

Call TOLL-FREE 1-800-258-5473 for

credit card orders. Or mail your order with pay-
ment or complete credit card information. In-
clude 8 1 .50 per order for shipping and handl-
ing. Send to: Wayne Green Inc.. Attn: Book
Sales, Peterborough. NH 03458.

WAYNE

GREEN

PUBLICATION

I'D BE LOST Jfcf

WITHOUT IT! S~±

Send me copies of

THE RE8T OF 80. Enclosed is $9.97 '

(BK7392) per copy plus $1.50 per order JJiLz
shipping and handling.

□ MasterCard Bank * OV1SA DAMEX

Card * Expires

Signature

Name

33QR8R acrepiaolr (or ordering

80 Micro, December 1983 • 163

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164 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Heart ofTEXAS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Toll Free 1-800-433-5184 Texas 1-817-274-5625

TCS Model IV, 64K, 2 Disks

Systems come with 180 Day TCS Warranty

$1499

With standard 40 track c./£&-

double density drives V^"
Over 340.000 bytes
Enhanced Model IV Operating System

$1699

« With 2 dual headed 40

track double density drives

Over 730.000 bytes

Enhanced Model IV Operating System

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible and tunctionally
identical to Radio Shack units sold at computer stores tor Shundreds more

' CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with gold
plated contacts

* POWER SUPPLY is the tinest switching type available

* MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables

* DISK DRIVES are Tandon. the same ones used by Radio Shack

40 track double density, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller, Power Supply. Mounting Hardware & Instructions

2 Controller, Power Supply. Hardware & one 40 track Tandon Drive

3 Controller. Power Supply, Hardware, two 40 track Tandon Drives

3a Kit 3 but with two 80 track drives (dual sided 40s)

3b Kit three but with two 160 track drives (dual sided 80s)

$249
$429
$598
$791
$989

TCS MODEL IV DISK EXPANSION KITS

11 Controller, Power Supply, Mounting Hardware, one 40 Track Tandon Drive $479

12 Controller, Power Supply, Mounting Hardware, two 40 Track Tandon Drives $649
12A Kit 12 but with two 80 Track Tandon Drives . $629
12B Kit 12 but with two 160 Track Tandon Drives $849

TRS-80 equipment below has original 90 day Manufacturer's Limited Warranty

MODEL 12 and MODEL 16

MODEL 12 1 drive $CALL

MODEL 12 2 drives $CALL

TCS MODEL 12 Version. 2 Tandon drives (like the original) TCS Warranty $2995

MODEL 16B... Support up to 6 users. Run your whole office with
hard disk capabilities for about $1000 per user!

MODEL 16B, 1 drive $CALL

MODEL 16B. 2 drives $CALL

Model 12 and Model 16 Accessories

128K memory board (256K Max ) $629

128K extra memory chips (RS) $269

128K extra memory chips (TCS) $189

Xenix Microsoft Multi-user Basic $269

Xenix Accounting Software $CALL

Xenix Multiplan Spread Sheet Software $263

MII/12 to M16 multi-user upgrade kit . $1339

DT/1 Video Terminal $629

MODEL IV

MODEL IV. 16K Cassette $825

MODEL IV. 64K, 2 drives. RS-232 $CALL

Model III Color Computer

All Radio Shack equipment is shipped from our store
in Brady, Texas

TCS DRIVE CABINET is industrial grade heavy guage metal, safety fused and comes
with gold plated external connector with extender cable

1 DRIVE in Cabinet

40 track single sided $199

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $299

160 track (dual sided 80 track $399

1 DRIVE Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $269

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $369

160 track (dual sided 80 track) $449

2 DRIVE Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $399

80 track (dual sided 40 tracks) $599
160 track (dual sided 80 tracks) $799

Drives in cabinets come assembled
and tested with power supply Order
cable separately

BARE DRIVES ONLY

40 track single sided . .. $165

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $CALL

160 irack (dual sided 80 track) SCALL
8 inch Slimline sgl/dbl sided SCALL
Winchester Hard Drives 5 Meg $399

CALL IF YOU FIND A LOWER PRICE ON DRIVES

CORVUS

HARD DISK DRIVES Complete from $1649

Single and multiuser HARD DRIVES for all brands of computers
One or several computers can share A HARD DISK.

Model 100 Portable Computer

8K / 24K / 32K Models

Full-size Typewriter Keyboard
8 Line, 40 Character Display
Weighs less than 4 pounds
Battery operated with optional

AC Power Adapter
Built-in Word Processing
Schedule and Address Book
Built-in Modem
Advanced BASIC Language
RS232C Interface to printer/

cassette recorder/phone
Complete Documentation

ACCESSORIES

8k RAM Memory Expansion
Parallel Printer Cable
Direct-connect Modem Cable
System Briefcase 20x14x4"
AC Adapter

$CALL

Heart ofTEXAS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

Toll Free 1-800-433-5184 Texas 1-817-274-5625

Payment by cashier's check, money order or certified check Call tor credit card $
No tax out of state Texans add 5% Prices sub|ect to change at any time

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166 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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UTILITY

<sms>
LOAD 80

Chameleon Code

by Bradley Murray

The mixture of Basic programs with
Assembly-code subroutines is powerful,
taking advantage of the simplicity of
one and the speed of the other.

Sometimes the Assembly-code rou-
tines are loaded in Basic; other times it
is better to POKE the decimal equiva-
lents of the routine's object code into
memory. It is a nuisance, though, to
convert the object code to decimal,
check the values and type the data lines.

1 wrote a program that interprets an
object file produced by an editor /as-
sembler, converts the object code to
decimal values, and writes these values
to an ASCII file of data lines. These are
later merged into the Basic program
that POKEs the values into memory.

The program gives the starting and
ending POKE locations, the memory
size required to protect the POKEd pro-
gram, and the hexadecimal (hex) address
needed for a DEFUSRn= statement.

How It Works

Program Listing 1 requests the name
of the file to be converted, the name of
the ASCII data file (the output file), the
starting line number of the data file,
and the line number increment.

The program is listed one statement
per line to increase its intelligibility, but
when entering the program ignore all
comment lines and compress statements
into single lines. The following line
numbers are branch points — you must
preserve 1100, 1260, 1360, 1630, 1800,
1870, 1940, 2000, 2090, and 2240.

The program begins with an error
trap: The object file first opens as an
I-file, closes and then reopens as an
R-file. If the file does not exist, a ran-
dom file with no data is created and
read, giving unpredictable, incorrect
output. If the file is first opened as "I",
the file-not-found error can be trapped.

170 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Tired of converting
Assembly code into
Bask data statements by
hand? This speeds it up.

Reading the file as an Input (I) file,
with an INPUT #2, AS would be
simpler, but has one problem. A byte
containing 00, valid in the object code,
would be bypassed. The code D0A7
00FF would be incorrectly read into the
string as D0A7FF. This does not hap-
pen when the File is read with a GETl.r
(see line 1240).

Line 1090 sets HX$ to contain all the
hex codes, from which values will be ex-
tracted in line 2070 to make a decimal-
to-hex conversion.

Line 1180 fields the input file buffer
as two variables of 128 bytes each. No
single string variable can contain the full
256 bytes. If your older version of Basic
has not been modified, the second half
of the buffer field contains only 127
bytes. This leads to problems if your ob-
ject program occupies a full disk sector
or more (256 bytes).

The first byte of an editor/assembler
object file is either 01 (if created by the
EDTASM in the NEWDOS package),
or 05 (if created by Radio Shack's
Editor /Assembler). In either case the
first byte of interest to this program
contains 01 — the command to load.

Line 1260 extracts a byte from the
string A$(l). The first time through, it
extracts the first byte and converts it to
decimal. If it is not 01, the second byte

will contain a certain number of bytes to
be bypassed before loading program
code. Line 1310 increases the pointer by
this amount, to skip over the required
bytes. If the following byte is 01, it's a
loading instruction.

The byte following the loading in-
struction gives the number of bytes to
be loaded, including 2 extra bytes con-
taining the loading address. Lines
1380-1390 decode the number of pro-
gram bytes NB to be extracted from the
string. Zero is interpreted as 256, and 2
is subtracted from NB to take care of
the loading-address bytes.

The loading address is used to
calculate the first location into which
Basic will POKE the program, as well as
the memory size needed to protect the
program.

Line 1400 moves the pointer to the
least significant bit (LSB) of the loading
address and blanks the hex value string
(ST$) for this address. The program
calls subroutine 2000 to get the decimal
value of the byte, find the quotient and
remainder (modulo- 16), and convert
each to one of the hex characters in
HX$. Upon return, it assigns ST the
decimal value of LSB.

The pointer moves to the next byte,
the most-significant bit (MSB) of the
starting address. With a call to 2000,
this is converted to decimal and to hex.
The hex code is put before the LSB and
linked with it to give the starting address
in hex (ST$).

The Key Box

Model I
32KRAM
Disk Basic
Editor/ Assembler

IF YOU'RE GOING TO

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OPERATING SYSTEM

SEE WHICH WAS

PICKED BEST.

The readers of 80 Micro were
asked to select their favorite
operating system for the TRS-80
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TRSDOS, MULTIDOS, WOBOS I and
HEW DOS/80 were all on the ballot.
They picked NEWDOS/80.

The editors of 80 Micro have also
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from among every software
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P1EW DOS/80 was one of the six.

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Enhanced
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• Selective variable clearing

• Can display BASIC listings page by
page

• Automatic repeat function key

• Routing for peripheral handling

• Enhanced disassembler

• Command chaining

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• Fast sort function in BASIC
Hard Disk Support Now Available

• Support for Apparat's and Radio
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These
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At just $149.00 it could be the best
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For more information see your
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TRS-80 and TRSDOS are registered trademarks of
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MEWDOS/80 - Apparat.

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^40

s See Ust ot Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 171

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Upon return from line 2000, the pro-
gram multiples the decimal value of this
byte by 256 and adds it to the LSB to
give the starting address in decimal
(ST). If the decimal value is greater than
32767, line 1520 sets the sign bit so the
location to POKE will be negative. Line
1510 saves the positive value in MM as
the memory size value. EN in line 1570
is the ending POKE address.

N points to the byte within the string
A$(K). The subscript K is either 1 or 2;
each record is split into two sub-records
(see line 1 180). K starts with a value of 1
in line 1620, increased when 128 bytes
are decoded (lines 1730-1740). If K
equals 3, 256 bytes have been decoded
and the next record is read from the disk
(1770-1780).

NB is the number of program bytes
to be converted to decimal and put on
the data line. KB is the number of bytes
actually converted and added. Line
1800 compares NB and KB.

NN keeps track of the number of
values on a single data line. As long as
this value does not exceed 14, a comma
is appended to the data line 1 850. When
there are 14 items, the routine writes a
carriage return/line feed to the file
(CHR$(13)), increases the line number,
and generates a new data line (lines
1870-1890).

The decimal value of the code is not
written directly to the data line, since
spaces appear before and after the num-
ber. Lines 1630-1670 convert it to string
format, trim it, and write it as a string.

When line 1800 determines that the

number of bytes decoded and written
(KB) equals the number of bytes re-
quired (NB), the program calls subrou-
tine 2090, the ending routine. If the next
byte is 01, more program bytes must be
added to the data. NB is calculated as
before, but the loading address is not
needed.

If the next byte is not 01, the entire
program has been loaded. Ordinarily
this byte and the next would be 0202,
followed by the program entry address
(not always the loading address). In this
conversion I assumed the starting ad-
dress and the loading address were the
same. If not, adjust them with a JP or
JR to the starting address.

You can modify the program to han-
dle a different starting address. If the
next byte is not 01 (line 2180), check
whether it and the next byte have a
value of 02. If so, the 2 bytes following
0202 contain the entry address. Convert
ST$ to this, using the technique above.
ST (the start of loading) and MM (the
memory size) remain unchanged.

If the byte is not 01 the loading is
finished. The program branches to pro-
duce the hex value used for the address
of a USRn call, the starting and ending
loop index values for the POKE, and
the memory size used in Basic when
running the program.

Program Listing 2 POKEs the As-
sembly-code routine into memory and
runs it. ■

Contact Bradley Murray, S.J., at
Loyola College, Baltimore, MD 21210.

Program Listing 1. The Converter program.

1B8B ' ** CONVERTER PROGRAM **

1010 '

IB 20 ' CONVERTS AN OBJECT CODE FILE

1030 ' TO "DATA" LINES SUITABLE FOR

1040 ' BASIC "POKE" FUNCTION

use ■

1060 ' TRAP FILE-NOT-FOUND ERROR

— 197 B ON ERROR GOTO 19 40

1080 DIM AS(2)

— 1090 HX$-"B1234S6789ABCDEF"

1189 LINEINPUT'OBJECT CODE FILESPEC: ";FS

11H ' OPEN "I" TO SEE IF FILE EXISTS

- 1120 OPEN"I",l,FS

— 113B CLOSE 1

1140 ' IF SO, OPEN AS A RANDOM FILE

— 1158 OPEN"R",l,F$

1160 ' BE SURE YOU HAVF UPDATED VERSION OF

1170 ' OF BASIC. IF NOT: 127 AS AS (2)

-^llBB FIELDI1,128 AS AS(1),128 AS A$(2)

^-119B LINEINPUT'ASCII DATA FILESPEC: *;FS

— 1288 OPEN"0',2,F$

— 1210 INPUT'ASCII DATA FILE STARTING LINE NUMBER " ; LN

-- 1220 INPUT'LINE NUMBER INCREMENT" ; IN

•—1238 PRINT 42, LN; "DATA *;

- 1248 CET 1,1

- 125B N«l

-1260 C-ASC(KID$(AS(1) ,N,1))

1278 ' C » LOAD COMMAND? (01H)

1288 ' IF NOT, NEXT BYTE IS NUMBER OF BYTES

1290 " TO SKIP OVER.

-13B0 IF C-l THEN 1368

ELSE N»ASC(KIDS(A$U) ,N*1,1) )

— 1318 N»N+3

132B ' CHECK WHETHER THIS BYTE IS B1H

133B GOTO126

134B ' YES: NEXT BYTE GIVES NUMBER OF BYTES TO

135B ' LOAD, INCLUDING A TWO-BYTE LOADING ADDR

1360 N=N+1

1378 ' KB - NUMBER OF PROGRAM BYTES TO LOAD

138B NB-ASC(MIDS(AS(1) ,N,1) )

Listing 1 continued

172 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing I continued

1390 IF NB-0 THEN NB-254

ELSE NB-NB-2
1400 H-N+l
1410 '
1420 ST$-""

STS - STRING FOR HEX CODE OF LOADING ADDR

ST WILL BE LSB OP STARTING ADDRESS

1430 GOSUB

1440 '

14 50 ST-K

1460 N-N+l

1470 GOSUB 2000

14 80 ' ST WILL BE DECIMAL VA\LUE OF STARTING ADDR

1490 ST«ST*K"2S6

1500 ' SAVE ST IN MM (MEMORY SIZE)

1510 MM-ST

1520 IF ST>32767 THEN ST-ST-65536

EN - ENDING ADDRESS

KB-NUMBER OF PRGRAM BYTES READ FOR THIS
SERIES OF LOADS (UP TO NEXT 01 CODE)
N-BYTE BEING DECODED IN A$(K)

NN - NUMBER OF VALUES ON A 'DATA' LINE

1530 '

1540 '

1550 '

1560 '

1570 EN-ST-1

1580 KB-0

1590 N«N+1

1600 '

1610 NN>0

1620 K-l

1630 C-ASC(MID$(A$(K) ,N,1))

1640 CS"STR$(C)

1650 ' REMOVE LEADING BLANK FROM NUMBER

1660 C$-RIGHTS(C$,LEN(CS)-1)

1670 PRINT 12, CS;

16 80 N-N+l

1690 KB-KB+1

1700 EN-EN+1

1710 ' HAVE 128 BYTES BEEN READ? IF SO

1720 ' START ON 2ND 128 BYTES OF RECORD

1730 IF N<129 THEN 1800

ELSE N'l
1740 K-K+l

1750 ' IF 2ND 128 BYTES HAVE BEEN READ,

1760 ' GET NEXT RECORD

1770 IF K-2 THEN 1800
ELSE GET 1

1780 K-l

1790 ' HAVE ALL BYTES BEEN READ?

1800 IF KB>-NB THEN GOSUB 2090

1810 NN-NN+1

1820 ' ARE THFRE 14 NUMBER ON "DATA" LINE?

1830 ' IF SO, START A NEW LINEj IF NOT,

1B40 ■ ADD *,"

1850 IF NN-14 THEN 1870

ELSE PRINT t2,","j

1860 GOTO 1630

1870 NN-0

1880 LN-LN+IN

1890 PRINT I2,CHRS(13) ;LM|"DATA "[

1900 GOTO 1630

1910 '

1920 ' ERROR: OBJECT FILE NOT FOUND

1930 •

1940 IF ERRO106 THEN ON ERROR GOTO

1950 CLS : PRINT'FILE NOT FOUND"

1969 RESUME 1100

1970 CLOSE

1980 '

1990 ' CONVERT 2-BYTE NUMBER TO HEX

2000 '

2010 ' GET DECIMAL VALUE FROM STRING

2020 K»ASC(MID$(AS(1) ,N,1) )

2030 ' QUOTIENT k REMAINDER, MOD-16

2040 Q-INT(K/16)

2050 R-K-Q*16

2060 ' SELECT HEX VALUE FROM STRING HX$

2070 STS-MID$(HX$,Q+1,1)+MID$(HX$,R+1,1)+ST$

2080 RETURN

2090 '

CHECK WHETHER THERE ARE MORE BYTES TO
TO BE READ — I.E. NEXT BYTE IS 01.
IF SO, GET NUMBER OF BYTES, AND SKIP
LOADING ADDRESS— I.E. ASSUME IT FOLLOWS
SEQUENTIALLY. IF NO MORE BYTES, THEN
ENDING ROUTINE: PRINT CRITICAL VALUES

2100 '

2110 '

2120 '

2130 '

2140 '

2150 ■

21(0 ■

2170 C-ASC(MIDS(AS(K) ,N,1))

2180 IF COl THEN 2240

ELSE N-N+l
2190 NB-ASC(MIDS(A$(K) ,N,1))
2200 IF NB-0 THEN NB-254

ELSE NB-NB-2
2210 KB-0
2220 N-N+3
2230 RETURN
2240 CLOSE
2250 CLS

2260 PRINT'FOR USR FUNCTION: DEFUSRN ■ IH'lSTS
2270 PRINT CHRS(13) |"POKE VALUES FROM "jST;"TO "|EN
2280 PRINT CHRS (13) ("MEMORY SIZE:*|MM

2290 PRINT CHRS(13) | "MERGE* jCHR$( 34) |FSjCHRS(34) ;CHR$(13)
2300 END

1000 ' ** THE POKE PROGRAM *•

1010 '

1020 DEPINT A-Z

1030 INPUT'LINE 1000 OKAY? <ENTER> OR BREAK* |Q$

1040 INPUT'START AMD EMD ADDRESSES *; S , E

1050 FOR I-S TO E

1060 READ N : POKE I,N

1070 NEXT I

1080 DEFUSR1-

1090 X-USR1(0)

1100 END

Program Listing 2. The POKE program.

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S 69

60 Micro, December 1983 • 173

TUTORIAL

Basic, Faster and
Readable— Part IV

by John Corbani

(The first three parts of this series ap-
peared in June, p. 104, July, p. 200, and
November, p. 228.— Eds.)

The intelligent use of variables in
your programs is essential to both pro-
gram speed and readability. The type
and number of variables and their se-
quence affects execution time. Creating
mnemonic variables that are easy to
read, remember, and understand is es-
sential to good programming.

In this article I look at the Model
I/III version of Microsoft Basic and de-
scribe how Basic puts variables into
memory and how to use variables so
your computer reads them faster.

A variable name represents either
a number (numeric variable) or a se-
quence of printable, or control, char-
acters (string variables). Basic uses
variables in program statements to rep-
resent different values. The concept is
the same as that used in algebra.

The formula for adding three quanti-
ties illustrates the use of variables.
A + B + C = D uses A, B, and C to
represent values you want added
together, and specifies D to represent
the answer.

If you assign A the value 2, B the val-
ue 3, and C the value 5, then D equals 10
in the above formula. If A= "B" and
B = "0" and C= "Y" then D equals
"BOY". You can change the number
or characters represented by these
variables, run the variables through a
formula, and obtain general solutions
to problems.

Numeric Variables

Three types of numeric variables ex-
ist: integer, single-precision, and dou-
ble-precision. Integer variables describe
whole numbers between -32768 and
+ 32767. Basic processes these variables
very quickly.

174 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Using variables in a Bask
program can affect ex-
ecution speed. Make sure
you use them efficiently.

Single-precision variables consist of
any six digits and can contain a decimal
point. They take longer to process than
integer variables.

Double-precision variables use 16
digits with a floating decimal point and
take the longest time to process, so use
them only when necessary.

A numeric variable's name consists
of one or two alphanumeric characters,
with only two restrictions: the first char-
acter must be a letter, and you cannot
use Basic reserved key words (If, To,
Or, and so on).

Basic converts lowercase characters
to uppercase. This allows for 26 single
letter variables (A-Z), 260 alphanu-
meric (A0-Z9), and about 650 alpha/
alpha combinations (AA-ZZ).

This total of 936 variables applies to
each of the three types, bringing the
total possible numeric variables to
2,808.

You have the choice of defining
groups of variables as a specific numeric
type, or adding an identifier (suffix) to
the variable name every time you use it.
If you do not specify a numeric type,
Basic assumes a single-precision
variable.

Use the DEFINT, DEFSNG, and
DEFDBL commands to predefine
groups of numeric variables as integer,
single-, or double-precision.

The punctuation characters •fa (in-
teger), ! (single-precision), and #
(double-precision) are suffixes that you
can add to variables to define their type.
The listing below illustrates the use of
these definitions and suffixes.

10 DEFINT A-C: DEFDBL X

20 A=-3:B! = 30: BA = 10: X= Vy. XI = 1:

X2 = 3:X3 = X1/X2:PRINTA;B!; BA:

PRINT X;X3
30 D = 1.666E3:X3 = 1.7563421D-2: PRINT

D;X3

Line 10 defines all simple variables
(those without a suffix) starting with the
letters A, B, and C as integer variables.
All simple variables starting with X are
double-precision. All other simple vari-
ables are, by default, single-precision.

Line 20 assigns values to four vari-
ables. It sets A to -3, an integer,
and single-precision variable B to
30.0000. It also sets BA to the integer
10, and X to the double-precision value
of .3333333432674408.

The computer divides constants in
single-precision and converts them to
double-precision or integers. If you
want Vi to equal .3333333333333333,
you have to type it in yourself or make
your computer do the division with
double-precision numbers.

Line 30 illustrates a shorthand meth-
od to enter data that comes in scientific
notation. When you assign values to
single-precision variables, you can type
the number, an E, and the exponent.

In double-precision you use a D be-
fore the exponent. Basic sets the vari-
able D to 1666.00 and the variable X3 to
.017563421.

String Variables

String variables represent characters
or sequences of characters. They can

represent from zero to 255 characters.

The rules for naming string variables
are the same as those for numeric vari-
ables. Names can be either letters, an
alphanumeric combination, or two let-
ters that aren't reserved words.

Reserve groups of names for string
variables by using the DEFSTR func-
tion (see the listing below). You can also
identify a string variable by placing a $
(read "string," not "dollar") after a
variable name. Basic provides 936 string
variables, bringing the total number of
variables to 3,744.

40 DEFSTR F-H: G = "Good bye."

:H= "HeUo"
50 YS = "youaIl.":F = CHRS(191) + " "
60 PRINT F + H + YS + G

Line 40 defines all variables starting
with the letters F-H as string variables,
and assigns sequences of characters to
G$ and H$.

Line 50 assigns a string to YS and as-
signs character number 191 (a full white
block) and two spaces to F$. Line 60
uses the strings to print a block cursor
and two sentences.

Arrays

Use numeric and string variables to
identify arrays, or lists of values. The
3,744 possible arrays are in addition to
the individual variables. Each array has
as many as 255 dimensions, and 65,535
elements per dimension.

You don't need to define arrays with
fewer than 11 elements per dimension.
You must dimension arrays with any
element number above 10 before refer-
encing the high element.

If you define a variable as a certain
type, you must dimension the variable
array after that point as the same type
unless otherwise specified by a suffix.

70 DIM A(20,2): DIM G(26)

80 FOR A = 1 TO 20: FOR B= 1 TO 2:

A(A,B) ■ A B: NEXT B,A
90 FOR A = 1 TO 26: G(A) = CHR$(A + 64):

Line 70 dimensions two arrays.
A(20,2) is a two-dimensional integer nu-
meric array. G(26) is a single-dimen-
sional string array. Remember, line 10
defines A as an integer and line 40
defines G as a string variable.

Line 80 fills the numeric array with
the numbers from 1-20 in one dimen-
sion and the square of the numbers in
the other dimension. Line 90 fills the
string array with the code for the capital
letters from A-Z

Basic stores in memory all the variables

^ See list of Advertisers on Page 291

and arrays specified in a program,
along with the information they repre-
sent. Basic stores numeric variables just
after the program that defines them.
The storage process occurs as the pro-
gram uses each variable.

The program stores variables in
memory in the order in which it encoun-
ters them. Each name takes 3 bytes: 1
for the variable type, and 2 for the
name. The value assigned to numeric
variables immediately follows.

Basic stores integer values in the next 2
bytes, single-precision in the next 4 bytes,
and double-precision in the next 8 bytes.
The length of the string in 1 byte and the
address of the first character of the
string in the 2 bytes follows the string
variable's type and name. The program
stores the data itself in high memory.

Basic stores arrays in a list following
the simple variables. Three bytes iden-
tify the type of variable and the array
name. Two bytes identify the total num-
ber of elements, and 1 byte identifies the
number of dimensions. Basic also
allocates 2 bytes for each dimension to
give the number of elements allowed per
dimension. The program stores the
data, one element at a time, starting
with the first dimension.

You can also use long names for the
variables. Basic looks at the last char-
acter to determine type, and ignores all
characters after the first two unless they
are reserved (key) words. Microsoft
gives more variables than most pro-
grams can use.

Why all the confusion about vari-
ables? Don't blame Basic, blame For-
tran and the misinterpretation of books
written by and for Fortran program-
mers. Fortran begat Basic, and con-
tained only a few integer variables,
starting at I.

Fortran had no strings, and virtually
no organized structure. It was one of
the first high-level languages, and is still
the language of choice in most state-of-
the-art scientific applications.

Basic is an interpreter that uses much
of Fortran's source code. It has greatly
expanded the role and power of vari-
ables. It also includes Basic-added
numeric and string types, and many of
the old restrictions are gone. The
literature could not keep up. Many of
the current problems are due to human
factors that have seldom been addressed.

Be careful not to use letters in situa-
tions that could cause confusion. Elec-
tronic connector manufacturers have
noticed that people misread the letters
G, I, O, and Q. G, O, and Q turn up as
zero. I is a 1, and vice versa. Connector

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-255

80 Micro, December 1983 • 175

10 A%

= 10: BC$= "HELLO"

V = VARPTR(A<%)

Mcnoiy

Addras

Vahtt

Ducriptioa

V-3

Integer type code

V-2

Fust letter of name (none)

V-l

Second character of name (A)

Low byte of the value

V+l

High byte of the value

V+VARPTR(BC$)

Memory

AddreB

Value

Description

V-3

String type

V-2

First letter of name (B)

V-l

Second character of name (Q

Number of characters in string

V+l

254

Least significant byte of address of first letter of string (H)

V + 2

121

Most significant byte of first letter of string (H)
(H) is found at 254 + (121*256), or 30,976

Table 1. An example of integer and string storage in Basic.

10 DEFINTA, B, V;

B= \«b. V= 1.0: DIM A(10,2)

20 FOR A

= 0TO 10: A(A.0) = A+1: A(A,1) = A + 21:A(A.2) = A + 41: NEXT

30 V = VARPTR(A(0,0))

40 FORB =

-- - 10 TO 50: LPRINT PEEK(V + B):NEXT

Meaory

AfltfltS

Vakae

Description

V-10

Integer variable

V-9

Name

V-8

Name

V-7

Number of elements

V-6

Number of elements

V-5

Number of dimensions

V-4

Depth of dimension 2

V-3

Depth of dimension 2

V-2

Depth of dimension 1

V-l

Depth of dimension 1

First element A(0,0)

V+l

First element A(0,0). . .

V + 22

Element A(0,1)

V + 23

Element A(0,l). . .

V + 44

Element A(0,2)

V + 45

Element A(0 J2)

Table 2. A two-dimensional integer array and associated values.

manufacturers use a 22-letter alphabet.
That's the reason for the standard
44-pin connector.

I was the first of the few integers in
Fortran, and since integers ran fast,
they were used in most programming
books as preferred variables. Everyone
used them, and everyone had problems.

G is not too bad on screen or on fully
formed character printers, but if you
have a dot matrix printer, watch out. O
is a disaster when used alone, and it's
even worse when used as the second let-
ter of a variable name.

Don't even consider Q unless the pro-
gram context makes it unmistakable.
QS for queen of spades in a poker pro-
gram makes good sense, for instance.

I is just as bad. It makes a bad second
letter, and can cause confusion when
used alone. IN is a handy name for in-
put data, and if the context is clear, I is a
reasonable first letter.

The logical selection of variable
names depends on the purpose of the
program. Pick letters and combinations
that form mnemonics recognizable to
anyone familiar with the general subject
area. X and Y are good names for
variables that describe the X and Y plot-
ting positions in a graphics package.

D or T makes sense for loop variables
used for time delays. NM$ is great for
the name string in a mailing list program.

Whatever you do, keep a variables
list in alphabetical order as you write a
program, and put arrays in a separate
list. You need to know what the variables
are, what they represent, and how
they're used. Never use the same name
for two types of numerical variables.
176 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Use the fewest number of variables
possible to do the job. Nothing is wrong
with specifying some variables as utility
variables and using them repeatedly.
Initialize them every time you use them
and you'll never have a problem.

Variables can change function as a
program executes. Just list all functions
in the variables list. Variables and ar-
rays take up valuable memory, whether
used once or 1,000 times, so their effi-
ciency is important. Remember, you
can never recover memory during pro-
gram execution.

Fewer variables mean higher speed.
Basic interprets programs character by
character. When it encounters a vari-
able, the interpreter goes to the top of
the variables list and starts searching for
the name.

Variables used frequently or in time
sensitive routines should be at the top of
the list. If the variable is number 100 on
the list, the program reads 99 variable
names, compares them to the desired
name, and discards them every time you
reference that variable. Moving the var-
iable up to SO on the list doubles the
speed of obtaining the quantity repre-
sented by that variable.

Assign critical values right at the start
of the program. Remember to store string
and numeric variables in different lists.
Store string and numeric arrays in a sep-
arate list, and assign values accordingly.

Sometimes you'll want to know the
location of a variable in memory. The
POKE command can change the con-
tents of strings, for example, or a ma-
chine-language routine might need ac-
cess to some data in memory.

VARPTR(X) can get you to the right
spot, but it's a tricky function to use.
VARPTR(X) returns an error message
if X is undefined in the program. If the
program has not yet encountered X dur-
ing the execution, VARPTR returns
the memory location of the variable as
part of the source code. This informa-
tion is useless for determining type of
value of the variable.

If all simple variables have values,
and you use VARPTR to find an array,
any answer you get is subject to change
and may be wrong.

Assigning memory space to simple
variables after arrays have been defined
requires moving the array to make
room for the simple variable. Table 1
shows how Basic stores an integer and a
string. Table 2 shows a two-dimensional
integer array.

Floating point numbers start with the
least significant byte at location V. The
number representation when playing
with binary floating point numbers is
too complex to go into here. Zilog and
Intel have programming guides that can
help, for those who are interested.
Radio Shack information to date is
superficial at best.

That's enough on variables. In my
next installment, I will take a look at
Basic commands that let you get right
into the hardware of your computer. ■

John Corbani's hobbies include pro-
gramming, radio controlled model air-
craft, sailing, railroading, skiing, and
windsurfing. You can reach him at 2455
Calk Linares, Santa Barbara, CA
93109.

UTILITY

Take It Off

by David Engelhardt

Model 4 owners may need or want
more space on their TRSDOS 6.0 sys-
tem disks. Killing infrequently used
system utilities yields the extra space,
but TRSDOS 6.0 protects these utilities
with a password. Before you can rear-
range your disks, you must circumvent
this protection. 1*11 show you how.

Figure 1 shows the directory listing of
an unaltered 6.0 disk. The letter P in the
attribute (Attr) column identifies pro-
tected files.

The Concept

Debug on TRSDOS 6.0 is more
powerful than the Model HI version. It

You can gain extra
space on TRSDOS 6.0
disks by killing protected
utility files. Here's how.

includes a new set of features, including
a disk Read/Write utility. By taking ad-
vantage of this utility in 6.0's revised
Debug, you bring the system directory
into memory, remove the password,
and write the modified directory back
to the disk.

Drive :■ TRSDOS 6 9

4f Cyl, DDEN, Free -

43. SIR

180.08K

, Date

10-Har-83

Filespec HOC

Attr Prot

LRL

•Recs

EOF

Pile Size

Ext

Hod Date

BAR/BA5

FULL

256

•

B.B0K

CLICK/FLT

EXEC

256

178

1.50K

10-Har-83

COM/DVR

EXEC

256

1.5IK

10-Har-83

COMH/CHD

EXEC

256

3.BBK

10-Har-83

CONV/CHD

EXEC

256

3.I0K

10-Har-83

FLOPPY/DCT

READ

256

1.58K

10-Har-83

FORHS/PLT

EXEC

256

1.50K

18-Har-83

HERTI50/JCL

FULL

256

174

1.50K

10-Har-83

KSM/FLT

EXEC

256

1.58K

10-Mar-83

LOG/ CUD

EXEC

256

1.50K

10-Har-83

HAILLIST

FULL

256

16.50K

10-Har-83

MAILLIST/DAT

FULL

256

255

1.50K

23-Apr-83

NBMOISK/DCT

READ

256

149

3.00K

10-Har-83

REPAIR/ CHD

EXEC

256

1.50K

lB-Har-83

TAPE100/CHD

EXEC

256

3.00K

10-Har-83

files

out Of 37

■elected. Space ■

42.00K

Figure 1.

TRSDOS 6.0 directory listing.

6200

6210
6220
6230
6240
6250
6260
6270
6280
6290
62A0
62B0
62C0
62D0
62E0
62F0

5E
F6
5F
F6
15
BF
16
BF
16
51
16
BF

16
BF

83
37
03
37
03
AE
03
AE
03
IF
03
AE

53
P5

53
F5
53
96
53
96
53
96
53
96

28
9C
89
9C
96
42
59
42
2E
42
49
42

5F
42

00
0F
00
30
00
0C
80
03
00
04
00
09

42
00
53
00
4D
00
52
00
43
00
54
00

4C
00

4F 4F 54 20 20 20 20 53

00 02 PF FF FF FF FF FF
59 53 36 20 20 20 20 53
16 07 FF FF FF PF FF FF
45 4D 44 49 53 4B 20 44
0E 01 FF FF FF FF FF FF
45 50 41 49 52 20 20 43
09 40 FF FF FF FF FF FF
4F 4D 20 20 20 20 20 44
0C 20 FF FF FF FF PF FF
41 50 45 31 30 30 20 43
0A 01 FF FF FF FF FF FF

4F 47 20 20 20 20 20 43
09 00 FF FF PF FF FF FP

Figure 2. Debug display.

59
PP
59
FF
43
PF
4D
FF
56
FP
4D
FF

53
FF
53
FF
54
FF
44
FF
52
FF
44
FF

*.S(.BOOT

SYS

_.S..SYS6

SYS

..S..HBHDISK

DCT

..SY. REPAIR

CHD

..S..COH

DVR

..SI.TAPE100

CHD

..S_.LOG

CHD

Your TRSDOS 6.0 manual discusses
this utility on pages 1-75. When you in-
voke a disk utility command, you must
specify six parameters relevant to the
operation that tell 6.0 how to proceed.
You need to indicate the number of the
disk drive, the cylinder number, the
starting sector, the type of operation
you want to perform, the memory ad-
dress, and the number of sectors.

The Read/Write utility allows a pos-
sibility of four disk drives, 0-3.

TRSDOS 6.0*s name for tracks is cyl-
inders, and you must cite cylinder val-
ues in hexadecimal (hex) units. There-
fore, the range of possible cylinders on
a 40-track disk is 0-27 hex.

The starting sector indicates where
you want to begin reading from the
disk.

The Read/Write utility performs
three operations: it writes to a disk (the
W command), reads from a disk (R),
and writes to the directory (*).

The address value tells the system
where in memory to load the informa-
tion read from the disk. Again, this
value must be hexadecimal.

You control how much of a disk the
system reads by specifying a number of
sectors. If you don't specify, the pro-
gram reads a whole cylinder (18 sectors).
Since sectors are numbered 0-17, se-
lecting a sector number greater than 17
tens the software to continue reading
onto the next cylinder.

Removing the Protection

Begin the unprotecting process with a
little insurance. Instead of altering your
original disk, make a back-up copy and
use that. If anything goes wrong while
you're tampering with the disk direc-
tory, you won't be able to recover the
working disk.

Place the back-up in drive zero. Type

the command FREE :0 to determine

which cylinder holds the directory. The

80 Micro, December 1983 • 177

directory location is labelled DDD, and
is usually at cylinder 20.

At the TRSDOS Ready prompt, type
DEBUG (ON.EXT) and press the enter
key. The Debug monitor loads, then
control passes back to the Ready
prompt . Press the break key to enter the
Debug monitor and a three-quarters
screen display of the Z80 register values
appears.

Type F6000,7800,00 and press the
enter key. This clears the memory you
want to use.

Load the disk's directory into memo-
ry using the Disk Read/Write utility
command: 0, 1 4,0, R, 6000, 17 and press
the enter key. The software reads disk
cylinder 14 hex and places the informa-
tion in memory beginning at 6000 hex.
Then the utility displays the contents of
memory, starting at 6000 hex — this is
the disk's directory.

Pressing the semicolon key incre-
ments the display 256 bytes of memory
at a time; the hyphen key decrements
the display by 256 bytes. Step through
memory until the starting address of
6200 hex appears on the screen.

In the far right column, the file
names appear in ASCII format. As you
step through memory, the names of all

the disk's files show up. Notice that
some of these names don't appear when
you take a directory of the disk. See
your manual's explanation of the DIR
command for more about these "invisi-
ble" files.

Figure 2 shows the Debug display of
memory beginning at 6200 hex. This in-
cludes the directory information for the
utilities Memdisk, Repair, Com, Tape-
100, and Log. The line on which the
ASCII file name appears represents the
beginning of each directory entry.

Looking at the first byte in the first
line of each utility, notice Memdisk
begins with a 15; Repair, Com, Tape-
100, and Log begin with 16. This byte
tells the system the program's protec-
tion level. Changing this changes the
program's protection. If the value is 10
hex, the program is completely acces-
sible.

Try unprotecting Memdisk for prac-
tice. Type E6240 and press the space bar
to set Debug's pointer to Memdisk's
first line. Notice that the current byte
value appears at the lower left of the
screen.

Type 10 and press the enter key. The
display reflects the change you made.
The first byte of Memdisk is 10, mean-

ing that Memdisk is now unprotected.

Type E6260 and press the space bar.
The pointer moves to the beginning of
the Repair utility. Change its initial byte
to 10. Continue making these changes
until you alter all the utility programs.
Remember: You've made these changes
in memory only, not on the disk.

To replace the disk's directory with
your modified directory, use another
disk Read/Write utility command. It's
almost the same as the one that puts the
directory in memory. Just change the
operator from R to an asterisk. Type
0,14,0,*,6000,17 and press the enter
key. Type the letter O and press the
enter key to return to TRSDOS Ready.
Turn off Debug using the command
DEBUG (OFF).

Call the directory using the DIR com-
mand and you see that the programs
you changed no longer have the P at-
tribute. You are free to copy or kill
them at your discretion.

Use this technique to customize your
6.0 disks to suit your needs.

(For related information, see the
sidebar on the next page. — Eds.jM

Contact David Engelhardt at 10221
W. 101st Place, Broomfield, CO 80020.

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178 • 80 Micro, December 1983

The Password Is . . .

by David Lantis

At one time or another, you've
probably run across a Model 4 disk
file you wanted to list but couldn't
because it was password-protected.
One way to gain access is to remove
the password protection, but that
leaves the Mies open to anyone.

A better solution is to use this
Basic program and the Memdisk
utility to uncover the password. This
leaves your files protected against ac-
cidents, while still giving you com-
plete freedom.

Program Operation

PASSCRCK/BAS (see the Pro-
gram Listing) searches for the pass-
word of a protected file on the disk in
drive zero. The program systemati-
cally tries every possible combination
of letters and numbers until it hits
upon the successful one.

The On Error and Resume state-
ments in lines 10 and 5000, respec-
tively, are PASSCRCK/BAS's key.
They keep the program running as
long as it makes errors, i.e., as long
as it generates an incorrect password.

Lines 30-160 loop around, testing
every possible alphanumeric value
for each of seven possible password
characters (stored in variables C2-
C8). Line 170, the loop that tests the
value of the first character (CI), is
different from those in the previous
lines because TRSDOS 6.0 requires
that a letter begin a password.

Lines 180-200 tally the values of
the individual characters (C1-C8)
into P$, the variable that holds the
password possibility currently being
tested. Line 210 is optional; it prints
P$ on the screen. While it's helpful
to know how far along the program
is, this line does slow execution.

Line 220 sets the variable FILES
equal to the command that lists your
selected program, LIST FILE NAME/
EXTENSION PASSWORD, where
password is the possibility the pro-
gram tests.

Line 230 goes out to the system to
test the password. If the program is
successful, then the program listing
appears on the screen. Finally, the
software prints the line LIST FILE
NAME/EXTENSION PASSWORD
at the top of the screen. Get a pencil
and write down the password.

Unfortunately, this program is
slow. It tests tens of thousands of
possible combinations of letters and
numbers. In addition to the time it
takes to test the password, the disk
drives wait one second between the
time they start spinning and the time
they begin reading the disk. Multiply
this second across the number of
password possibilities tested and
we're talking about hours, maybe
days.

Speeding Things Up

Memdisk, a TRSDOS 6.0 utility,
helps speed things by creating a
pseudo-disk in memory. This cir-
cumvents the physical disk I/O that
takes so much time. Your TRSDOS
6.0 manual documents the Memdisk
utility on page A-l 16.

To run PASSCRCK/BAS with
Memdisk, move the system files,
Basic's error reporting overlay BA-
SIC/OV1, and the program you
want to crack into memory on Mem-
disk. (If BASIC/OV1 is protected on
your disk, remove the protection
using the method described above.)

Type SYSTEM (DRIVE = 2,
DRIVER = "MEMDISK") and press
the enter key. The Memdisk utility
menu appears. Choose option D,
specify a double-density Memdisk
(type D again), and respond Y to the
format request. If you ask for a di-
rectory (DIR), you see that drive 2
now contains Memdisk.

Type in BACKUP $/SYS:0 :2
(SYS) to tell the computer to copy all
system files onto disk 2, the disk in
memory.

Typing in BACKUP BASIC/
OV1:0 :2 moves the Basic overlay
program onto Memdisk. This cir-
cumvents the physical disk I/O
involved when PASSCRCK/BAS
fails and BASIC/OV1 reports, "Ac-
cess denied due to password pro-
tection."

Type in BACKUP file/ext:0 :2
(where file is the name of the pro-
gram you're cracking) to move the
program onto Memdisk.

Typing in SYSTEM (SYSTEM = 2)
installs Memdisk as drive zero. Re-
questing a directory now shows phy-
sical drive zero as drive 2 and Mem-
disk as drive zero.

Type in BASIC/CMD:2 to run
Basic. Then, from Basic's READY
prompt, load and run PASS-
CRCK/BAS. When the program
asks "File you wish to list?" enter
the name of the program you want to
crack.

With the Memdisk method im-
plemented, PASSCRCK/BAS tests
about 100 passwords per minute.
Carried to its ultimate end, the pro-
gram reaches its final possibility
(password ZZZZZZZZ) in approxi-
mately 1,041 years. But the chances
are that the software will encounter
the correct password well before
then. ■

10 ON ERROR GOTO 5000

20 INPUT'What file to list -- must be on disk 0-jFS

30 FOR C8-32 TO 90

40 IP (C8>32 AND C8<48) OR (C8>57 AND C8<65) THEN 320

50 POR C7-32 TO 90

60 IP (C7>32 AND C7<48) OR (C7>57 AND C7<65) THEN 310

70 POR C6-32 TO 90

80 IP (C6>32 AND C6<48) OR (C6>57 AND C6>65) THEN 300

90 POR C5-32 TO 90

100 IP (CS>32 AND C5<48) OR (C5>57 AND C5<68) THEN 290

110 POR C4-32 TO 90

120 IP (C4>32 AND C4<48) OR (C4>57 AND C4<68) THEN 280

130 POR C3-32 TO 90

140 IP <C3>32 AND C3<48) OR (C3>57 AND C3<68)THEN 270

150 POR C2-32 TO 90

160 IP (C2>32 AND C2<48) OR (C2>57 AND C2<68) THEN 260

170 POR Cl-65 TO 90

180 P1$-CHRS(C1)+CHRS(C2)+CHR$(C3)+CHR$(C4)

190 P2S-CHRS(C5)+CHRS(C6)+CHR$(C7)+CHRS(C8)

200 P$«P1$+P2$

210 PRINT P$

220 PILE$-"liat "+P$+V+P$

230 SYSTEM PILES

240 PRINT PILES: END

250 NEXT CI

260 NEXT C2

270 NEXT C3

280 NEXT C4

290 NEXT C5

300 NEXT C6

310 NEXT C7

320 NEXT C8

330 PRINT 'Couldn't find the password, I guess you'll have to fi

re ae'tEND

5000 RESUME 250

Program Listing. Password Sleuth.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 179

micro

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 181

Finding the
Search Solution

Continued from p. 115

of the two keys and uses the composite
key signature for the search. For exam-
ple, to search for the record containing
the keys "lane" and "walk", the pro-
gram logically ORs the key signatures
of "lane" and "walk" to produce a
composite key signature (Fig. 4).

You then compare each record signa-
ture with the composite key signature.
Only the record signature of the string
"Jill walks up the lane" matches (for
every bi equal to 1 in the composite key
signature, a bi equals 1 in the record
signature).

The program identifies the string
even though the search key "walk" is
only a substring of the word "walks".
This is an important feature of the sig-
nature screening method. You need to
specify only three or more letters of a
word to fmd it. The substring can be
from any position in the word.

Signature Screening
on an 8-Bit Machine

The detective who helped us earlier
has gone home to watch reruns of Perry
Mason, and it's time to get to work.
First, I'll describe the general aspects of
implementing signature screening on
8-bit machines. Til follow this with an
explanation and complete Assembly-
language listings of two signature
screening programs (Mindex and
Search) for the Models II, 12, 16, III,
and 4.

Finally Til give instructions on using-
the programs, suggest potential applica-
tions, and venture a prediction on how
personal computers will store and
retrieve textual information in the
future.

Source and Index File Structure

Start with a simple case in which each
text record is 255 or fewer bytes and is

followed by an end-of-record indicator
(ASCII 13). The program stores only
one record per disk sector. Figure 5
shows a 10-sector source file, the rec-
ords in each sector, and the correspond-
ing index file.

The index file has the same name and
password as the source file, but the ex-
tension MAP. The first sector of the in-
dex file, called the header, contains the
name and version of the indexing pro-
gram (Mindex 1.2) and the source file's
file specification. The source file's drive
number isn't included since the user
might wish to switch drives.

The remainder of the index file sec-
tors are called signature sectors. Each
signature sector contains eight record
signatures stored in parallel. Think of it
as eight 251 -bit strings stacked one on
top of another. The record signature of
the nth source file record is located in the
(INT(n/8)+ l)th sector of the index file
and comprises the (n mod 8)th bit of
bytes zero to 250.

Neither Mindex nor Search uses the 5
bytes (251 to 255) at the end of each sig-
nature sector. In Fig. 5, you can find the
signature of the first source record (sec-
tor zero) by reading the first bit (bit

Sector
number

Index FBe
FILE1/MAP

Source Fie
FILEl/rXT

Sector
number

Mindexl.2

FILE1/TXT

bird

cat

horse

Jill

Tom

Jack

goat on the hill

cat and dog

_^^

Jack and Jill

^^^

ran up the hill

Figure 5. Source file (FILE1/TXT) and its index file (FILEl/MAP).

Signature

OTO10000000000000000010000W10000^^

000 1 0000000000 1 0000000000000 1 000000000000000000000000000000000 1 WXXXXXXXX)000(XXXXX)0<XXX)(XXXX>001^

0001 0000000000000000000000001 000000000000000000000000000001 C»O0OO0(XXXXX>(XXX)OC>0OOOOCXXX)0OOO0O0OOC»O^

0OOOOO0(X)C<XX)OOO0<XX>00O00000O0O^^

oc» i oooooooocw 1 ocjoooooooocxw 1 axxxxxioooocxxxttcioc^

String

He ran dovri the lane
Jill walks up the lane
The goat ran up the la

Jill

valks ♦ lane

Figure 4. Record signatures of the three strings in Table 2 and key signatures of the search keys "Jill" and "walks + lane".

182 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 183

zero) of each of the bytes in the first sig-
nature sector.

Indexing

I'll index the file in Fig. 5. First, the
program reserves a 256-byte buffer in
memory for the signature sector. After
it opens the source and index files and
writes the index file header sector, the
program starts indexing.

The program sets all the bytes in the
signature sector buffer to zero. The pro-
gram reads the first source file record
into memory. It then hashes each triplet
in the source record to a number be-
tween zero and 250, and sets bit zero of
the corresponding byte in the signature
sector buffer to 1. In the first source
record the triplets "bir" and "ird" hash
to 171 and 194, respectively, so the pro-
gram sets the first bits of bytes 171 and
194 of the signature sector to 1 .

After the program processes the first
record, it reads the second record (sec-
tor 1) into memory. Again, the program
hashes each triplet in the record, but this
time the program sets bit 1 of the corre-
sponding byte equal to 1. The triplet
"cat" hashes to 193 so the program sets
bit 1 of byte 193 of the signature sector

tol.

The program repeats this procedure
until it indexes eight of the records. It
then stores the signature sector buffer in
the index file (sector 1). The program
processes the next eight sectors of the
source file in the same manner, and se-
quentially stores the signature sector in
the index file. Indexing continues until
the end of the source file, then the pro-
gram writes the last signature sector to
the index file and closes both files.

Searching

Remember that in its simplest form
the search algorithm is: Match the
signature of the first record to the key
signature. If, for every bi equal to 1 in
the key signature, you have a cor-
responding bi equal to 1 in the record
signature, the screening test is positive
and the program brings the record into
memory and searches it for the key.
Continue screening record signatures
until you reach the end of the index file.

An ideal way to compare the key sig-
nature to a record signature is to have a
machine with 251 -bit registers and ac-
cumulators. You could compare the key
and record signatures in one operation.

Search key Jill

Triplets jil 01

Hash values 212 142

Key hash buffer

21
14

Figure 6. Search key "Jill" for search of the
source file in Fig. 5.

It would be a form of parallel process-
ing — the same as putting multiple nee-
dles in edge-notched cards and selecting
only those cards that fall out.

Eight-bit machines, however, neces-
sitate the use of serial processing.
Although a program can sequentially
compare all 251 bits of the key and
record signatures, it would be waste-
ful because the majority of bits in the
key signature are set to zero and can be
ignored.

Instead, the program stores the hash
values of all triplets in the search key in
a separate buffer called the key hash
buffer (Fig. 6). If, for each hash value in
the key hash buffer, the corresponding

Listing 3 continued

• 1162 i

• ••63 iKODII buffers

tan ,

• ••65 PUBLIC ACCESS [access mode at OPEN routine

• ••66 PUBLIC BREAK ;oroak cndabled outlet <Y/N)

• ••67 PUBLIC INDCB iINp.it (source) file DCB
'••69 PUBLIC IDCBRL ;Input file DCB Record Length
MM! PUBLIC IDCBCR )Input file DCB Current Record

• •»7« PUBLIC IDCBLR t Input file DCB Last Record
•••71 public INLLR itrue lilt record of source file

• ••72 PUBLIC IDCBOS i Input file DCB lliuil
•••73 PUBLIC KAPDCB ;NAP (Index) file DCB

•••7 4 PUBLIC MDCBRL ; Nap file DCB Record Length

•••75 PUBLIC KDCBCR [Map file DCB Current Record

•••76 PUBLIC NDCBLR [Map file DCB Last Record

•■•77 PUBLIC NAPLLR itrue last record of index file

• ••78 PUBLIC NDCBOS iHap file DCB <»i<a»
•••79 PUBLIC HEMEND (contents ->top of memory

••••• PUBLIC OOTCHR j record buffer (1 byte) for output file

•••81 PUBLIC OUTOCB (Output file DCB

•••62 PUBLIC PRTBUF (printer buffer (81 char)

•••83 PUBLIC SORLN /start of record line no.

•••84 PUBLIC STNAP (Start of MAP index file (always last b

• ••65 (Of SEARCH program)

•••86 (

• ••87 [NODI I I/O parm
(H88

B(0B9 PUBLIC ARROWD (arrow down

••••• PUBLIC ARROWL (arrow left

•••91 public arrowr [arrow rlqht

••092 Public arrowu [arrow up

• ••93 PUBLIC BRXXEY ,-break Key
•••94 public BSPKEY [back space Key

•••95 PUBLIC CPYPOS [copyright nag position

•••96 PUBLIC DELKEY [delete key

•••97 PUBLIC DFTPS [default file size

•••98 public inskey [insert Key

•••99 PUBLIC LSBYTE [Col of last byte in 255 byte rec

••II* PUBLIC PENULN [penultimate line (next to bottom)

Hill public swidth [screen width

03102 PUBLIC SMI (screen width minus 1

••113 PUBLIC TOPLN [top line of editor screen

Mill [

Hill [external routines and buffers

HIM [referenced by NODI I

1(1)7 ,

••1»8 EXTERN ANSWER [general purpose 1 byte buffer

• 0109 EXTERN EATBHK [bypass leading blanks

Mill EXTERN EATNBNK [bypass leadinq non-blank cnar

••111 i

••112 [Model II equates

BB113

00114 ARROWD EQU 1FH [arrow down

••115 ARROWL EQU 1CH [arrow left

••116 ARROWR EQU 1DH [arrow right

•0117 ARROWU EQU 1EK [arrow up

00118 BRKKEY EQU 3 (break key

00119 SWIDTH EQU 80 [screen width-

0012« SWM1 EQU 79 iscreen width minus 1

00121 TOPLN EQU 19 [top line of edit text

B0122 PENULN EQU 22 [penultimate line

00123 LSBYTE EQU 14 (Column of last byte in 255 byte rec

00124 DFTFS EQU BOB (default file size for 3by5
•0125 DELKEY EQU 2 [delete key (P2)

•8126 INSKEY EQU 1 (insert key (Fl)

00127 BSPKEY EQU H [backspace key

•B128 CPYPOS EQU 52 [Copyright notice position

• •129 i

00130 [HONE

((131 ,

01132 [pos cursor to il:cl

01133 [reg altered: AF.D

0(134 I

08135 [BOTTOM

(8136 [

00137 [ P os cursor to r24:cl

00138 [reg altered: AF.D

0(139 HONE PUSH BC

00140 LD BC,0 ICllCl

00141 HONE5 LD D,»

00142 SVC 10 ipos cursor
•B143 POP BC

•0144 RET

0(145 [

0S146 BOTTOM PUSH BC [pos cursor to r24:cl

• •147 LD BC,23*256»0 ,-r24:cl
0)148 JR HONES

• •149 l

ceiso [NEWLN

0S151 l

00152 [rolls screen and positions

B0153 [cursor to next to last line

80154 :also keeps track of first line of

00155 [current (cr last) record displayed

••156 ireg altered: A

00157 NEWLN PUSH BC

0O15B PUSH DE

•B159 PUSH HL

08168 CALL BOTTOM jpos to bottom line

••161 LD A.0DH

00162 CALL VDCHAP [roll screen by dsp EOR on Dotton line

• 8163 LD BC, 22*256*0 ,-r23:cl
0B164 CALL POSCUR

00165 LD A, (SORLN)

00166 CP 4 [has first line reached top of screen?
••167 JR Z.NEWLNS [if it has do not dec ISORLN1

•B168 LD A, (SORLN)

•(169 DEC A [dec (SORLN)

0(170 LD (SORLN) ,A

•0171 NEWLH5 POP HL

00172 POP DE

0)173 POP BC

0(174 RET

0017 5 [

00176 iCURPOS

((177 ,

0(178 [ get cursor position

•8179 [value returned in BC

•0180 [B-row, C-column

••181 [reg altered: AF.D

(•182 CURPOS LD D,0

00183 SVC 11 [get cursor pos

00184 RET

• •185 (

os Hi, iPoscur

((187 ,

00188 [position cursor

00189 [B-row, C-column
••19t [reg altered: AF.D
00191 POSCUR LD a, I

0tl92 SVC )• [pos cursor

BB193 RET

••194 l

0(195 [KBINIT

• 0196

• 0197 KBINIT SVC 1 ,-inltlllze Keyboard
•0190 RET

0«199 l

C02«B [KBCHAR

((2(1 ,

0(2(2 [get char from keyboard

0(2«3 [works like Model III KBCHAR

002(4 [value of pressed key returned

0(205 iln A reg. If no key pressed, A-0

00206 KBCHAR PUSH BC

••207 LD B,l

•0208 LD A,'N'

O02e9 LD (BREAK), A (set break switch to N (no break)

• •21t SVC 4 [Model II KBCHAR
•0211 LD A, (BREAK)

••212 CP '»' iwas break key pressed

••213 JR :,KBCH6

08214 LD A,B jmove entered char to A reg

••215 POP BC

••216 RET

Listing 3 continued

184 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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• 330

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80 Micro. December 1983 • 185

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record signature bit equals 1, the screen-
ing test is positive, and the program
searches the source record for the key.
Since it isn't efficient to compare 1 bit at
a time on an 8-bit machine, the program
processes eight record signatures at
once.

To search the file in Fig. 5, you must
first open the index file, then the source
file specified in the index file header.
The search begins when you enter a key
(e.g., the name "Jill").

The program hashes each triplet of
the key and stores the hash value se-
quentially in the key hash buffer (Fig.
6). In the example, it stores the hash val-
ues 212 (h(jfl)) and 142 (h(ffl)) respec-
tively in the first and second bytes of the
key hash buffer.

Then the program reads the first sig-
nature sector of the index file into the
signature sector buffer in memory. It
sets the accumulator (A) to 255 (1111
1111 binary). The program ANDs byte
212 (hash value of the triplet "jil") of
the signature sector with A.

If A equals zero, the triplet "jil" isn't
present in the first eight sectors of text
and you can process the next signature
sector. If A doesn't equal zero, the trip-
let "jil" might be present, so the pro-
gram continues to process the current
signature sector.

The program ANDs byte 142 (hash
value of the triplet "ill") of the signa-
ture sector with A. Skip to the next sig-
nature sector if A equals zero; otherwise
continue as follows. For each bit in A
equal to 1 it's possible (but not certain)
that the corresponding record contains
the triplets "jil" and "ffl".

In the example, A equals 72 (0100
1000 binary), indicating that sectors 3
and 6 might contain the key you're
looking for. The program reads record
3 into memory and searches sequential-
ly for the string "Jill". It finds the key
and displays the record.

Then the program reads record 6 into
memory, but the key "Jill" isn't present
so it bypasses the record. The reason for
the collision is simple — the triplet
"goa" hashes to the same value as "jil"
and the triplet "HI" appears in both
records.

The program sequentially reads the
index file a sector at a time and process-
es each signature sector similarly. After
it screens the entire index file and
searches the appropriate source records,
you can enter another key to restart the
searching process.

Searching for the joint occurrence of
two or more keys is merely an extension
of the above procedure (search the file
for the names "Jack" and "Jffl"). The

'The program processes

eight record signatures

at once. "

program stores the hash values (123, 4,
212, and 142) of the triplets "jac",
"ack", "jil", and "ill" in the key hash
buffer.

The program reads the first signature
sector into memory and sets the ac-
cumulator to 255. It ANDs byte 123 of
the signature sector with A. Similarly, it
ANDs bytes 4, 212, and 142 of the
signature sector with A.

If at any time A equals zero, none of
the eight source records contains both
strings, and the search skips to the next
signature sector. In the example, only
bit 5 equals 1 , so it's the only source rec-
ord searched. The program finds the
names "Jack" and "Jill" and displays
the record.

In these simple examples only one
record is present per sector. When two
or more records completely fit into one
sector, the program indexes the entire
sector as one record. When the program
searches the sector, however, it exam-
ines each record separately for the
search key(s). If a record spans a sector
boundary (starts in one sector and ends
in another), it is considered as logically
in the first sector in which it begins.

You increase the speed of searching
by storing as many signature sectors as
possible in memory (reducing the
number of disk reads during index
screening).

TRS-80 Signature Screening

Mindex and Search are Assembly-
language programs that use signature
screening to search text files. Mindex in-
dexes the source file and stores the index
on disk. Search uses the index created
by Mindex to search large text files
quickly.

These programs were written with the
Radio Shack Assembly Language De-
velopment System (ALDS) on a Model
II. Each program consists of several
modules. The two input/output (I/O)
modules include MODII/SRC for the
Model II and MODII1/SRC for the
Model III.

The ALDS editor, assembler, and
linker work only on the Model n. If you
have a Model in and want to use these
programs exactly as written, you must
first write, assemble, and link them on a
Model II and then, using the ALTRAN

186 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing J continued

Hill

MOM

A.)

;<brea*> preeaeil Ao A")

Hill

pop

MM*

HIT

Mai

MUl

iianAiT

••212

•1221

mil far caar froo keyboard

■mm

mill Ilka Modal II OMAIT

ISKMT

rasa

••22*

»••

•■227

A, '■"

N22I

<SUaI),Jk

llaltlallia te ao braak

M22*

(■M

SVC

Hat

rosi

MUl

A,(MS*I)

•■at

•T'

i<braaa> pceaaadr

Nl)l

l r IM

lip ka braak porraaaliaf aactlaa

••2)4

pop

Hill

M,ISW4

i loop until kay pr eared

A,»

laova entered rey to A reg

••2)7

pop

Hat

••21*

POP

••24*

A,)

1 braak kay entered

••24)

POP

»C

•1242

RET

•124)
••244

IMMMI

•124)
••24*

jword proceaalng. KBfcTAIT routlna

••247

ion tha Hodal II this la basically

••141

icha aaaw u tha KBUAXT routlna

••24t

WUrUfT

rosa

MM*

B,l

i blinking euraor on

M1S1

svc

•12)1

■ ,■

HM)

CALL

UHAIT

M2S4

C.A

jaave keyed In char

MM)

■ >2

icureor off

HIM

SVC

•

M2S7

A.C

iraatora kayad in char

MM*

POP

HHt

Hill
••2*1

lOPSSi

MM2
MM)

loam file

••2(4

laatryi SL-> Buffer

MM)

1 DE->DCB

••2**

laalti A-nsBOS arror bh

MM7

rteg altacadi ap.il

••241

orta

(BOP ADA) ,1L

M2if

BL,aaPAD»

••271

SVC

lapan file SVC

M271

PUSH

M272

A>l

••27)

(PL).*

utt racord length to 2M by ten

■•274

POP

••27)

«CT

M27I

••277

supksa.

DEPW

j buffer addraaa (paaaad by ID

••271

MCADH

nam

■

I racord addraaa (not needed for lit byte red

••27*

tOO AC

DEf»

M2M

ACCU5

■a'

iraad only aecaaa

••2(1

DE»B

I racord lanotb (aat to I)

••2(2

vow

DETB

•p-

i variable or flxad laa racord

•121)

CUATC

Deri

•

••2*4
M2M
M2M

ATT* IB

Dktb

•

IISJIT

••217

••111

ilnltlallaa (craata) a (11a

MM*

lantryi lL->racord buffer

112*1

1 DE-)DCB

••2*1

■ ailt'i A-nsDOt arroc as?

MM2

ira* altaradi AT.SL

••2*)

IMT

(BUPAD»I) ,HL

••2*4

■l, BUT AMI

••)•)

SVC

«t

HHt

POSH

M2*7

A,l

••in

(RD.A

i racord lenght - 2M

M2**

POP

■•)*•

HIT

••>■!

M)(2

aupu»i

■addraaa of lector buffer

•■)•)

UCADBI

■

1 addraaa of racord bullet

MJM

tOCADI

DDK

■

••)•)

ACOBMI

■W

i aecaaa • (w) rite

•DM

Diri

■

I racord length - 2M bytas

M)*7

VMPI

DtPR

•P'

(filed length recorde

••)••

aum

Dirt

HIM

*TT»I»I

Dec*

MM*

■ ,

Mill

lOPINIT

M)12

M>1>

lapaa a file bat do not raaat It

M)14

laatryi HL-> aactor raad buffer

MMS

l DO-XK*

•DM

M117

iraaj altaradi Ar.M.IL

Mill

oriciT

A,*

••))»

lauTm ,a

ropen aaly do not raaat

Hfff

K.ODTCn

> racord buffer

M)21

<UCAM»),K

•D22

(S07ADR0) ,IL

■•actor baffar addraaa

M)2)

BL,BUPABH0

■D24

ran

jaave DE i D, in c-a»e open (alia

•D2)

rasa

■L

•D2t

A.(AJKVn)

••127

'■'

•*)2*

J«

I,0PIK3

HIM

SVC

lopan

••»•

I,0PIN4

Mill

OP1H3

A, 2

I craata and raaat

••))]

(CP.EATX0) ,A

••)))

POP

M))4

POP

••)))

SVC

lopan

•DM

«ET

•D)7

0*114

pop

l raatora atack

POP

••))*

aer

Hill

MirmiBO Dm

M)42

MCABHO DVV

M)4)

too ado

MM4

ACCtMO DKTI

■■)■

HMS

■to

Deri

HMt

votro

DEPB

•r'

M)47

CIUTIO DETI

•

M)4*

imiH

DET1

M)4*

UUTUU

DCft

■

1 racord buffer

•DM

■CLOdl

MM2
MM)

icloaa flla

■D)4

(entry. Dt->DCB

•DM

■aalti A-TSSDOS arror mag

•DM

OMt

SVC

icloaa flla

MM7

■ST

HMt

MM*

ismu

MM*
MM1

l eat RAP laat racord to traa la at rac

MM2

Ithla routlna la nacaaaary to aaka proa,raaa

MM)

icoaoattbla ulth nodal III

MM4

SETHLR

HL,<IU)CBL»)

MM)

(HAPLLA) ,HL

■no need to dec IL on Hod II

•DM

*rr

Listing 3 continued

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 187

programs supplied in the ALDS pack-
age, transfer them to the Model III.

Alternatively, you can write and as-
semble the programs using a simple edi-
tor/assembler such as Radio Shack's
Series I Editor/Assembler (EDTASM).
EDTASM does not contain a linker so
it's necessary to combine the modules
into one program for Mindex and
Search.

I first developed Mindex and Search
(version 1.1) on a Model III using
EDTASM. However, the editor's
memory was limited and the program
comments were restricted.

When I switched to the Model II, I
started using ALDS. Much to my cha-
grin, the operating systems of the two
machines are quite different. For exam-

ple, to display a character on the Model
III, you load the character into the ac-
cumulator and make a call to location
33 hexadecimal (hex). The routine alters
the contents of the DE register pair.

On the Model II, you load the char-
acter into register B, load the supervisor
call code 8 into the accumulator, and
execute an RST 8 operation. The DE
register pair isn't altered.

Rather than rewrite the program for
the Model II, I developed separate I/O
routines for the Models II and III. Since
I wrote the original programs for the
Model III, the parameters pass to the
I/O routines in Model III format.

For example, the program stores the
character you want displayed on the
screen in the accumulator. A few of the

Model II routines (SVCs) aren't present
in Model III TRSDOS so I added them
(such as routines to position the cursor
at coordinates stored in the BC register
pair).

If you're using Radio Shack's ALDS,
type in the program modules in Pro-
gram Listings 1-3 and 7-12 for the Model
II, and Listings 4-12 for the Model III.
After the ALDS writes each module,
you must assemble them to relocatable
code by using ALASM, the ALDS
assembler.

After ALASM assembles all mod-
ules, you're ready to link them. For the
Model II, type ALLINK MINDEX2
MINDEX $ = 4000 to link the Mindex
program and ALLINK SEARCH2
SEARCH $ = 4000 to link the Search

Listing 3 continued

11341

Il!«t
11345
1*371

••971
M372

1*373
1*174
••175

• •374

• •177
»»376
1(379
1(36*

1*3*8
••3*9
»*39*
1*391

• •392

• 1393
f*39«
1*395
1*396
1*397
)*396
1*399
114*1

• •4*1

• •4(2
••4*3
1*4*4
11*1!
1*4*6
1*4*7
**4*8
11419
(•41*

• •411
1*412
M413
••414

•*4i:

• •416
••417

• •416

• •419

• •421

• •421
••423

• •423
•1414

• •425

• *42«
••427

• •42*

• •429

• •43)
••431
••432

• •433

• •434

• 1435

• •436

• 1*37

• •436

setilr ld

tit

••443

• •444

• •445

• •444
•1447

• •44*

• ••49
III'!

• •451
••452
1*453

• •454
••455

• •456
••457

• •456

• •461

• •463

• •461

• •464

• •465

• •46«
••467
M46B

19469

CBL1N3 LO

KBL*5 CALL

CALL

CALL
DEC

DEC

iSETILR

;aat input last etc to tru* laat i«c

BC,*prrfH

DE.OUTDCB

ata flla cursor to last char

sve

RET

iREADDR

PEADDP

iraad dlract

lantryi DE->DCB,BC»rac no.

P.EADNX

SET

jraad naxt racord
lantryi OE->DCI

SVC
RE?

> MUTE

WHITE

i.rlta dlract

|DE->DCB, BC-rac BO.

SVC

PET

iKRITMl

•m

iwrlta nait tacord
lantryi DE->DCB

A, 3

XBLB3
A,*DH

(EORCHR) ,A
A,l
VDCHAR

Cjl

KBWAIT

D.A

•DH

Z.KBLtDH

Z.RBLBSP

BRKKEY

Z.RBBRJt

2*H

Z,KBL*5

A,0

CHL1 ,A

ilBLINE and RBLXN3

1«BLINE| EOR-1DH, RBLIK3i EOR-3

IB • bas lanqth

lEOR-IDH or 13

iraturna with laat char antarad In A

I EOR-3

■blinking cursor

t<sntar> kay7

j <backapaca> kay?

Kbraak> k«y7

KBLIDH LD

«BL*5

A, (EORCHR)

(ML) ,A

VDCHAR

A.BRXKEY

I EORCHR) ,A

RSL43DI

A, (EORCHR)

(HL) ,A

VDCHAR

A, 2

.display COR
iraturn «lth A-braak

;placa EOR (13 or IDH)

idlaplay EOR
)HL->byta past EOR

• •471

• •471
••472
••473
•■474
•1475

• •476
••477
••47*

1*464

• 1485

• •4*6

• •493

• •494
••495

• •496
114*7

• •491

• 1499

• 15M

• •5)1

• •512
1*513
••5(4

• •5*5
**5«6

• 15(7

• •5*1
••5(9

• •Sit

• •511

• •512
••513
1*514

• •SIS

• •516

• •517

• •SIB

• •519
11521

• •521
••522
MS23

• •524

• •525

• •526

• •527

• •528

• •529

• 153*
••531

• •S32
••S33
••534
HS3S
MS36
••537

• •536

• •539

• •541

• •541
••542
••543
1*544

• •545

• •544
■ •547
••54*

• •549

• •55)
•1551
••552

• •553
•IS54

• •555
••556

• •557

• •558
••559

• •561
••561

• •542
1(563

• •544

• •547

• •568
4(549
»*57*
••571

EORCH" tit!

PVSH
p: SB
sve

POP

pet

VCCHAR PVSH

sve

POP

POP
PET

SVC
POP
PET

CALL

POP

pi:t

Z.VDL12
VDL15
A, 2
VDCHAR

VDL312 LD

I.VCL312
VDL3I5
A.2
VDCHAR

iPRINIT

;lnltlsllia print

SCRPRO

PUSH

jacroll protact

lit

lA contalna Una

no.

POP

RET

A, 161]

1 ERASES

ERASES

acraan coda

CALL

VDCHAR

RET

ERASEl.

CALL
RET

A.17H
VPClAft

/VDCHAR
idlsplsy chsr

raan and lnltlall

lantryi HL-/atrlnij

l*DH or (1 stop dlaplay

laslti HL ->nait char

IVDL1H3

■display \in» but no car
jantry. HL->atrlr.a
j(DH or (3 stop display
jDOES NOT PRINT (DHII
laslti HL ->na«t char

Listing 3 continued

188 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 189

MAP INDEX PROGRAM Version 1 .2

File Name:

Enter name of Tile to be indexed, or ? for help

Figure 7. The Mindex screen.

program. Do the same for the Model
III, but use the file names MINDEX3
and SEARCH3 and set $ = 5200 (the
program's starting location).

To transfer the programs from the
Model II to a Model III, you must use
the ALTRAN transfer programs sup-
plied with ALDS. On the Model III,
Mindex and Search must have the ex-

tension CMD; on the Model II, no ex-
tension is necessary.

Using Mindex and Search

After you assemble and link both
programs, you're ready to begin index-
ing and searching. The first requirement
is an ASCII text file. You can create the
text with Scripsit and convert it to

ASCII file format by using the Scripsit
convert utility.

If you don't have Scripsit or some
other word processor/text editor, you
can create text files by using the editor
that comes with Basic. Instead of typing
in a line of code, type in a record. You
must save text files created with the Ba-
sic editor in ASCII format.

Mindex indexes text or data source
files. It stores the index in the separate
MAP index file. The program segments
records longer than 255 characters into
blocks of 255 characters and indexes
them until it fmds a block of characters
less than 255 characters long terminat-
ing in an end-of-record (EOR) message.
The index file that Mindex creates has
the same name as your source file
(unless you specify otherwise) and the
extension MAP.

To run Mindex, type MINDEX and
press the enter key. Mindex displays the
screen in Fig. 7 and waits for you to en-
ter the file specifications of the source
and index files. The syntax is: SOURCE

Listing 3 continued

•MS*

A,C

•Mi*

;lf lato cannot backapace

• •572

I routine to input search keye

• Mil

Z.CETCHR

••57 3

(entry: RL -> input buflct

•M(2

DEC

idee counter

••574

IB • ««» no. of char

••4(3

DEC

idee buffer pointer

••575

l*lltl BL ->EOR

•Mi 4

A.M

•«57»

iB-no. chat. A- BOB

• M4S

CALL

VDCHAR

; erase one chat

••577

A,l

•MM

GETCHR

• •578

CALL

VDCHAA

Itucn cursor on

• •((7

RBEND LO

■#c

••57)

Li>

A, 17

• •((9

PUSH

MSM

CALL

VDCHAR

leraae to end of line

••4(9

I-D

A, 2

• •5(1

C* 1

llnlt chat count to •

•M7(

CALL

VDCHAR

■tutn off cutaor

• •5(2

GETIHH

NOP

Mi 71

POP

IIM)

CALL

KUWAIT

M«72

RET

• •5<«

• •5*5

CP
JP

Z , EMTAND

jvaa ri preaaed?

;tf ao Jp to '+• chat antty

•M7)
M(74

IHON

MSM
••517

1 , ENTOD

l»aa Tl preaaed?

I If ao jp to ■ 1' chat antty

• •{75
Mi7(

HON LD

A.1AH

ireveree video

••5M

2«H

ichat ot control?

• M77

CALL

VDCHAR

••51*

H.CTRL

iconttol if laaa 2(H

•M7(

RET

MSM

EWTAND

LI)

ALPHA
A.C

[alphanumeric enteted

lantar '+' char in aaatch key

• M79

• •(••

jHOFF

MSM

• Mai

•MB2

MSN

Z.GETCBR

Horr LD

A.19H

l tevetaa video off

MSt4

iwc

••(»

CALL

VDCHAR

MSM

A, 1 *"

• •(84

BET

MSM
M5»7

INTO*

JP
LO

ALPHAS
A.C

lantat '■»' char in aaatch Ray

•MIS

■MM

i PRSCN

MSM

• •(87

MSM

Z.CETCHR

••(••

PRSCN NOP

iptlnt acteen

•MM

INC

••(••

BC,I

••Ml

A, 124

M(M

E.i

•M(2

ALPHAS

•MM

PUSH

Ifbtl

CWDANtl

A, 25)

jand operation coda

•MM

PRSCNLP NOP

•M(4

(HLI .A

latota and cmd

•MM

HL , PRTBUF

• •(•5

"ALL

HOW

irevetae vidao on

•MM

D.BI

•MM

A, ■»■

•M*S

POP

llll)

CALL

VDCHAR

(MM

P'.SH

• •MI

CALL

Horr

,'revera* vidao off

••(97

sve

iBove line to PRTBUF

•MM

ISC

■L

•MM

?r?

Mil)

GETCHR

Mi**

•Mil

CKDOR

A, 254

lor coda

M7M

PUSH

■c

•Ml 2

•Ml]

CALL

(ID ,A

HOW

M7M

LD
LD

HL, PRTBUF
&,••

Mi 14

A, 124

M7M

C,*DH

Mi 15

CALL

VDCHA*

••7*4

SVC

I PRLINE

• Mli

CALL

HOTP

*(7*5

••(17

»»"*(

A, 24

Mil*

GETCHR

••717

Mill

M7I8

NZ , PRSCNLP

Mi 21

lalpha nuaetlc chat

M7»9

•M21

ALPHA

:.»

;te»p atora A

M71*

RET

••4 22

A.C

)A now • char count

• •711

Mi 21

icp to aax char

M712

prtbuf'°dfj»s

E»

ipilntet buffer

••4 24

Z, GETCHR

tloop until CTB or CUD

1171)

DEPB

•DH

••425

•MM

:*c

ichar ok ao procaaa
;bu«p countar

M714
••715

; ROVELN

• •427

A,D

iraatora A

••714

••421

•♦•

••71 7

HOVELS NOP

jaove chat fro* screen to buffet

•M29

Z, CUD AMD

M71I

;HL->buf fet,D-no. chat

•MM

11711

iBC-cutaot cootdlnatea

Mill

I.CMDOR

• •72*

JVC

•M12

ALPHAS

(HL) ,A

M721

PET

Mill
Mi) 4

ALPHA7

:*c

CALL

■L
VDCHAR

Ibuap HL

idiaplay char

M722
M7M

I PRLINE

• •4)5

• •4)4

CTRL

SCP

getchr

icontrol char antarad

• •724
••725

iptint line
iHL->buf far

••437

•DH

1? CH

M7M

•MM

Z,CT11L»D

M727

lB»no. chat, C-endlng chat

Mil*

i? backapaca

M72I

PRUNE SVC

:»

• 14 4*

z,ct»:.«s

M72»

RET

•M41
•••42

BMREY
Z. CT»U.»1

■break?

»*7)«

M7)l

~ "

f PRTBLN

Mi 4)

GETCRR

lOthar C7?L not allowed

••7)2

Mi 44

CTRLtl

MOP

(break key routine

• •-33

iptlnt penultlute line

•M4S

A,C

••7)4

PRTBLN PUSH

••444

■

;>aa break hit on ct - •?

••7 35

PDSB

••447

n>,cnu.i2

M7)i

PUSH

•M4«

a, mi

••7)7

B.PENULN

M44»

CALL

VDCHAR

iturn off curaor

(•7)1

•MM

a, barret

•*7)»

o,ai

•MSI
•MS 2

•>•

M7 4*

8L, PRTBUF

BET

M741

CALL

HOVELN

iiovi nest to laat line to PRTBUF

(MSI

CtRLiJ

A.BMIEY

M742

••454

CTRLtD

MOP

rEOR

• *74)

HL.PRTBUP

• M55

IHL) ,A

••744

B,M

• •454

J BEND

11745

C9DH

Mi 5 7

CTRL* I

MOP

i backapaca routine

•17 44

CALI

PRLINE

•MS)

iteap aave A in D

Listing 3 continued

190 • 80 Micro, December 1983

After 2 years of extensive research and development
XYZT Computer Dimensions, Inc is proud to announce

nicE

the NEW INTERACTIVE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT

NICE is nothing less than a comprehensive integration of all computing facilities -
including DOS, numerous utilities, application programs, even games combined with
menus, database, screens, libraries, reports - an interactive environment friendly
to the first time user and the sophisticated systems intergrater alike. If you know
what a turbo-charger can do for an auto engine, that is what NICE does for a
computer. Clearly, it is the most exciting news to come along in software for the
microcomputer

DO YOU KNOW HOW TO BOOT YOUR SYSTEM?

THEN YOU KNOW HOW TO TURN YOUR COMPUTER

INTO THE MOST POWERFUL USER FRIENDLY BUSINESS MACHINE!!

NICE makes development and using software - EASY. Based on a new concept this
state-of-the-art software gives you the interactive power until now found only on
mainframes, but at micro prices. Put a powerful menu-driven command structure
at your fingertips! Run word-processors, spell-checkers, spread-sheet programs,
utilities, application programs without remembering command sequence or
constantly checking the manuals. Everything you need is on the screen. Create
your own applications and add them to the system - use menus, relational files,
customized screens, special forms. In a matter of hours, you zip through the
programming projects you usually expected to take months. All thanks to a
modular, consistently designed system.

IS YOUR WORDPROCESSOR WORKING?

THEN THOSE SCREENS OUGHT TO BE IN YOUR SYSTEM !

Using a computer should not be difficult - no more complicated than driving a car.
With NICE you are no longer required to know all of the intricate internal
operations of the computer. Creation of all types of screens, menus, inquires and
reports or customized forms is as simple as writing a letter - type it on your
word-processor, save it to disk, and it is ready for use. You don't have to be a
programmer - just a computer user.

It's NICE for you!

NICE system consists of:

Interactive Control & Programming Language (ICPL) $150.

Menu and Screen management facilities (MSF) $75.

Database facility (DBF) $75.

Forms and Report Writer (FRW) $75.

Library Support Option (LSO) $75.

Minimal NICE configuration — ICPL-f MSF + LSO.

Minimal hardware requirements — 2 disk TRS-80® mod l/l II. System is compatible
with NEWDOS/80®-LDOS«-DOSPLUS®-MULTIDOS® floppy or hard disk.

Check, M.O.. COD., VISA, XYZT Computer Dimensions, Inc. ^'M

MC plus $4.00 s/h. 2 Pen n Plaza, Suite 1500

Foreign orders — extra $10.00 New York, N.Y. 10121

(212)244-3100
Order by Mail or Check Your Local Dealer

nicE

1 til

• mm

•» ->

. «,-..

■ ■■ -.1

Mi -1

l»-

•"

am —

■ | | -*>

W IM _ —

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME!

f St Ust of A&mtttn on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 191

iiViva el Scripsit espanol!!
Vive la difference!

Turn your TRS-80* into a bil-
ingual word processor! English/
Spanish or English/ French with
our hard/ soft kit.

Use your Scripsit* or Super-
Scripsit* program in Spanish
or French:

• Full foreign keyboard

• All accented characters on
screen and printer

• All program/ user interaction
in Spanish or French

Our bilingual hardware kit main-
tains full compatibility with all
existing software. Comes with
complete instructions. Software
adds on to your regular prog-
ram.

Models II, 12, 16 $350.00

Models III, 4 $250.00

SDCflTRfl

SOCATRA Inc.

4255 avenue de Court r*
Montreal, Quebec
Canada H3S1B8

(514)735-7079

' Trademarks or Radio- Snack
A division of Tandy Corp

^TENTlc^

FOREIGN COMPUTER

STORES
MAGAZINE DEALERS

You have a large technical
audience that speaks English
and is in need of the land of
microcomputer information
the Wayne Green Publica-
tions group provides.

Provide your audience with
the magazines they need and
make money at the same time.
For details on selling Micro-
computing, 80 Micro, Desk-
top Computing, inCider, HOT
CoCo, RUN and Wayne
Green Books contact:

SANDRA JOSEPH

WORLD WIDE MEDIA

386 PARK AVE. SOUTH

NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016

PHONE-(212) 686-1520

TELEX-620430

MAP SEARCH PROGRAM Version 1 .2

Fik Name:

Enter file names, or ? for help

Figure 8. Initial Search screen.

FILE,INDEX FILE;OPTIONS.

You can also enter the file specifi-
cations and options on the TRSDOS
command line (MINDEX REF:0,:1;P).
Only the source file specification is nec-
essary; the program assigns the index
file the same name, password, and disk
drive as the source file unless you
specify otherwise.

For example, typing REF/TXT. SE-
CRET: 1 and pressing the enter key
opens the source file "REF/TXT.SE-
CRET:1" and creates the index file
*'REF/MAP.SECRET:1", while typ-
ing REF/TXT. SECRET: 1,. CODE-
WORDS and pressing the enter key
opens the source file "FILE1/TXT.SE-
CRET:1" and creates the index file
"FILEl/MAP.CODEWORD:2" .

In this case the index file has a differ-
ent password from the source file and is
on drive 2 rather than drive 1. You
don't need to specify the disk drive for
your source file unless you have two
files with the same specification on two
separate drives. The program places the
index file on the same disk as the source
file unless you specify another drive.

Indicate the paragraph format option
by appending a semicolon and the letter
P to the fik specifications. In the para-
graph format, the program treats each
sentence as a string. You should use the
paragraph format for text files com-
posed of sentences arranged in para-
graphs and that don't have an EOR at
the end of each line or sentence.

MAP uses the period as a pseudo
EOR and treats each sentence as a rec-
ord. If you don't specify the indexing
format, the program defaults to the rec-
ord format. Typing TEXTFILE,:1;P
and pressing the enter key opens the
source file TEXlMLE from whatever
drive it's on, creates the index file
TEXTFILE/MAP on drive 1, and in-
dexes the source file in paragraph format.

Mindex displays the name, extension,
password, and drive of the source and

data files, indicates that it's opened each
file successfully (or gives a self-explana-
tory error message), and begins index-
ing. The program displays the number
of the source file sector it indexes.

When the program finishes indexing,
it saves the index file on disk and returns
you to TRSDOS. You don't need to re-
index the source file unless you modify
the file or you delete the index file from
the disk.

To run Search, type SEARCH and
press the enter key. The screen in Fig. 8
appears. Type in the name of the file
you want to search. Alternatively, you
can enter the file specifications on the
TRSDOS command line (SEARCH
REF:1). The complete syntax is
SOURCE FILE, INDEX FILE, OUT-
PUT FILE.

It's only necessary to type in the
name of the source file. The program
assigns the same specification to the in-
dex file (except for the extension MAP)
and output file (except for the extension
OUT) unless you specify otherwise.

For example, typing TESTFILE/
TXT assigns the specification TEST-
FILE/MAP to the index file and TEST-
FILE/OUT to the output file. The
MAP index file contains the source file
name, extension, and password so you
don't have to type in that information.

The appropriate files will open, the
index will load into memory, and you
can begin your search. If an error oc-
curs in opening the files, the program
informs you of the type of error so you
can correct it.

After Search opens the MAP index
file and its associated source file, the
name of the source file appears at the
top of the screen. The blinking cursor
on the second line under the letter E
is a prompt for you to enter the key
or keys you want to locate. Type the
key(s) you're searching for and tap the
enter key.

Each key must be three or more char-

192 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 3 continued

• •74.7

••741

B.PEMULN

••749

c,(

• •751

CALL

poscur

1 reposition cursor to nut to laat llfM

• •751

POP

■L

• •752

POP

• •753

POP

• •754

BET

• •755

M7M

1 PRTREC

• •757

• •758

1 print record Iron screen

• •759

PRTREC

C,(

•I7««

A, (SORLK)

• •761

MTU

J.PRTR2

• •763

A, (SORLK)

••764

DEC

• •765

PUTS 2

a, a

• •766

PRTRLP

BL.FRTBUF

• •767

D,(8

• •768

PUSH

• •769

SVC

■ ■ova •ctun lis* to buffer

• •771

HL.PRTBUP

• •771

B.S6

• •772

C.6DB

• •773

SVC

iPRLlNE

• •774

POP

• •775

A, 22

••776

lhae last Una bun reached!

• •777

2.PRTR5

• •778

K,PRTR5

••779

INC

inn

PRTRLF

• •781

PIITII5

RET

• •782

••783

IJP2DOS

•17 H

• •785

lip to TMD08 without CBd

• •7 86

J P 2 BOS

SVC

••787
••788

IDOSCHD

••789

••7 9*

Op to TRSDOS with CBd

•17 91

■eiecute CMD flic then DOS

••792

■HL->na»e of CUD file

••7 93

COS CMP

PUSH

••794

B,(

09795

DOSLP

A,(iL)

• •796

• DH

••797

I.DOSEXC

M79t

INC

• •799

INC

• IBM

DOSLP

••Ml

DOS EX C

POP

• •8*2

SVC

IUC procj, then DOS

••••3

DOS LLP

NOP

• •••4

DOSLLP

ljuit in cm

• •885

• •••6

iDISMUC

• •••7
••••8

DISBRK

HL,6

■dleable brill

8(8(9

SVC

(Kit

HL.DSBRK

• •811

SVC

; whenever break la pr eased

6(812

■prograa will jp to OSBRK

6(813

RET

• (814

• (615

IDSBRX

((816

((•17

DSBRJt

PUSH

■break routine

((•18

A, ■*'

(((19

(BREAK) ,A

• (826

POP

8(621

RET

8(822

66823

BREAK

DEFB

'»'

■break ■ 1, no break - N

6(824

■DIVIDE

66825

8(626

DIVIDE

PUSH

idlvide A into HL

16827

B,l

(((28

C,A

66629

SVC

8(838

A.C

8(831

POP

•••32

••833

RET

••834

■ HOLT

1(835

(((36

MULT

PUSH

IBUlt 1L I A

((837

B,l

68638

C,A

(••39

SVC

03648

A.C

((841

POP

•((42

(((43

RET

((844

■ FTPS

((845

(((46

■point to file apec

((847

PTFS

INC

■ bypaae char count

((648

CALL

EATmm

Ibypaaa cad

86849

CALL

EATBNI

■bypaaa trailing blanks

M(5(

((851

RET

i HL -> firat char of file apec

86852

1 ERRDSP

6(653
66(54

■ error dep for Hod II TTtSDOs

66 855

ERRDSP

NOP

8(856

PUSH

6(857

B,A

66856

HL.MSGARBA

66859

SVC

■ERRMSC

((86(

HL, NSCAREA

((•61

CALL

VCLINE

• ••42

POP

• ••63

RET

• ••64

NSCAREA DEP9

• 6

■ error aeaaaee area

• ••65

00866

DEFB

88667

ISTNEKO

• •868

• •869

STMEND

(MENEMD) ,DE

/store end of aeaory

6(876

RET

•must be called before DE changed! 1 1 1

66671
66872

MEMENP

DEFT*

; store* top addreaa of »«- available

66673

INDCB

DEPB

•

■input (aoorce) file DCB

(((74

IDCB1

DErB

•

(((75

DEFB

(((76

DErB

66877

IDCBRL

DErB

•

■record length

6(678

DEEB

•

66879

DErB

6(886

IDCBCF

DEPB

•

■current record

66881

DErB

66882

DEFB

66863

IDCBLR

DErB

•

■laat record

86884

DEFB

66885

I DC BOS

DErB

•

66666

DEES

66887

6(886

INLLD

DEFW

■true laat aector

66889

HAPDCB

DEFB

■MAP file DCB

86896

HDCB1

DEFB

66891

DErB

6(892

DEPB

(((93

HDCBRL

DEFB

•

■record length

((894

DErB

68695

DErB

Listing 3 continued

COLOR COMPUTER
1 SOFTWARE

DISK C0L0RC0M/E

The Intelligent Communications Package

C0L0RC0M/E, the most popular smart terminal program for the Color Com-
puter, has just gotten smarter. In fact, from now on, we're going to call it The
Intelligent Terminal program.

The new DISK C0L0RC0M/E contains a unique COMMAND MODE that
allows you to set up complete communications sessions in advance. Anything
you normally do from the keyboard DISK C0L0RC0M/E can do all by itself.
Log-on, log-off, read and store messages, disconnect, transmit and receive
files, dial auto-dial modems, - anything! DISK C0L0RC0M/E will even make
decisions based upon how the host responds.

Here are some examples of how YOU might want to use the new DISK
C0L0RC0M/E.

• Call your favorite bulletin board, download all messages addressed to
you, log off, and write the messages toadisk file. ANDdo all of this with
one keystroke!

• Call Dow Jones, log on and get the latest prices on your favorite stocks,
and then log off. Again all with ONE keystroke.

• With an Autodial modem let C0L0RC0M/E Make your calls for you at
3:00 A.M. when rates are cheap. Then read the results with your morn-
ing coffee.

In addition we've added 64K support and your choice of number of characters
per line. Of course you still get the regular C0L0RCOM/E features such as
upload/download, graphics, easy storing and printing of data, and much more.
For 16, 32 or 64K disk systems.

COLORCOM/E Disk $49.95

COMPLETE YOUR WORD PROCESSOR

SPELL- RITE

THE Cassette Spelling Verifier

You've got the best word processor. Now complete your system with the best
spelling verifier. Spell-Rite is a convenient, fast way to insure that all of your
documents are letter perfect Spell-Rite was designed specifically for
cassette-based word processors. Like Yours!

Spell-Rite is EASY to use, completely menu driven.

Spell-Rite is FAST! You can verify a 1000 word document in under 9 minutes
- including cassette I/O.

Spell-Rite is COMPLETE. It comes with its own 10,000 + word dictionary
which you can expand. Also included is a superb manual.

Spell-Rite works with any word processor that generates ASCII tape files, such
as Color Scripsit, Super Color Writer and Telewriter 64. 32K of RAM and
Extended Basic are required.

Cassettes and manual $59.95

Se/idcheck or money order for total purchase price, plus $1.50 S&H. Charge
cards: Include all embossed information.

□ Spell-Rite

□ Disk Colorcom/E
SEND to

G Send Free Catalog

Eigen
Systems

RO Box 180006

Austin, Texas 78718

(512) 837-4665

Name

Address

*■ See List o! Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 193

acters long, and no key or combination
of keys can be longer than 60 charac-
ters. Search ignores capitalized letters
and lets you search for partial keys. For
example, the key "cdonal" locates rec-
ords containing the names McDonald
and MacDonald.

You can search for combinations of
keys within records or sentences. You
find combinations by using the logical
operators AND or OR. AND is repre-
sented by the + symbol (hold the shift
key and press + ). OR is represented by
the ! symbol (hold the control key and
press zero on the Model II; hold the
shift key and press @ on the Model III).

On the Model II the operators + and
! appear in inverse video to distinguish
them from characters in a key. On the
Model III a small, solid white rectangle
appears under the operator to indicate
that it isn't a character in a key. For ex-
ample, the search key Jack + Jill | Jack +

"You can search for

combinations of keys within

records or sentences. "

nimble finds records that contain the
names Jack and Jill or records contain-
ing the name Jack and the word nimble.

On the Model II, enter the + charac-
ter as part of a key by pressing Fl and
enter the \ character as part of a key by
pressing F2. On the Model III the @
key enters special characters from the
keyboard.

If the key you're searching for has the
symbol + or J, you can enter it in the
following manner: press the @ key (un-
shifted) and the cursor becomes larger.
Then enter either + or J. You enter

the @ character into a key in the same
manner.

After you enter a valid key, the pro-
gram starts its search and the message
"Searching" appears in the upper left
corner of the screen. The number of
each sector searched appears next to the
word Searching.

When the program locates the first
record in the file with the appropriate
key (or keys), it displays the record at
the bottom of the screen. One record
appears at a time and the program waits
for your instructions to continue the
search, abort the search, or display text
around the located record.

To continue the search, press the
down-arrow key after each line of text
appears. Pressing and holding the
down-arrow key (and the repeat key on
the Model II) lets you continuously
scroll through records as the program
finds them. When the program has

Listing 3 continued

•••»•

HDCBCR

depb

[current record

MM7

CEFE

MM*

deer

•••*•

NDCBLR

defb

•

daet record

■till

DEFB

••Ml

"DC DOS

DEED

•

IIM1

Dtrs

MM)

MAPLLR

DEPw

MM4

••9)5

(output file DCB

MM(

MMT

SOUL*

MM!

Ifor each Una of rac displayed

MM*
•••I*

Mill

i(sori.m) is decremented

STRAP

DEPB

•

•••12

Ln •

Source Line

••••1

[HIHDCX3/SRC...

••••2

[Har *5, 1*1}

••••4

iNINDEX INDEXING PROGRAM r"OI

MODEL III

MMS

1 RASTER SECTION

links main

••••(

land oanari

1 purpoaa routlnaa

••••7
MM*
MM*

[COPYRIGHT 19S3

PROGII PSECT

[begin ralocatabla prograa aactlon

M(l*

EXTERN

BEGIN

(BEGIN - atart of M3

•••11

START JP

MCIN

•••12

LIBS

•R3/REL-

•111)

•M14

ivae originally developed on Modal III

•Ml*

dn Its currant torsi It will work with

(••It

(Modal II or III glvan tba propsr I/O

•••17

M*l*

•CR/REL"

[general proqraaa
(Modal III I/O routlnaa

MM*

Lira

'HOOIII/REL

Hill

ESS

START

Program Listing 4. Assembly-language listing of Mindex3/SRC.

Ln 1

Sourca

Lin.

MM1

(SEARCN3/SRC...

MM 2

(Nsr •!

, 1M)

Hill

[SEARCH

PROGRAM

POR MODEL III

••MS

IMASTEI

SECTIOM

links S3, an.

S30PEM, S3DSP, S30PT and NODI I I

••••(
••••7
•••••

/COPYRIGHT 1*1]

PROCII

PSECT

MM*
• •111

EXTERN

•Mil
M*12

START

BEGIN

sMU

line

'S3/RBX'

(SEARCH progrsa propar

•••14

mote: tba prograa la callsd

•MIS

(S3 bacausa It was originally

•Ml*

(davalopad on tba Modal III

•M17

Itn Its currant form it will

ivoik with Modal II or III

•Ml*

(glvan tba propar I/O nodula

•••21

LIB*

•CsVsbrV

(ganaral routlnaa

•••21

LINK

'•Jopn/uL 1

(SEARCH opan fllaa routlna

•••22

LINE

'S3DSP/REL'

(SEARCH diaplay

(••2)

LI MX

'SJOPT/REL 1

•••24

LINE

'MOOIII/REL'

(Modal III I/O routlnaa

END

START

Program Listing 5. Assembly-language listing ofSearch3/SRC:l.

Program Listing 6. Assembly-language listing of MODIII/SRC.

Ln t

Sourca

UlM

••Ml

(MODI I I/SRC VERSION 1.2

MM2
••■•)
■(••4

lJun 71, 1M3

(HAP MODEL III

I/O ROUTINES

, DUFFER5 AND PARAMETERS

•Ml*

(COPYRIGHT 1*13

SOPTSHELL

• MM

• •••7

MODI II PSECT

(bagln ralocatabla prograa aactlon

• MM

• •••*

(public routlnaa

•MM

• Mil

PUBLIC

BOTTOM

(poaltlon cursor to laat Una of scraan

• M12

PUBLIC

(cloaa flla IDE->DCBI

•Mil

PUBLIC

CURPOS

[deteraine cursor poa (cooriBC)

•••14

PUBLIC

DISBRE

(dlaabla break (lor Modal II)

•MIS

PUBLIC

DIVIDE

(divide A into RX

•MM

PUBLIC

DOSCND

i )p to TRSDOS and execute command

• ••17

PUBLIC

ERASEL

(araaa to and of Una

• Ml*

PUBLIC

ERASES

[erase to and of acraan

Mil*

PUBLIC

ERRDSP

(MAP arror diaplay routlna

• ••2*

PUBLIC

HOME

(position cursor to top Una of acraan

■••21

PUBLIC

INIT

(initialise flla (create/opsn, poa to 1st rac)

• ••22

1 (DE->DCB. HL->roc buf)

• ••21

PUBLIC

JP2DOS

()p to TRSDOS

• ••24

PUBLIC

ESCHAR

[gat char (or null) froa keyboard

MMS

PUBLIC

EBINIT

llnittallsa keyboard (Nod II)

•M2t

PUBLIC

EBLIN3

(got line froa keyboard and end vltb •)

•••27

PUBLIC

INLINE

(gat line froa keyboard and end with IDA

•••31

PUBLIC

IBHAIT

(wait tor char froa keyboard

•112)

PUBLIC

EEYIN

(get aearch key(s) torn keyboard

•••)•

PUBLIC

NOVELN

(•ova line froa scraan to buffer

•Mil

(HL->buf, D-no. char, BC-curaor coor

•M32

PUBLIC

MULT

(Multiply routlna

•M33

PUBLIC

NEKLN

(role acreen and pos cur to nest to last line

•••34

PUBLIC

OPEN

(Open file (DE->DCB, HL->racord buffer)

•••35

PUBLIC

OPINIT

[open and Initialise flla

■MM

1 (DE->DCB, BL->record buffer)

• ••37

PUBLIC

POSCUR

(poeltlon curaor (coordinates In BC)

• M3S

PUBLIC

POSEOP

(Position to end of flla

•Ml*

PUBLIC

POSH

[poaltlon to record ln file

• M4*

PUBLIC

PRINIT

(initialise printer

•••41

PUBLIC

PRLIHE

iprlnt line (HL->buf, B-no. char, C-end char)

•M42

PUBLIC

PRSCN

[print entire acraan

•••43

PUBLIC

PRTBLN

[print laat line of test

•••44

PUBLIC

PRTREC

iprlnt current record

MMS

PUBLIC

PTPB

Ipoiat to file spec in cad Una

• ••44

PUBLIC

READOR

iread filei direct accaaa

• ••47

PUBLIC

REAL MX

[read nest record In file

HHI

PUBLIC

SCRPRO

[Bet scroll protect Una (A- line no.)

Hill

PUBLIC

SETILR

[Bet 1MLRR to true laat record

•MS*

PUBLIC

SETMLR

[Bet HAPLLR to true laat record

• ••SI

PUBLIC

STHEND

[Store top of Memory in MEMEHD

•MS2

PUBLIC

VDCNAR

[diaplay char in A ragiater

•••S3

PUBLIC

VDCLS

(Clear acreen

•MS4

PUBLIC

VDINIT

[Initialise video I/O (lor Model 11)

•MS5

PUBLIC

VDLIN3

idlaplay Una (HL-Hesgi don't print SON)

•MS4

PUBLIC

VDLINE

(display Una (HL->aag)

(word proceeeor kbwait routlna

• MS7

PUBLIC

WPXBKT

•••SI

PUBLIC

WRITE

(direct write routine

•MS*

• M6«

• •Ml

PUBLIC

WRITKX

[write next record to file

[NODI 1 1 buff era

HHI

MM 3

PUBLIC

ACCESS

[duaay tor HOOII coapatablllty

MM 4

PUBLIC

INDCB

i input (sourca) flla DCB

••MS

PUBLIC

IDCBRL

(Input flla DCB Record Length

•Mil

PUBLIC

IDCBCR

[Input file DCS Current Record

111(7

PUBLIC

IDCBLR

[Input tile DCB Laat Record

••Ml

PUBLIC

INLLR

[true last record of source file

MM*

PUBLIC

IDCBOS

[Input file DCB uiuii

•M7(

PUBLIC

MAPDCB

[MAP (Index) file DCB

M»71

PUBLIC

MDCBRL

[Map flla DCB Record Length

•••7 2

PUBLIC

NDCBCR

[Hap file DCB Current Record

•••7)

PUBLIC

NDCBLR

(Hap file DCB Laat Record

•••74

PUBLIC

HAPLLR

[true last record of indea tile

Mt7S

PUBLIC

MDCBOS

[Hap file DCB iimiii

•••74

PUBLIC

■EMEND

[contents ->top of aeaory

M»77

PUBLIC

OUTCHR

[record buffer (1 byte) tor output file

• ••71

PUBLIC

OUTDCB

[output file DCB

•••7*

PUBLIC

PRTBUP

[printer buffer (•• char)

• Ml*

PUBLIC

SORLN

(•tart of record Una no.

••••1

PUBLIC

8THAP

[Start ot HAP index file (alwaya last byts

••••2
MM)
•••••

[Of SEARCH prograa)

iNODlll I/O para ,

•••IS

I ——————■-. i ■ ■— — — —

• MM

PUBLIC

AJUtOHD

(arrow down

••••7

PUBLIC

ARROML

[arrow left

■MM

PUBLIC

AKRONS

[arrow right

•Ml*

PUBLIC

ARRCMU

Luting 6 continued

194 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Every Z80 assembly-language
programmer needs this book.

Programming in assembly language requires good
tools. TRS-807Z8O Assembly Language Library, a com-
plete reference book on TRS-80 Model I assembly
language, is the best tool you can find. In over
300-pages, 45 figures, and 75 program listings, author
Craig A. Lindley explains the details of Model I hard-
ware and software and shows you how to write pro-
grams that squeeze every bit of performance out of your
computer. This book will teach you:

• how to use ROM and DOS routines in your own
programs

• how to perform disk input/output

• how to access the video display and keyboard

• how to write easy-to-use programs

• how to perform arithmetic operations

• how to use the undocumented Z80 instructions
You'll also learn about disk operating systems, device
handling, base conversion, parameter passing, and
more.

TR&80IZ80 Assembly Language Library contains a li-
brary of ready-to-run utility programs that are worth
many times the book's cost. Included with the book are
two Model I TRSDOS-compatible disks* containing
utilities for printer formatting and spooling, single-key
entry of strings, disk editing, base conversion,
password encoding and decoding, and more. You get
more than 15 valuable utilities, and the source code
files are included, so you can examine, modify, and
learn from every program.

Many of the programs also run on the Model III, and
those that do not require only minor modification. One

TRS-8O1Z8O Assembly Language library is a Wayne Green publication

TRS-80. TRSDOS. Model I. Model III are registered trademarks of the Radio Shack

Division of Tandy Corp.

Z«0 is a registered trademark of Zilog Due , fMm eTJQf ^^

able until November 1, 1983.
We apologize for any incon-
venience.

of the book's four sections is dedicated to routines and
programs that run on any Z80-based system. Nc matter
what Z80 computer you program, this book has
something for you.

It's a book that's designed to be used. The text is set in
large type, and the book is bound in an 8V2-X 11-inch
easel-backed binder that stands up next to your com-
puter. So there's no squinting at tiny type and fighting
to keep the book open.

The whole package — book, disks, and binder — is
yours by mail for the special holiday price of only
$29.97. And if you charge it, you can even call toll-free
to order. Reserve your copy now, because after
December 31, the price will be $34.97.

TRS-60IZ30 Assembly Language Library. It's the
assembly-language book for the '80s.

'Disks do not contain a disk operating system: two disk drives or a
disk copy utility are required to transfer the files.

Call Toll-Free 1-800-258-5473 for credit card orders or send
$29.97 plus $4.50 shipping and handling to Wayne Green Books.
Retail Sales, Peterborough NH 03458. Dealer inquiries invited.

I need TR&80/Z80 33DB8L
Assembly Language Library.

Send me copies of TRS-80/Z80 Assembly

Language Library (BK7395-01) @ $29.97 each. I have
enclosed $4.50 per system for shipping and handling.

U MasterCard □ VISA □ AmEx □ payment enclosed

Cardi Expires

InterBankf .
Name

Signature.

Address .
City

_ State Zip_.

Wayne Green Books, Retail Sales, Peterborough, NH 03458

^ Sew Usl o! Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 195

(Qhange FOe, (M)AP, (Options or (T)RSDOS

xxxxxxxxx Format

Inset from Left Margin: x

Search Display Mode: (C/R/L) x

Print Mode: (C/M) x
Output File Name: xxxxxxx/OUT

Output File Status: (C/R/A) x

Output Mode: (C/M) x

Figure 9. Search options screen.

searched the entire file, the message
"Enter Key" appears again. You can
now search for another key or combina-
tion of keys.

Search Options and Commands

While the "Enter Key" message is
present and the cursor is in column 1,

you can jump to the Search minimenu
by pressing the break key. The follow-
ing message appears on the top line:
"(Qhange File, (M)AP, (Captions or
CDRSDOS".

Typing O gives you the Options
screen shown in Fig. 9. You can bypass
any question in the options menu by

pressing the enter key. The program dis-
plays the meaning of abbreviations used
in the current prompt at the bottom of
the screen.

The first line informs you of the for-
mat used to index the file and you can't
change it while searching a file.

The inset number (X) ranges from
zero to 9. Insetting is similar to indent-
ing except that the first line of a record
is flush with the left margin, and subse-
quent lines are inset from the left mar-
gin. The number displayed across from
the word inset is the value currently
used to inset records. You can change it
by typing any number from zero to nine
and then pressing the enter key. The
default inset is two.

While searching for a key or combi-
nation of keys, you can display the in-
formation continuously, or a record or
line at a time. Type C and press the en-
ter key to have records continuously
displayed as the program finds them.
Type R and press the enter key for

Listing 6 continued

inn

(••(1

• ••92
MM)
•M»4
•MtS
•••M

• •197

• ••18
■Ml*
M1M
■•1(1
•1112
••II)

• •1*4
II1IS
M1M

• •1(7

• •1)1

• •;•»

••li*

Mill
1(112
Nil)
•(114
((Hi
Hilt

• •117
••Hi
••11*
M12(
••121
••122
Ml 2)
•(124
M12S
81126
••127
81128
81129
Hill
•11)1
••1)2
Ml))
191)4
••135

• •134
Ml)7
Hill

• 8139
(•14*
••141
M142
((14)
((144
M14S

• •144
••147
((141

• •149
M15«
M1S1
M1S2

• (IS)
M1S4
MISS
M1S4
M1S7
MIS)
MISt
••!•(
••141
••142
Mlt)
91144
M14S
••144
••1(7
M14(
18169

• 8178
•(171
((172
(•17)

• 1174
M17S
1(174

PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC

BIURET

BSPEEY

CPYPOS

DELEEY

DPTM

IX8KEY

LSBYTE

PEDULR

SWIDTH

SMMl

TOPLR

I be MB kay
iback apaca kay

(copyright uq position

ids lata Bay

idafault (11* ill!

I Insert Bay

icol of last byta in 23S byta rac

ipanultluta Una (next to bottoai)

lacraan width

laccaan width almia 1

i top lint of sdltoc scraan

laxtarnal routines and buffers

EXTERN

ANSWER

1 referenced by ROD 1 1

iganaral pucpoaa 1 byta buffer

lappand ona string to another

EZTERR

EATBBK

Ibypaaa .eadlng blanka

ibypaaa leading non-blank chat

iHodal III aquatas

JJUKMD

ECU

farrow down

ARROWl

ECU

• lb

i arrow laft

ARROW*

BOO

• M

larrow right

ABJtatru

ECU

5B«

i arrow up

BUHET

EOU

l BREAD

SWIDTV

EOU

lacraan wldtb

SWK1

EOU

jacraan width alnua 1

TOPLR

EOU

Itop Una of adit diaplay

LSBVTE

EOU

llaat col of record byta 2SS

PENULN

EOU

1 penult laat a Una (nait to laat Una)

DPTTS

EOU

411

idafault IbyS data fila alaa

DELKEY

EQU

[delete key (Shift, down arrow, D)

IBSEEY

EQU

1PN

i Inner t kay {CLEAR)

BSPKEY

EOU

CPYPOS

EQU

t tab poa for copyright notlca

EBMAIT

EOU

M4tH

EBCRAR

M2BH

VDCHAR

EQU

M))B

VOCLS

(00

• ICtR

IRITIO

IQU

•MM

PRCHAR

■QO

M3BH

r print char

PRTSCR

EQU

• 1DM

DIBIT

EQU

442IB

llnltlallia fila

DOPED

BOO

4424H

lopaa fila

DPOSR

EQU

4442B

DREAD

EOU

4436H

; direct raad

dwrite

EOU

44)tl

(direct writa

D BIS PC

EOU

444SB

iTRSDOS oackapaca routine

DPEOT

EQU

444M

ipoaltlon to EOT

DCLOSE

EOU

442*8

icloaa fila

JP2DOS

EQU

442DH

COI4DOS

EQU

42»CH

CKDTXT

EQU

4225R

DELAY

• MM

CURSOR

EQU

41211

icuraor la at thia poaltion

CURCHR

EOU

4823H

r cursor character

CURBLR

EQU

481CH

;• • blink, non« ■ no blink

VIDEO

3CIM

DSCBPR

EQU

42141

DERDSP

EOU

44(tB

ITRSDOS arror display routine

DIVIDE

EOU

4451H

iTRSDOS divlda routine

DKULT

444EB

EOREM

EOU

44111

i and of aaaory

iBOME

ipoa curaor to rltcl

SOME

■L, VIDEO

(CURSOR) ,BL

«BT

iBOTTOH

ipoa curaor to bottoai line, col 1

frag, altered: HL

RL, VIDEO* )CM

(CURSOR) ,HL

BET

IREWLN

aan and poaltiona

((177
((171
((17t
llltl
((111
8(182
84183
((1(4
84185
••1M
Ml 17
84188
((lit
8 8194
88191
(■1(2
Mil)
((1(4
((ItS
18194
Mlt7
94198
Mitt
M2M
••2(1

• •2(2
84283
••214
44111
M2M
49147
442M

• 8289

• •211
M211
•9212
••21)
99214
9921S
99214
99217
99211
99219
9122*
99221

• •222

• •22)
••224
••22S
••224
•1227
•12 2 •
••229
•42)4
•12)1
••2)2
88233
••2)4
M2)S
••2)4
••2)7
•12) •
••2)9
M24*
•1241

• •242

• •24)
••244
M24S
••244

• •247
■•24*
••241
M2S*
M2S1
88252
M2S)
M2S4

• 8255
48256
M2S7
M2SI
48259

• 1261
M2.1

• •242
••24)
M244

PUSH
PUSS

CALL

NEWLS5 POP

•or

POP
RET

D£
BL
BOTTOK

a, «ds

VDCBAR

BC256M4

POSCUR

A, (SO ALU)

)

■ cursor to na«t to laat Una
ipoatlon to bottoa lina

it to last lln

iqat curaor poaltion

lent B-rov-1, C-col-1

irag altaradi AT.BC

BC.I

■L, (CURSOR)
Dl, VIDEO

HL.DE
I, CURS
CCUM

POP

PUS!

POP

BET

POSLP LD

t.POSS
DE.44

HL.DE

D,»

.HL.DE
ICURSOR) ,RL

taiit if C > laat col
lBL->start of video aap
lHL-U.«(4 (rapaat aa naadad)

Ol value
value in CURSOR

POS4

POP
POP

RET

■L

RET

lEBIPJIT

EBIBIT

ino RODI1I equivalent

lOPID

lopan fila
lantryi BL-> buffa
I DE- >DCB

Luting 6 continued

196 • 80 Micro, December 1983

TH€ PfiOGRftm /TOR€

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b, John Oner „.-

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Armed with missiles and Domes, you must tly your fighter
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Your mission cs in tour Stages involving rugged terrain
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Make your mission as hard cr easy as you like Joystick

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DESERT
PERIL

Or JOhn Olsen Jr
from fantastic Software
Your people s only chance to survive is for you to cross the
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INVADERS
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oy Cor) Miller
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A last machine language approach to this classic (and
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KING OF
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An unusual combination ol last pinbaii action plus the chal-
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You have to be last to keep up with the action as you try to

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Set oft on a journey into the stronghold of an ancient
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VENTURE 7 With sound effects, joystick compatible

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WEERD

by Arthur Giecuer
from Big five

Maybe you Ihink you ve seen some pretty sfanqe things
on your computer screen already but you haven't seen
ANYTHING until you've tried WEERD. It s you against the
WEEROEST set ot space craft ever But don't )ust stare at
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Disk version has voice sound effects and permanent high
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SUPER NOVA

by Hogue & Konyu
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Asteroids surround your ship. You must shoot the as-
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Olentangy Plaza 829 Bethel Rd. Columbus OH
Westmoreland Mall. Rt. 30 East Greensburg PA
Montgomery Mall 230 Montgomery Mall North Wales PA
Plymouth Meeting Mall, 500 Germantown Pike. Plymouth Meeting PA
Century III Mall. SR 51 4 SR 885 West Mifflin Borough. PA
Seven Corners Center, Falls Church. VA

COMING SOON TO:

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TAMPA

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FRANCHISE

OPENINGS IN

SELECTED CITIES

To Order Call Toll Free 800-424-2738 For Information Call (703) 556-9778

Mai/orders Lis! computer item item* qty tape disk rom Dook price. Shipping tax 4 total
Send check or M O lor total purchase plus $2 00 shipping and handling VA add *"■■> sales ta»
Charge cards — include all embossed information List name address, city state zip 4 phone

SEND 250 FOR OUR COMPLETE COLOR COMPUTER CATALOG

S**> TH£

f^S

^ 80

PfiOGRflm /TOR€

c 1983 THE PROGRAM STORE

THE PROGRAM STORE Dept. 14-12-3 Box 9582 4200 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Washington, DC. 20016

Listing 6 continued

• 1265

• •266

• •267

• •248

• (26i

• »27»

• •271
••272

• •27}
••27 4

• •275
M27<
••277
••271

• •279
M28I
••281

• •2B2

• •283

• •284

• •285
M2B«
••287

• •288

• •289
II29»
••291
••292
••293

• •294
••295
••29t
••297
••298

• •299
I«3I»
••3(1
•13(2

• •3(3

• •3(4
••3*5
•■3*6
••3(7

• •3*8

• •319
««3H
•1311
•1312
••313
••314
•1315
••316
■•317
••318
••319

• •32>
1(321

• •322
••323

• •324
•1325
••326
••327
•1328
••329

• •331

• •331
••332
•■333
••334

a,i

( IDCBBL) ,A
A, 32
(IDCB1) ,A

lUit: A-TJ1SD0S

:RL-256
lRL-25677

OPINIT PUSH
PUSH

rosi

CALL

JP
MM

POP
?CF
CALL
RET

OP1T4 POP

POP
POP
RET

OUTCHR DEPB

lopen file If peasant, alaa inlt fila

■entry: BL->buffer

I DE->DCB

■exit: A-TRSDOS artor code

nets last cec no. - •
topan atteapt successful

utput record buffer for Mod II

SETMLR LD

HL, (MDCBLR)

(MAPLLR) ,HL

I SETMLR

iset MAPLLR to true last

INODIII adjustment

SETILR LO

et INLLR to true la

■ file ends at end of sector

■therefore on Hod III, must dec (IDCBLR)

l for true last record no.

••335

ipositl

xi to rec in file

•1337

• •338

lesit:

A-TRSDOS error code

• •339

••34(

RET

• •341

1(342

•1343
• •344

ipositl

n to end of fila

•1345

• 8346

■esit:

TRSDOS error coda

■ 8347

POSEOF

cut

• •348

•■349
• •351
8B351

88352
88353

RET

1 READDR

[direct

read

88354

88355

88356

lexiti

A-TRSDOS error msg

■ •357

READDR

PUSH

8(358

CALL

DPOSN

,poslti

on to rec BC

NZ.RDDR5

rror

88368

CALL

DREAD

[direct

read

■<3<1

POP

■ •362

PUSH

ore any error nag code

CALL

DPOSN

(reposition to rec-BC

• •364

i needed

for Model II compatibility

• •365

• ■366

PET

1(367

((368

((369
■ •371

••371
••372

IREADMX

iread n

eat record

••373

DE->DCB

lt.lt:

A-TRSDOS error code

• ■376

• ■377
(■378
■ ■379
•8388

[WRITE

[direct

write

88381

88382

BC-rec. no.

88383

WRITE

PUSH

88384

PUSH

88385

CALL

DPOSN

[position to record

POP

88387

PUSH

88388

CALL

DWRITE

[write

88389

POP

88398

•■391

CALL

■ •392

• •393

• •394

••395
• •396

tial write

[entry:

DE->DCB

[•lit:

A-TRSDOS error code

• •399

• •4II

• •4(1

• ■412

RET

M4>3
• ■414

iword processing KBHAIT routine

••4(5

[curaor

alternataa with character

Listing 6 continued

COOSOL COMPUTER PRODUCTS

COLUMBIA DATA MFC MONITORS PRINTERS

• EPSON FX Series CALL

• EPSON RX-80 w.'GRAFTRAX ♦ CALL

• EPSON MX-100. 80, & F/T
w'GRAFTRAX « CALL

• OKIDATA 82A S420

• OKIDATA 83A. 84A CALL

• OKIDATA 92. 93. 2350 & 2410 CALL

• NEC 3550 CALL

• NEC 3510. 3515, 3520, 3525, & 3530 . CALL
■» - T ^miir~ s • NEC 7710, 7715. 7720. 7725, & 7730. . CALL

^n£2S» ' ' ' ' # NEC PC8023A-C . ..$449

NEC PRINTERS

• COLUMBIA System Includes: IBM COMPAT-
IBLE Dual Floppies. 128K RAM, Two RS-232
Serial ports, Centronic Printer port, IBM Com-
patible Keyboard. Hi-Res Color Graphics
Card. Green or Amber Monitor and more with
$3,000 Software bundle

COLUMBIA LOW TOTAL PRICE .... CALL

OTHER COMPUTERS

• EAGLE II Business Computer CALL

• EAGLE III Business Computer CALL

• EAGLE IV Business Computer CALL

• EAGLE 1630 Computer CALL

All EAGLE CPUs Includes Software Bundles

• NEC PC-8001A, PC-8012A. PC-8031A.
JB-1201. PC-8023 w/Software. .

(NEC SYSTEM) $1995

• NEC PC-8800 8-BIT or 16-BIT
w/Software CALL

• NEC APC SYSTEM 16 bit CALL

• SANYO MBC-1000 with Bundled
Software $1595

• SANYO MPC-3000 with Bundled
Software CALL

• SANYO— NEW PC CALL

SOFTWARE

• STONEWARE CALL

• SUB LOGIC-FLIGHT SIMULATOR ... $33

• VISI CORP— VISICALC $239

• ASTON-TATE D BASE II $465

• CONTINENTAL ACCOUNTING CALL

• I U S EASY WRITER $89

• LOTUS CALL

• MICRO PRO WORD STAR $372

COLOR RGB * OTHER MONITORS

• NEC JB-1205MA AMBER CALL

• NEC JC-1203DH(A) Hi-Res RGB $599

• NEC JB-1201 Green CALL

• AMDEK Hi-Res RGC and others CALL

• PRINCTON GRAPHICS Hi-Res RGB . CALL

• TAXAN Hi-Res RGB and others CALL

MODEMS

HAYES SMARTMODEM (300 BAUD). . $227
HAYES SMARTMODEM (300 & 1200) CALL

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH S199

NOVATION J-CAT $120

NOVATION 212 AUTO-CAT CALL

SIGNALMAN MARK I and others CALL

U.D.S. Series Modems CALL

CARDS

AMDEK RGB COLOR II INTERFACE . $169
M&R ENTERPRISES RGB INTERFACE $69

VIDWX VIDEOTERM CARD $285

B P O 16K EPSON. OKIDATA, NEC. . . S159

WIZARD IPL $85

OTHER APPLE CARDS CALL

OTHER PRINTERS

BROTHERS HR-1 Serial or Parallel . . . $799

COMREX CR-1 Serial or Parallel CALL

DAISYWRITER 2000 w.'48K Buffer , . . CALL

TOSHIBA P1350-P or P1350-S $1649

SILVER-REED EXP550-P

or EXP550-S CALL

SMITH-CORONA TP-1 and others . . CALL

GEMINM0X $355, GEMINI 15 $499

C ITOH 8510 Parallel or Serial CALL

CITOH 1550 Parallel or Serial CALL

C ITOH F10-40 and F10-55 Parallel

or Serial CALL

CALL 7 DAYS (800) 854-8498 Calif. (714) 545-2216

COOSOL, INC., P.O. Box 2642, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-2642

Computer Baron 3017 Harbor Blvd., Costa Mesa. CA 92626 (714) 979-2488

record scroll.

As it locates and displays each record
containing the keys, the program waits
for your instruction to continue, abort
the search, print the record, or output
the record to another disk file. Type L
and press the enter key for tine scroll to
have Search pause after displaying each
line. The default search display mode is
record scroll.

You can print records found during a
search continuously or manually. Type
C and press the enter key to have each
line printed as it appears on the screen.
Type M and press the enter key to let
you selectively print records or lines of
text as they appear on the screen. The
Search Display Mode determines
whether a line or the entire record is
printed. The default print mode is
manual.

The output fUe name is the name of
the file to which you want to transfer
records. Enter the file name using stan-
dard TRSDOS notation to designate the
name, extension, disk drive, and pass-
word. If you don't specify an output file
name, the output file has the same spec-
ifications as the source file except for
the extension OUT.

You can dose, reset, or open the out-

put file. Type C and press the enter key
to close an output file. Type R and press
the enter key to reset the output file to
the first sector. If the file is closed,
this opens the file and sets it to the first
sector.

Type A and press the enter key to ap-
pend additional records to a file. The
program retains previously written rec-
ords. If the program finds the file dosed,
it opens it and sets the file pointer to the
end-of-file marker. Using append on a
newly created file is equivalent to reset-
ting the file. The default output file
status is closed.

You can write records found during a
search to the output file continuously or
manually. Type C and press the enter
key to have each record written to the
file as it's found. Type M and press the
enter key to manually select records to
be written to the output file. The default
output file mode is manual.

While searching you might wish to
display the text around a particular rec-
ord. Tap L to call the list routine. A
dotted line indicates that you changed
from the search to the list mode. The
message on the top line reads "Listing
XXXXX", where XXXXX is the sector
number. In the list mode, the program

sets the inset to zero while word wrap-
around remains in effect.

Press the down-arrow key to display
a line at a time. If you hold the down-
arrow key (and the repeat key on the
Model II), the file scrolls forward.

To backspace through the source file,
press the up-arrow key and the text
jumps back three sectors. The message
"•Backspace Three Sectors*" appears.
You can backspace to the beginning of
the file in this manner.

While listing, you can continue your
search where you left off by pressing the
S key. A dotted line indicates that
you've changed from listing to search-
ing the source file. The message on the
top line of the screen reads "Searching
XXXXX".

You can write records found during
searching or listing to a separate output
file. Three of the options deal with the
output file.

The default output file specification
is the same as the index file but has the
extension OUT. If you don't want to
change the name, tap the enter key in re-
sponse to the Output File Name
prompt.

Typing R and pressing the enter key
opens the output file and sets the output

TRS-80 "CAN YOU BUY DIRECT?

WARRANTY;

the RADIO SHACK warranty
accompanies all R. S.
merchandise sold by us.

Ask About Our

"30 DAYS

Buy- Back- Policy"

ISAVE SALES TAX*
PLUS DISCOUNT

■TEXAS RESIDENTS ADD ONLY 4S

FORT WORTH COMPUTERS

WE ARE SERIOUS ABOUT SAVING YOU MONEY

(Located 30 miles from Fort Worth)
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TOLL FREE NUMBER: 1-800-433-S-A-V-E

Monday thru Friday — 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Texas Time 214
(Order Inquiries/Customer Service &) IN TEXAS: 817-573-41 11*" ^

80 Micro, December 1983 • 199

file pointer to the first record. Typing A
and pressing the enter key opens the
output file and sets the file pointer to
the end of the file so that you can ap-
pend records to the file.

To close an open file, type C and
press the enter key in response to the
prompt. If the file is already closed, the
program ignores the command. To by-
pass the output file status prompt, press
the enter key and the status won't
change.

You can write records to the output
file as they appear by typing C and

pressing the enter key in response to the
output mode prompt. Alternatively,
you can select which records you want
to copy to the output file by typing M
and pressing the enter key in response to
the output mode prompt.

As each record appears, you can copy
it to the output file by pressing O before
going on to the next record. Records are
written to the output file in the same
format they have in the source file.

With MAP, you can edit or index and
search the output file. At the end of the
search, either close the file (using the

options menu) or exit from the search
program (the output file is closed when-
ever you exit Search).

You can print the entire contents of
the screen by pressing W any time the
program searches or lists lines of the
source file on the screen. If the Search
Display mode is set for record display,
you can print the last record displayed
any time while searching by pressing P.

If the Search Display mode is set for
line display, you can print the display's
bottom line at any time while searching
by pressing the P key. If you do so and

Listing 6 continued

M4M

WPIBVT PUS*

:EC uaad ae counter

M521

CALL

VDOAR

IIU7
••Ml

A.l

(CUULX) ,A

inon bllnklne curior

MS22
••523

PET

Mill

A, 143

ilerae curior over chmract.tr

••524
••525

lIRASEL

■■410

(CURCHR) .A

• •411

splli LD

K.lll

■1524

■eraaa to end of line

•1412

A,(n

icureor on

••527

EUASEL

A, IE*

••41)

CALL

VT>C«A«

• •52)

CALL

VDCHA*

•■414
•MIS
••411

WPIM CALL
CP

I1CHAA
RI.WPIB2I

Ijp If char entered

• •521
II53»

■•5)1
••512

HtT

1 VDIRIT

••417

DEC

•C

••411

A,*

MSI 3

VDIRIT

A.l

■clear acreen lad lnltlallie

M41I

••314

CALL

SCRPRO

••421

•

M515

CALL

ERA* IS

••421

■•422
•1423

Ml.WPtM

••534
••517
••31*
••511

ACT

A,»P»

icuraor off

IVDLIBE

■•424

CALL

VDCHAR

••42 J

*C,5M

••54*

idiaplay line

••424

WPIB12 CALL

IBCRAR

••341

VDLINE

NOP

I entry i Hl->etrinq

••427

••542

l*DR or (1 atop diepley

•I42I

MX.MPIB2I

i]p It cbar entered

••543

teilti IL ->neit char

M42I

DEC

■C

• (544

VDLIS

A, (ID

i«et cbar

HUI

A.l

••345

ID*

lEOI?

■Mil

0«

M544

I.VDL12

ss;

•

M347

•3

lEOR?

Rl.KMBll

MS4I

I.VDL12

••414

HMD

••54*

CALL

VIOLA*

idiaplay char

HI1S

14551

I at

••4)4

Willi FBI*

M5S1

VDLIS

■loop until ton

HUI

A, IP!

•1552

VDL12

CALL

VDCHAR

idiaplay EOR char

M43I

CALL

VDCHAR

••553

INC

i-> neit char

• M3f

A, I

••55 4
••555
MSS4
M357

RET

M4M
• •441

LD
LD

(CURBLK) , A
A, 174

iblinklnq curior

IVDLIH1

••442

(CURC1A) ,A

M443

pop

MS5I

iditplay Una, but not 101

POP

»c

M55*

VDLIX3

SOP

leatry: HL->etrlne

tf445

11551

ilD* or •] atop dlaplay

••444

•4)447

■•5*1
■15*2

I DOES ROT PRIHT (DHI
lexlti IL ->nezt cbar

iIBLIN) and IILIHE

■4)441

M44*

■•Ml
•■Ml

VDL3IS

A, (HL)

I1LIH3 ROP

ll0*-*3

ID*

IIISI

A.*)

••MS

I.VDL112

M4S1

»L«1

MM*

•3

••432

IBLIlt HOP

pantryi lL->buf,*> ail length

lekltt B-lenqth not includinq EO* char

11567

I.VDL312

••453

IIMI

CALL

VDCHA*

M434

lEOR-ID* or 11

••Ml

INC

•MM

iraturna with laat char enteced In A

MS7I

J»

VDL3I5

•Mil

a, ion

••571

VDL312

I*C

i-> ne»t char

•MS7

UUI LB

(EORCHHI ,A

M572
••57]
M374
M575

KET

MSI
•MS*

CALL

A, in

VDC1AH

pcuraor an

iIITI*

•■444

Lt>

c#i

M441

UUt CALL

I WAIT

••374

i«jet March kay (lncludea ./I op)

••442

D r A

M577

lentryi IL -> Input buffer

••443

jkey entered

M57I

I B • aai no. of char

••444

ID*

tenter?

• 157 9

IEYIR

A, IE*

M4CS

Z,«BLID.H

MSM

CALL

VDCHAR

■turn euraor on

M444

ibackapaca?

••3*1

CALL

ERASEL

I eraae to end of line

M447

Z.KDLD5P

••3*2

C,«

ichar counter

M444

UtRIEY

ibraakT

MSI)

CETCIR

SOP

M44»

I.WBM

MSI4

CALL

IBMAIT

loot cbar free) keyboard

••471

i ' '7

••SIS

j chat or control?

■•471

M.KILI5

j jp If coatrol cbar

MSM

H.CTRL

icoatrol If lele 211

■•472

A,l

••517

'•'

■•473

j have aaa chae'e baan entered?

MSM

Z.IICHO

ijp IBCMD If cad (I.e. ■•* preaeed)

••474

l.nUS

MSM

ALPIA

lalpbaaiaaerlc entered

••475
••474

LD
LD

A,D
1IL) ,A

i reload line* A uaed for calc
iitora in but

MSM

11591

EJCTARD

A.C

••477

IMC

ilac char count

• 1592

••471

ipx:

■L

••511

I.CCTCHR

■147)

CALL

VDCHAS

idiaplay chic

•ISM

ISC

• MM

IBLI5

i loop until EO*

M5»S

*»'♦'

••4(1

KBLISP HOP

iback apaca routlna

•ISM

ALPHAS

••412

A.l

11597

EUTOR

A.C

■14(3

MSM

•

••4(4

1,«*L15

ido notbinq if itirt of buf

MSM

I.GETCIR

■•415

A,l

•MM

ISC

••414

CALL

VSdA*

ibackapaca

Hill

A, 124

M4(7

DEC

■L

tdac buf pointer

■Ml 2

ALPHAS

Hill

DEC

idee char count

■Mil

CHDARD

A, 253

land coda

•MM

urn

•MM

(8LI ,A

patore and cad

•MM

mux LD

A.(EORCIR)

i break kay entered

■ MM

A,'*'

land cbar

■MM

(*L) ,A

•MM

CALL

VDCHAR

• ■412

CALL

VDCIA*

••••7

CALL

HARI

iMtk ai operator

••413

A.BRXIEY

••«••

ISC

■L

M4M

(EORCHP.) ,A

•MM

CETCHR

••415

IBLIDI

•Mil

CRDOR

A. 25 4

ioc coda

M4M

I1LID* MOP

iplace EO* (*3 or ID!)

•Mil

(ID .A

M4»7

A.dORO*)

• 1*12

A, 1 1 "

lor cbar

M4M

(BL1.A

■Ml)

CALL

VDCHAR

M4M

1 CALL

VDCBA*

idiaplay ID* VOID VOID VOID VOID VOID

• •414

CALL

HAIR

mark aa operator

•MM

IBLIDI IPC

■L

ilL-Hayte peat CO*

•MIS

IIC

••5(1

A,»PI

•Nil

CSTCRI

iloop

MSI2

CALL

VDCIA*

icuraor off

■M17

••Ml

A.IEORCHAl

•Ml)

■alpha numeric char

MM4

».c

•Mil

ALMA

D.A

l tent? atora A

••MS

RET

•Mil

A,C

lA now ■ char count

■MM
MM7
••Ml

COUCH* DIP*

ID*

lEOR chirictar

•M21
• M22
•M21

CP
JP

•
J.QETCHR

icp to pjai char

(loop until CT* or CRD

pohac ok so proceaa

(PRIHIT

MM*

•M24

ISC

Ibuap counter

MSI*

PHI HIT RET

ilaltlallia printer (HOD II only)

•M2S

A.D

ireetoce A

••511

• 16 26

*♦*

•1512

1 SCRPIC

•M27

I.CKDAHC

••511

Mill

•M

l reveraa '

•1514

(CIPRO LD

(DSOW.A

ncroll protect

•Mil

I.CMDOR

M515
••514

M517

ret

•Ml*

■Mil
•M32

ALPHAS

ALPIA7

CALL

(IL) .A

VDCHAR

ibuap IL
idiaplay cbar

1 ERASES

MSI*

•Mil

GETCHR

iloop

•1511
••52*

IIASCS LD

A, IP*

reraae to end of icreen

•Mil

Listing 6 continued

200 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Tired of swapping Disks from Inventory to Accounts Receivable
to Accounts Payable etc.? Now, one system does it all.

Introducing

The M.B.S.
Business Management System

At last a completely Integrated, Menu driven System for:

INVOICING
Opens Customer Files
Opens A/R Accounts
Updates Inventory
Stores Mail List Files
Stores Sales Records
Computes Sales Tax

CUSTOMER FILES
Maintains Order Status
Prints Labels

Prints Customer Balances
Stores Order Amounts
Stores Order Payments
Prints Statements

MAIL LABELS

Stores by Variable File Names
Sorts by Zip Code
Sorts by Name

• INVENTORY

Sets Upper and Lower Limits
Generates Purchase Orders
Lists Inventory by Vendor

• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Open A/R Accounts
Generates Monthly Statements
Interest and Non-Interest Accounts
Listing of Accounts Balances
Manually Enter Charges and Payments

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

Enter Charges to Accounts
Enter Payments to Accounts
List Payable Balances

1 CHECK WRITING
Print or Record Checks
Maintains Bank Balance
Credit Accounts Payable
Stores Expense Totals

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Prints Sales Reports

Prints Operating Statements

Prints Receipts Reports

Modifies Expense and Sales Totals

Yes, now there is a complete business system for the small business man. With our Business Management System, you can increase sales with our mail label function.
Complete your Schedule C in as little as 15 minutes. Know what your business is doing, and maintain other important business functions.

■$<
This easy to use system comes complete with instruction manual, and diskette on Dosplus mini TDOS operating system with extended Basic, and one year support. All

programs are in Basic, and require two disk drives and 48K RAM. If you have waited for the right business software for your business, your wait is over. Our current

users love our system and you will too.

Special Introductory Price $249. 95

GAMEMASTER

Do you get complaints from your spouse, family and friends that you isolate yourself from them while "playing" with your computer? Do you wish there was a game
that could get everyone involved? Do you enjoy creative expressions as well as playing games? If so, we have a unique Program/Game wich could be the answer. It's
colled GAMEMASTER.

This program lets you easily develop and play your own adventure games. It does not create a game which you play against the computer, but creates a game which
you the game creator, direct the game play while your computer maintains the game conditions and resolves combat.

GAMEMASTER package includes routines for creating player characters, creatures, items (weapons, armour, implements, or treasures), and environment (time.
location etc.). Comes on diskette with sample scenerio. Requires one disk drive and 48k ram.

Price $ 39. 95

Specify Model I, Model HI, Model IV, or LNW
Dealer Inquiries Invited

PRINTERS

Prowriter $ 379

Prowriter2 $ 699

StarwriterFlO $1299

Okldata82A $ 409

Okidata83A $ 649

Okldata92 $ 509

Okidata93 $ 899

Silver Reed $ 499

Mannesmann Tally Call

NEC Call

Transtar Call

PERIPHERALS

Hayes Smartmodem $ 219

Hayes 300/1200 $539

Holmes VID 80 $259

HolmesCPM2.2 $109

64KRam $114

Holmes DX3DC $ 157

Holmes DX4DC $ 157

Holmes High Speed Ram . . $ 29

Holmes Sprinter I $ 89

Holmes Sprinter III $ 89

Holmes Sprinter KX $ 129

Diskettes Call

LN.W.

LNW80II $1495

LNDoubler w/DOS $ 199

System Expansion $ 399

MONITORS

Amdek300G $ 149

Amdek300A $ 159

AmdekColorl $ 339

Amdek Color II $ 469

Taxan Amber » 149

Taxan Green $ 139

Taxan RGBI $ 319

Taxan RGB III $ 599

SOFTWARE

DOSPLUS 3.5 $119

DOSPLUS IV $119

MTERM $ 69

TRSDOS 6.0 Plus Enhance $ 45

Super Utility Plus $ 69

Newscrlpt7.1 $ 99

Newscript w/labels $ 109

FileConverter $ 20

Trashman $ 35

Faster $ 27

Tallymaster $ 69

Electric Webster $129

^co^

S^l^I^ CO

*.. f<*

Microcomputer Business Systems
14030 South Springfield Road
Brandy wine, Maryland 20613

1-800-638-1857

in Maryland 1 (301) 372-8555 — Washington, D.C. Local Call

v See List ol A<to>rtis»rs on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 201

the printer isn't ready, the program
pauses until you press the break key.

You can exit from the Search pro-
gram by pressing the break key while it
lists or searches text, or by pressing the
break key in response to the "Enter
Key" message. The minimenu appears
again on the top line. Press T to return
to TRSDOS.

Possible Applications

Entering reference collections in disk
Mies and searching with Search elimi-
nates extensive cross-indexed card files

or specially coded computer files. You
can enter titles, authors, or journal
names in any order. You can also add
key words to the record.

Search's output option is helpful
when composing the reference section
of any research or technical paper.
Search your reference Mies for the ap-
propriate references and copy them to
an output file. You can incorporate the
output file into a manuscript or edit it as
an independent file.

You can keep information about
clients or club members in text format

and retrieve it rapidly with Search. A
realtor could keep a record of each
client, type of property required, geo-
graphic location, and price range.
When a new property becomes avail-
able, he could search for the ap-
propriate keys and locate the clients
who might be interested. He could also
use the program to select properties a
new client might want to purchase.

You can search parts listings rapidly.
Each record of a file could store infor-
mation on automobile parts, and con-
tain a description of part, stock num-

Listing 6 continued

■MM

CTRL

NOP

.•control char «U»d

••74*

POP

■C

•M)i

■M

i? CR

•»7}«

CALL

poseuR

irapoaltlon curaor

MMT

l,CTRL*D

M7S1

RET

(Mil

(•

|7 beckspe.ee

M7}2

Milt

I.CTULM

M7}3

COOR

otru

icoordlnata atorao*

■MM

MMI

I. CTRL* 1

ivaa braak bit?

M7S4
■•7}}

llWRl

Mi 42
•••43

HOP

crrCM

1 other CTRL not • llovad'
iDreet ley routine

M7M

M7S7

ctrlm

PRLIM

HOP

■ print Una

(M44

»,c

((7}t

■ ■L-XMif far

Nttl

■

i««« tree. Bit on ct - 17

tt7S*

it— no. char, c*andlna control char

a.CTUii

istert o«er

t(7il

PRLLP

A, (ID

MMI

A.ira

II' 61

CALL

PBOAR

1 print char

Mill

CALL

VDCMAR

rtarn off cursor

117 6 2

CALL

ESCHAR

taaa If braak pseaaad

MMI

A.MXUT

|A-1 •> bIMl hit

11-6 5

•1

•MS*

».l

1176 4

RET

MtSl

RET

11765

1HC

ipt to -.en char

MM]

CTRLM

a. Matin

M7ti

A, B

MtM

CTRLiD

»0P

lEOR

11767

•

•MM

(■L) .»

117 6 B

i.pruro

IMS!

• REM)

»»7 6 9

DEC

idac chat count

•MM

CTHLI8

hop

■backapaca routine

M77*

PRLLP

IM}7

D,A

it.»p uvi A In D

(•771

PRI.NED

A.C

MMI

A,C

••77 2

CALL

PRCHAR

MMI

j If wro cannot backapaca

••77 3

RAT

•Nil
MMI

DEC

l.CITCSI

l doc count* c

••774
••77}

iPRSCa

MMI
MMI

DEC

KL
A, 18

idac buffar pointer

1*776
M777

iptlnt icraati

MM*

CALL

VDCRA*

j erase ona char

••771

run

CALL

PRTSCR

MMS

)

••77*

RET

Mtii
MMI

PCSS

■L

•L, (CURSOR)

M7M
M7«i

purser

Dtrt

tprlntar buffar

MMI

Dt.il

••712

Dtr*

•DO

Mt7I

ADO

A
HL.DI

M7I1

M7I4

ipikui

MMI
Mt72

A, '- '

••7(5
M7M

(■L) ,A

PRTBLa

l print tie it to bottoa Una

•M7]

POP

■L

••7(7

•M74

C.ETCHR

pan

■L

lit 75

••7(1

117 it

(,REbTJL»
C,(

•M74

OOtD

■OF

ikayboard coaaand tout In*

M«77

A, 143

•MM

D.SU1DTH

•M7I

(CURCHK) ,A

lis roe cursor

117 92

HL.PRTBUT

INI)

CALL

■■MA XT

1 9* t the r

•17 M

CALL

HOVELN

•MM

MTM

HL.PRTBUP

•Mil

I, RSTCUR

•(?•}

K.SW1DTR

• Mil

D.A

M7M

ClriH

■MM

A,C

•MM

CALL

PRLlNt

MtM

■

•MM

B.PEMULN

■MM

ifirrcui

M7M

C.I

•MM

».D

; tee tote A

IISII

CALL

POSCOR

irapoaltlon curaoi to nait to laat Hm

•M»7

■♦■

••Ml

POP

■MM

I.RRARD

MM2

POP

MtM

1 [ ever ee '

MM3

POP

MtM

X.EROR

••M4

RET

MtM
■MM

Jt>

I.CKDOIR

MM3
MM*

iPRTREC

(MM

CMDOU

■OP

MM7

•MM

(IL) ,A

•(Ml

PRTRE."

■OP

1 print racord froa screen

•MM

CALL

VDCMAR

MM*

C.(

•MM

OD0S

•MM

A,(SCRL»>

•MM

IRAK)

A. '♦ '

lien

•MM

<!L] ,A

•••12

1.PRTR2

•MM

CALL

VDCIAR

•■■11

A, I SOU*)

Hill

CMDOI

MI14

DEC

■•7 11

(DOR

A, ' 1 "

Mil}

PRTR2

t.A

• •7(2

(IL).A

• •116

PRTRLP

HL.PRTBUP

• •7))

CALL

VDCIAIi

•••17

D.SWIDTH

• I7I4

CHDOU

HOP

••IK

TOSH

• MM

ate

•■•1*

CALL

MOVELH

mil

IHC

• 1821

HL.PRTBUP

•17(7

RSTCUR

A, 174

•••21

t.tKIDTR

Hill

(CURCHR) ,A

•••22

C,*DH

MTM

CETCHA

•••2)

CALL

PRUNE

MTM

■••24

POP

••711

».C

■112}

A. PERTH

M712

push

11826

■

ibaa laat Una baaa raacbad?

M711

A.tri

• •127

I.PRTR5

M714

CALL

VDCRAR

(turn off curaor

■■■21

I.PRTR}

M7»

POP

lA • Boa cnaractar

MM*

IPX

■

MTM

RET

•••3(

PRTRLP

M717

HU1

nrr*}

RET

MTU
MTU

rosi

■L
Dt.il

iplaca aarh oa lire under chat

(••32
■••33

iRDLT

M7J»

M7 21

OR
ADO

A
HL.DE

MM4
MM}

laatryi HL-»u 1 t lpi lcend

W711

A, 111

Hill

1 A-esoll IplXai

• M21

IILI.A

11837

je.lt-. IL-product, A-overflov byte

• •724

POP

■L

f(H<

■ULT

CALL

DHDLT

•172}

RET

MM*

PUSH

MTM

•■(41

let

• •7 27
••721

iROVCLR

•■Ml
MM 2

L.A

lA now haa over flow byta

1 — _ _™

POP

• »72»

move chat frOa screen to buffer

MMI

RET

■■731

taatryi hi.-. buffer, d- no. char

I BC-cureor coordinate*

••(44
•••4}

iPTPS

••712
MTM

HOVELH

LD
CP

A,D

• ••46

MI47

PTT5

HL.CKDTXT

i point (IL) to cad Uaa

••731

RET

ino traasfar If char count - •

MMI

CALL

EA TITB HE

ibypaa* cssd

M73J

IC0OR) ,K

;»tore cuilor coordinate*

MM*

CALL

EATBIH

ibypaaa tralUroj blank*

M7M

CALL

couo*

.poiitlon curaor

MMI

RET

i«L-> flrat char of file apac

M717
M73I

PCS!

■c

MMI
MM 2

■c.iooom)

iDOSCMD

MTM

M7M

CALL

POtCUR

MM3
MMI

lesecute OB file trier. DCS

M7*l

C,D

• 1855

ilL->naM of OB fill

M74J

PCS*

■•tM

DO SCUD

PL'S*

■L

M7 44

D.I

• •857

Dt.CUDTRT

iDE-)T»SD05 cad Ham buffar

t.L

•■Ml

CALL

APPP.RE

laova cad to cad Una buffer

M7*}

HI.. (CURSOR 1

MM*

inoaoad to paa* par an* ten to proorsa

Mitt

POP

MM*

POP

••747

DE.PRTBUr

••Ml

copioos

MTM

LDIR

itranafar to UTtOf

Listing 6 continued

202 • 80 Micro, December 1983

PACKAGES
AVAILABLE FOR

TRS-80 MODEL 16

$500.

per package

Available for TRS-80
Model 12 A Model 1 1
Single user

• General Ledger
° Accounts Payable

• Accounts Receivable
' Payroll

• Inventory / Invoicing
' Job Costing

(Modifications Availabla) ,

1-214-341-9874

BOB

DAISY WHEEL

New Smith Corona TP-2

True letter quality printer for less than the cost of an
office typewriter! Priced $500 less than other popular
daisy wheel printers!

SALE PRICE:
$449

FEATURES:

it Friction feed

it 15 cps, 120 wpm

if Changeable daisy wheels*

it Parallel or serial interface

it Compatible with R/S. Apple, etc

HSUNLOCK SYSTEMS
4217 Carolina Ave
Richmond. Va 23222
AW1T10NAL PRINTER SPECIALS
Ev6on

^456

OlUdcuta Gemini CTltok
RX&O $329 S2A $399 10 $299 6510AP $369
SOFT 429 ISA 639 10S 3*9 1550P 629
FX&0 559 92 499 15 439 ¥10-40 1149
FXJ00 739 93 U9 I5S 529 F/0-55 1495
WE WILL MEET ANV AVVEPT1SEV COST IN-STOCK

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-368-9191

In Virginia call 804-321-9191

We accept MasterCard. Visa and CODs

MICRO DESIGN INTRODUCES

REMOVABLE

WINCHESTER HARD DISK SYSTEM

For the TRS-80, IBM & Apple Computer

FEATURES

• Approximately nine times faster than standard floppy disk drives

• Mix & Match Fixed & Removable drives for a custom system
Up to 45 megabyte on-line storage • Built'in error detection & correction.

Starting
At

$179995

Tex. Res. Call 512-441-7890

MICRO DESIGN

6301 Manchaca RA Suite B • Austin, TX 78745

1-800-531-5002

Sm our other ads on pgs. 127, 289

•429

>* See Ust of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 203

ber, manufacturer, model number, and
equivalent products from other manu-
facturers. A customer needs a water
pump for a 1970, 250-cubic-inch Chev-
rolet. Type in Chevro+ 1970+250ci
and the appropriate records appear with
the model number, your stock number,
and price.

Limitations

The Mindex and Search programs
have several limitations. First, you must
reindex the source file whenever you
modify it, and you can't modify the
source file directly from the search
program.

The major limitation on modifying a
record-compressed text file is that if the
modified record is longer than the origi-
nal, you can't modify it in place. You
can overcome this problem by deleting
the old record (overwriting it with O's
or some other character) and appending
the modification to the end of the file.

One disadvantage of this method is
that with extensive use the file size
quickly becomes too large and you must
use a reformatting utility to reorganize
the file (eliminating the deleted
records). A minor disadvantage is that
the position of a record within a file
changes every time you modify it.

My solution to this problem (a pro-
gram called 3by5) is to assign one record
per sector. Although this method
doesn't optimize disk space, it's simple
to implement and doesn't require pe-

riodic file maintenance with a reformat-
ting utility.

Another problem with Mindex and
Search is that they are designed for sys-
tems with disk drives. Random access is
slow on disk drives, and Search by-
passes this problem by storing as much
of the index file in RAM as possible.
Large hard disk files can have indexes
one or two orders of magnitude greater
than available memory.

The solution is simple: 251 random
access records are set aside for the index
file. The n 01 bits of all the signature
strings are stored in the n* logical record
of the file. Only the index records cor-
responding to the hash values of the
search key are read from the disk. You
don't need to sequentially read the en-
tire index file.

This file access method, however, re-
quires multiple, nonsequential disk
reads from the index file, and a floppy
disk based system is too slow. I am in
the process of modifying Mindex and
Search for TRSDOS, TRS-XENIX,
and LDOS hard-disk systems.

Future of Text Storage

Several publishing companies have
plans to distribute textual material on
laser video discs. These discs hold large
amounts of information (text, numeri-
cal, program, and pictorial), can be in-
terfaced to microcomputers, and can be
mass produced.

The tremendous amount of informa-
tion stored on the video disc creates a

problem. How can you rapidly search
large text files (reference works such as
encyclopedias, thesauruses, and so on)?
Sequential access methods are too slow
for these huge files. Tree-searching al-
gorithms aren't appropriate for text.

Signature screening is a partial
answer to this problem. You must make
substantial modifications to apply this
method to extremely large files stored
on machines with relatively slow direct
access times. The goal is to devise
hashing algorithms that maximize the
specificity of the screening test (reduce
collisions).

The application of signature screen-
ing isn't limited to text files. With modi-
fication, you can apply it to records
with fixed fields. Indexed sequential
and signature screening methods can
access a data file. You can extend the
concept of signature screening in
Mindex and Search to include many
sophisticated applications. ■

Joseph E. Trojak is the president of
Softshell Corporation, P.O. Box 18522,
Baltimore, MD 21237. Softshell sells
3by5, an enhanced information re-
trieval system that incorporates Mindex
and Search.

Mindex and Search are available from
the author at $12.50 for a TRSDOS 1.3
Model IU/4 disk and $14 for a TRSDOS
2. A Model 11/ 12/ 16 disk. Specify source
code or the assembled version. The price
includes U.S. postage; Maryland resi-
dents must add 5 percent sales tax.

Letrtg 6 continued

• 8881
«»662
•1883
••884

• •88S

• >88i

• •887

88S91
80892

• •893

• •894
••895

• •894

• •897

• •891
••899

• •911

• •9(1

• •9(2

• •9(3

• •9(4
M9*S
M9li

• •9>7

• •91)

• •919

• )91(
••911
••912
••911
••914

• •915

• •916
••917

• •918

• •862 JP DOSCKD

• 1863 |

• •86 4

• •865

• •866

••867 ERRDSP OR (C(H

••868

••869 CALL DERDSP

M87( UT

••871 ,

••872 DISBJUI RET

••87 3 i

• •87 4 STHEBD LD DE,(EOHEN>
••875 LD (HEHEHD) ,0E
••876 RET

••877 HEHEBD DEPW •

••878 i

••879

I DC BOS
IDCBRL
IDCBCR

DEPB
DEPB

MM
1

DETB
DEFB
DEfB
DEPB
DEPB
HP!

DEPW

IDCBLR DEPH

DEES
INLLR DEPH

DEPB

HDCBOS DEPB

ItDCBRL DEPB

HDCBCR DEPH

HDCBLR DEPW

DEPS

HAPLLR DEPW

OOTDCB DEPS

SORLN

DEPB

ACCESS DEPB

STHAP DEPB

END

iiRiOSP
I

terror display

net bit 6 (detailed arror esq) and
is«t bit 7 (return to caller)
icall error dsplay message

Hod II compatibility

■ ato're end of Memory

■ most be called before DE chanoedllll
lend of m e m ory storage

■Input file DCB

j EOF Offset

I logical record

length

.-current record

■last record

(extents

(true lest sector

:-->; file oca

■ BOP offaet

I logical record length
;current record (actually
■ last record

■output file DCB
■start of record line number
■for each line of rec displayed
l (SORLN) is decremented

■dummy for Hod II compatibility

Program Listing 7. Assembly-language listing o/S30PT/SRC:l.

•••ii

■S30PT/SRC.1.2

••••2
••••3
• •••4

■ Jun 21

, 1983

■SEARCH

OPTIONS

ROUTINE

••••5

• •••6
••■•7

• 1116

• •••9

SOPTSHELL CORPORATION ALL RIGBTS RESERVED

SJOPT

MBCT

■start of relocatable program aection

PUBLIC

OFT

•Mil

EXTERN

RBLINE,RBLIM,«BCHAR,«.BWAIT

• ••12

EXTERN

•••13

EXTERN

VDCLS , VDLI HE . VDCR AR

•••14

EXTERN

ROME . BOTTOH . NENU

•MIS

EXTERN

CURPOS.POSCUR

•M16

EXTERN

ERASEL, ERASES

• ••17

EXTERN

OPEN , CLOSE, POSEOP , POSN

•Ml*

EXTERN

OUTDCB

• ••19

ARROWS, ARROWL, AR ROWR , ARROWU , BRXKET , SWIDTH , PENULN

Mat

•M21

EXTERN

NINSET,SINSET,SDHODE,PRHODE,OHODE, ANSWER

• ••22

EXTERN

PSEOR.OPSTAT.OPCOWD.OPmOUT

•M23

UTBJB1

OPNAHE.IEYBUP

•M24

•M25
•M26

•M27
•••21

•••29

EXTERN

APPEND

OPTCOL

42 iColumn for option answers

■ OPT

inn

• ••31

■entryt no paraeters paaaad

•M32

•M33

1 one exit point: OPTEND

•••34

■ caiiai orrpcB.orrpc

IM35

ireg altered: AP.BC.DE.BL

•••36

.?Z

BC,4'254 ltS:Cl

•M37

CALL

POSCDK

•••38

CALL

ERASES lerase to end of screen

•M39

0PT«

A,(PSEOR) iget pseudo EOR char

•dh lis it stsndard EOR <»DH>7

•M41

I, OPTtR DP 0PTM if record format

•M42

HL.HSGPP i 'Paragraph Format'*)

•••41

CALL

VDLINE

11(44

OPTfE

•••45

OPTtR

HL.HSGRP ■ 'Record Format'*)

CALL

VDLINI

•••47

OPT*E

■end of OPT* section

•••48

1 .....

•••49

BC, 5*256 ir6:Cl

CALL

FOSCUB

•••51

hl.ophsgi i 'Inset from Left Hargln'*!

•M52

CALL

VDLINE

A.IHlNSrri iget inset value

•M54

a:.:

A, 4* (convert to ASCII

•••55

CALL

VDCNAR (display inset value

•••56

Lining 7 continued

204 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 7 continued

MM1

BC,t*25i

llTlCl

•MM

CALL

POSCUR

• ••5*

LI)

HL.OPHSG2

/'Saarch Display Kodsi C/R/L'l)

•••*•

CALL

VDLINE

MM1

A, (SDMOOE)

iqat aaarch display soda

HM1

CALL

VDCMAR

jdlapiay aaarch dlaplay aoda

•III)

•lilt

BC, 7*254

1 cltcl

■MCI

CALL

POSC'JR

•Hit

HL.OFRSG3

I "Print Noda: C/H'»)

•••47

CALL

VDLINE

••Ml

A, IPBHODE)

ifat print aoda

■MM

CALL

VDCMAR

idap print aoda

■MH

•••71

ac,c2St

irlicl

•••72

CALL

POSCUR

•••7 3

HL.OPHSG4

1 'Output PUai r/a/c'4)

•••74

CALL

VDLIHE

•••7»

HL.OPNAHE

>HL->output tilt II4Ua*

CALL

VDLIHE

idap output (11a naaa

•••77

•■171

BC,**2S<

irKicl

MtTI

CALL

POSCUR

•••••

HL.OPHSCS

■ ■output flln H/A/C'O

••••1

CALL

VDLINE

••••]

A, (OPCORO)

Hat output (tla atatua

••••)

CALL

VOCMAK

idap output (111 atatua

• •••4

• •••J

ECH-256

irllicl

■MM

CALL

POSCUR

••••7

HL.OPHSG4

I 'Output Hodai C/n'o

•••••

CALL

VDLIHE

Milt

A, (OMODE)

7 gee output aoda

•••••

CALL

VDCHAR

jdsp output aoda

••••1

• Mil

OPT 11

CALL

OPTPCB

ilnaat (roa laft Baffin

• •••)

• .5

••••4

CALL

OPTPC

KtlC(OPTCOL>l)

HUM

HL, ANSWER

••••4

1.1

•••(7

CALL

EBLIH)

••••1

A, I

■MM

■

• Ilia

Z,0PT«1E

OP OPTtlE if null antry

• •ill

A, (ANSWER)

• •112

Jill)

P.OPTH

floop 1C not no.

•111;

H.0PTI1

(loop 11 not no.

••1(4

SU1

iconvart to binary no.

••1*7

INIHSET) ,A

■aava in lnaat buffar

•111!

OPT! IE

■79

idlaplay lnaat valua

Hill

CALL

OPTPC

iri:c(OPTCOL»l)

••11)

A, (HIHSET)

••111

ADD

A, 41

iconvart to ASCII

••112

CALL

VDCHAR

idap lnaat

••11]
•■114

IOPTI2

• •IIS

• •114

I aaarch dlaplay aoda (C/R/L)

• •117

OPT* 2

CALL

OPTPCB

ir(PENULN) icl

• •Hi

■ L,OPHG2A

i'(C)ontlnuoua, (R)acordor (L)lna'«3

■1111

CALL

VDLIHE

••111

>>4

••121

CALL

OPTPC

ir7lC(0PTCOL«l)

••122

HL.ASSWEB

••121

■ .1

••124

CALL

ULIH)

M12S

A.I

•1121

••127

I.OPTI2E

DP OPTI2E 1! null antry

••121

A, (ANSWER)

••121

RES

S.A

iconvart to uppar mm

•1131

••131

I.0PTI2D

••1)2

•h 1

(•133

I.OPTI2D

••114

'L'

••US

Ml, OPT 12

lloop until valid Input

••1)4

OPT! 2D

ISDHODE) .A

nave new aaarch display Boda

••137

0PTI2E

iff

rdap aaarch dlaplay aoda

••1)1

CALL

OPTPC

ir7iclOPTCOL-.il

••1)1

A, (SDMOOE)

••141

CALL

VDCHAR

••141
1(142

lOPTM

••14)
••144

1 print aoda (C/N)

11145

0fT«3

CALL

OPTPCB

jr(PENULN) icl

••144

ML.OPHG3A

iMOontlnuoua or (H)anual'*)

••147

CALL

VDLIHE

••141

B.7

Mill

CALL

OPTPC

irliCIOPTCOL'l)

••IS*

HL, ANSWER

••1S1

B.l

M1M

CALL

EBLIN)

••IS)

til

M154

MISS

I.OPTI3E

UP OPTOE U null antry

Ml Si

A, (ANSWER)

••157

Rrs

5, A

iconvart to uppar caaa

M1SI

■C

Ml SI

Z.OPTDD

••141

•«•

Mlil

NJ.OPTI)

lloop until valid ansvar

••142

OtT(30

(PRNODE) ,A

latora nav print soda

•Hi)

OPT*)E

B.7

••1*4

CALL

OPTPC

lll.c(OPTCOL»l)

•HIS

A, (PRNODE)

Mlii

CALL

VDCHAR

idlaplay print aoda

••147

Mill

lOPTM

Mlil

••171

lOutput (111 naaa

Ml 71

OPT* 4

CALL

OPTPCB

ir(PENULN) icl

• •172

OPT* 4 A

1,1

• •17)

C,42

M174

CALL

POSCUR

11*1*41

••175

CALL

EHAItL

■ araaa to and o( Una

••171

HL.OniAHE

ilnp atora file naaa In ItTBOB

•1177

DE.IEYBUP

M17t

0PTI4I

CALL

APPEND

INOVa OPNAME to XETBUP

M174

HL.CrNANE

M1M

1.24

Mill

CALL

ULIH)

isat nau (Ua naaa

••112

DEC

Mil)

(HL) .IDA

jIDIl needed (or fila opan

■11(4

A.I

M1IS

■

• 1114

t,OPTI4N

i)P 0PTI4N l( null antry

•1117

DI.OUTDCB

iDE->output (Ua DCS

•1114

CALL

icloaa output (Ua

Mill

k,'C

M1M

(OPSTAT) , A

1 output (Ua atatua • (C)loaad

••1*1

BL.OPHANE

iHL->output (11 a naaa

Ml 12

DE.OUTDCB

|DS->0<ltput (lie DCS

Mil)

0PTI4L

CALL

APPEND

laova output (Ua naaa to OOTDCB

• •114

CALL

OPBOUT

lopan output (Ua

•HIS

A, (OPSTAT)

Mlli

•C"

••117

l,OPT*4A

M1M

OPTB4E

••111

M2M

0PTI4K

HL.REYBDP

, default naaa

•12(1

DE, OP NAME

••212

0PTI4Q

CALL

APPEND

iaova output (Ua naaa (roa KIYBUP to OPNAME

•121)

tlLI.13

i avoid ne» Una (aad

•12*4

• >•

• •2*5

C.4]

M2M

CALL

POSCUR

irlicl)

Listing 7 continued

THE MOST POWCRFIM. WORD PROCESSOR AND All PUR-
POSE COMPUTER PROGRAM AVAILABLE FOR THE TRS-80.

LOOK AT AU THESE FEATURES

1 . INSERT characters, worts, lints, paragraphs or other tiles.

2. DELETE characters, worts, lines, paragraphs.

3. COLUMNS. CopyArt II can he Instructed to print your test from one to
sii columns. Sopor easy to use I No complicated commands. Great for
doing newsletters, magazine layouts etc. NO MORE CUT AND PASTE!

4. SORTING. Sort lines of text hy any field. Sorts up to 650 items in less
then 7 seconds. Sort indices, table of contents, names, worts or whatever
in descending or ascending order. Used with CopyArt's math function it is
great for small Inventories, Receivables, Payables etc.

5. Screen widths from 32-255 characters wide. Screen widths can be
changed to allow formatlino your text as you want.

6. MATH. Built hi MATH function for doing calculations on columns or
rows. Used with the SORT command, CopyArt II can do a small inventory
of 200-300 items, or keep track of small receivables or payables, general
ledgers or home financial reports. Super floating point precision up to 32
digits!

7. *GRAPHICS. CopyArt has a built in graphics program that allows in-
serting graphics within your text. Drawings, graphs, illustrations, car-
toons etc. may be used within newsletters or company reports. Graphics
commands include : Plot between points. Circles, Squares, Fill, Erase,
Draw, Move, Pixel cursor controls and more.

I. 'GRAPHIC CHARACTERS. CopyArt has a built in graphics character
generator. Used for typesetting large letters from 3 to 25 times normal
size! Yes. you can even print characters down the page as well as across.
Black on white or white on black.

9. JUSTIFICATION is fully supported. 'Proportional spaced justify is sup-
ported.
10. 'SUPER or SUB-SCRIPT.

II. UNDERLINING.

12. B0LDF ACTING

13. 'CHANGE CHARACTER SIZE or PITCH within your document. Charac-
ter sire changes for dot matrix printers with capability. Pitch change lor
daisy wheel printers with capability

14. HELP. Help is available for all the commands at the touch of a key
while using the word processor. Super tor training inexperienced sec-
retaries. Great reminder for experienced people as well. MENU DRIVEN
Help for over 45 commands.

Continues on
the next page

C00 and Credit Cards
CAU TOU FREE to order
1-M0-52S-114J

SIMUTEK

*m Computer Products Inc.

tmmm reeeecTS mc, *m i. skeimt euro., tocsoo. u earn, test, sn-esei

DEALER . MSTMBUTOn. • PMNTER/MAJUFACTUHEn M0UMIES IHVITE0
TRS-M •»« Scrlasll arV TM of n»H* Skill • Tarty car*.

*lB4jlcatii prlnlir mint hivi capability la do function

iSO Micro, December 1983 • 205

Listing "/

«*2I7

88286
8)289
11211

• •211
••212
••213
••214
M21S
••216
1)217

• 1211

• •219
M22«
••221
••222
•1223
••224

• •225
••226
••227
11228

• 1229
••23*
••231
••232

• •233
••234
••235

• •234

• •237

• •238

• •239

• •24(
91241
99242

• 9243
99244
99245

• 9246

• 9247

• 9248
99249

• •2S9
99251
••252

• •253

• •254

• •255
•1256
•1257

• 9258

• •259

• •26*
••261
••262

• •263
••264
••265
••266
••267

• •269
••269

• •27*
••271

• •272
••273

• •274

• •275

• 1276
88277

• 9278
89279

continued

LD
CALL
LD
C»

LD
LD

CALL
0PT»4E HOP

HL.XEYBUP

VDLINE

A.(OPSTAT)

■c

NI.OPTME
HL.OFMAHE
DE.OUTDCB
APPEND

(display output file nut
■ move file spec to OUTDCB

99288

• •281
99282
99283
9(284

• •285

• ■286

• 8287
••288
••289

• 9298
••291
••292
••293
••294
•■295
•1296

• •297
••298

• •299
II3H
■•391
••3)2
••3(3
••3(4
•13)5
••3(6
•■3(7
•13(8
89399
9)319
9(311
99312

• 9313
BB314
99315
99316
99317
88318
88319
89329
99321
88322
88323
99324
98325
99326
99327
99328
••329
99338
••331
■•332
••333
••334
••335
••336
•1337
■•33)
••339

• •34*
••341
■•342
••343
•1344
••345
••346

• •347
••348
81349
••35)
89351
••352

• •353

• •354

CALL

VDCHAR [display output file status

OPT86

0PT96D
0PTI6E

OPT END

CALL

PEC

CALL

RET

|0PT)6

[output mode (C/M)
OPTPCB I r ( PENULN) : c 1

HL.OPNG3A | '(C)ontlnuous or (N)anual')3
VDLINE

B,H .
OPTPC irlllC(OPTCOL*l)
HL, ANSWER
B,l

KBLIN3
A, I
B

l,OPT«6E
A, (ANSWER)

5, A fconvert to upper case
•C"
1,OPT(60

NI.OPT«6
(OHODE) ,A

B,l« idsp output mode
OPTPC irllic(OPTCOL»l)
A, (OHODE)
VDCHAR

BC. 3*256 ir4tcl
POSCOR

ERASES i erase to end of screen
tend of options

OPT* 5 CALL
LD

CALL
SB

CALL
LD
LD
CALL
LD
CP

RES

JP
JP
OPT»5C LD
CP
JP
LD
CALL
JP

OPTPCB

BL,OPNC5A

VDLINE

B,9

OPTPC

HL, ANSWER

B.l

KBLXN3

A,«

I,OPT»5B

A, (ANSWER)

5, A

(ANSWER) ,A

Z,OPT«5C

'R'

Z.OPT15R

•A'

Z,OPT«5A
OPT) 5
A.(OPSTAT)

■C"

Z.OPT85D
DE.OUTDCB
CLOSE
OPT(5D

|OPT»S

lOutput flic status (R/A/C)

■ r(POfULM) icl

. '(R)eset, (A)ppend ot (C)loss'*3

■rl(ic(OPTCOL*l)

ijp OPT95E if null entry

■ convert to upper case

j loop until valid entry

(file already closed
|DE->output file DBC
1 close output file

OPTPCB

LD
LD
JR

i OPTPCB

ir23icl Hod II, [15 col Hod III

B, PENULN inext to bottom line

C,( icol 1

0PTPC3 ijp to position section

OPTPC
OPTPC 3

CALL

RET

1 OPTPC

ipositlon cursor to col - OPTCOL

IB-line number
C, OPTCOL |B passed as parameter
POSCUR
ERASEL lerase to end of line

OPT8 5R CALL
LD
CF
JP
LD
LD

CALL
JP

OPT(5A CALL
LD

C?
JP

LD
CALL

OPNOUT
A.(OPSTAT)

■c

Z.OPT9 5

DE.OUTDCB

BC,9

POSN

OPT«5D

OPNOUT

A, (OPSTAT)

•C"

DE.OUTDCB
POS EOF

lorctu

lopen output file and reset
iflle cursor to start of file
topen output file

iloop if error in opening file
;DB->output file DCS

ipositlon file cursor to first record

"J6pt»sa

lopen output file and set file
iflle cursor to EOF
■ open output file

iloop if error in opening file
.position to end of file

OPMSG1

OPHSG2

OPNSC3

0PHSG4

OPHSC5

OFHSC6

0PHC2A

0PHC3A

OPHG5A

NSGPF

MSCRF

DBH

Mil

DEF".
DEFB

Dan

DEF3

DEfB
■ • f"
DEFB
DEF"
DEF5
D0H
DEFB
DFF"
DEFB

DEFB

DEF",
DEFB
DEF".
DEPB

lOPT MESSAGES

■Inset from Left Margin •

■ 3

■Search Display Node: C/R/L

"Print Node: C/H

•3

'Output File last! ■

■Output File: R/A/C

•3

■Output Node: C/N ■

■3

•(C)ontinuous. (R)ecord or (Mine-

■(Oontinuous or (H)anual'

■3

'(R)eset, (A)ppend or (C)lose'

•3

'Paragraph Format'

•3

'Record Format'

■ 3

OPT»5D LD
LD

OPT»5E LD

CALL
LD

A, (ANSWER)

(OPCOND) ,A

B,9

OPTPC

A, (OPCOND)

IOPT95D

lend of OPT95 section
■ rHic(OPTCOL»l)

END

Program Listing 8. Assembly-language listing ofM3/SRC.

89865

EXTERN

PENULN

■next to last line on screen (23 or 15)

■ ••66

■ •••1

89882

IH3/SRC VERSION 1.2

•••67 ■

•••6 9

icalls to GR (general routines)

• •••1
■ •••4

•9878

•••71

EXTERN

BXDEC

■MINDEX INDEXING PROGRAM

Ibinary to decimal conversion

■•(•5

EXTERN

DECXB

■decimal to binary conversion

• •••6

•••73

EXTERN

DLINE

••••7
99998
• •••9
(••1»

EXTERN
EXTERN

DSPNBR
DSPNBRL

■display 5-digit decimal no. (right Justified)
■display 5-dlgit decimal no. (left justified)
i remove leading blanks
■move cad line file psec to XEYBUP

N INDEX PSECT

.begin relocatable program section

•••75

•••77

EXTERN

FSPEC

•••11
•••12

•••79

EXTERN
EXTERN

GETMPN
LINE

■get HAP file names

■display line (from char in A reg)

PUBLIC ANSWER

•••13

PUBLIC BEGIN

:start ot MINDEX program

PACK PS

■pack (coapress) file spec in fixed table

•••14

PUBLIC OCDLFS

:cmd line file spec 4T/N)

■parse one file spec

■■•15

l Indicates whether file spec also entered

REC(

liero-out 256-byte record

•••16

lalong tilth MINDEX cad

EXTERN

RECBL

■blank-out 256-byte record

•••17
• ••IB
■••19
•••2*
•••21

PUBLIC F.EYBUF

iKeybuf used to enter MINDEX file spec

EXTERN

TAP EST

■'Tap enter to continue*

icalls to MODII or MODIII

• ••86
•••87
••■•8

iGR buffers

EXTERN BOTTC4I

ipositlon cursor to last line of screen

EXTERN

SNAH.SEXT.SPSW

SDDR isource file table

EXTERN CLOSE

iclose file (DE->DCB)

EXTERN

INAM,IEXT,IPSW

IDDR ■ index file table

• ••24
•••25
•••26

EXTERN CURPOS
EXTERN DISBRK
EXTERN DIVIDE
EXTERN DOSCND

.•determine cursor pos (cooriBC)
l disable break (for Model II)
idlvlde A into HL
UP to TRSDOS and eiecute command

•••93

• ••27

EXTERN ERASEL

terase to end of line

• ••94

■syntax for loading program:

EXTERN ERASES

lerase to end of screen

■MINDEX source file, index flleioptlons

• ••29

EXTERN ERRDSP

IMAF error display routine

99*96

.options.

EXTERN ERROR

i TRSDOS error meg routine

89931

EXTERN HOME

ipositlon cursor to top line of screen
.Initialize file (create/open, pos to 1st rec)
1 (DE->DCB, HL->rec but)
l]p to TRSDOS

99(98

99932

EXTERN INIT

99)99

1 R and M are default values

98934

EXTERN JP2DOS

9(1(1 BEGIN PUSH

EXTERN XBCHAR

iget char (or null) from Keyboard

((1(2

■display line pointed to by HL

((1(3

EXTERN F.BWAIT

■ wait for char from keyboard

9)1)4

EXTERN OPEN

lopen file (DE->DCB, HL->record buffer)

((1(5

CALL

99939

EXTERN POSCUR

ipositlon cursor (coordinates in BC)

((1(6

CALL

EXTERN READDR

■read file: direct access

((1(7

• ••41

EXTERN READNX

■read next record in file

((1(8

CALL

• ••42

EXTERN VDCHAR

■display char in A register

99199

BCCPVPOS

••119

.Initialize video I/O (for Model II)

Mill

EXTERN VDLINE

■ display line <HL->msg)

••112

CALL

.write neat record to file

•9113

»»'-'

■select '-' char for LINE routine

CALL

LINE

Idrav dashed line under title

• 9948

■MOOII/III buffers and I/O parameters

••116
••117
••118 FN

iFNIl

■Input (source) file DCB
■Input file DCB Record Length

•••51

EXTERN IDCBRL

EXTERN IDCBCR

1 Input file DCB Current Record

•111)

■input file DCB Last Record

••12(

EXTERN INLLR

■true last record of source file

••121

EXTERN IDCBOS

■ Input file DCB mxizi

M122

■MAP (tndei) file DCB

HI 23

■Map file DCB Record Length

••124

■•125

• •126

■true last record of index file

■point to next to last line

EXTERN MDCBOS

■Hap file DCB ixxxxxxx

(9128

■I/O parameters:

9(129

CALL

■copyright notice position (52 or 36)

1(131

l 'Enter name of File to be Indexed or

Listing 8 continued

206 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Radio Shack TRS-80™
Computers

At Guaranteed Savings

from

Pan

American

Electronics

1117 Conway Ave.

Dept. EM

Mission, Texas 78572

Ph. 512/581-2766

Telex 767339

TO ORDER
CALL TOLL FREE

800-531-7466

"AUTHOR
. AUTHOR'"

The call for authors is out!

Wayne Green Books announces a De-
cember 31, 1983 deadline for submit-
ting manuscript proposals for the up-
coming publication list. Ideas for book-
length manuscripts about any micro-
computer system or area of electronics
will be considered. In addition to pay-
ment and royalties, we offer our distri-
bution channels and the marketing
support your book deserves.

Send proposals or requests for a copy
of our Writer's Guide to:

Editor, Wayne Green Books

Peterborough, NH 03458.

Or call toll-free 1-800-343-0788.

MORE REASONS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER
MOVING UP TO OUR COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM . .

15 SUPER EASY TO LEARN editing features. Logical key choices.

16. Hyphenation

17 SPELLING checkers like the 74.000 word Scripsit Dictionary work

great with CopyArtll.

18. CHAINING. Chain files together to make books or manuals hundreds

of pages long.

19 CENTERING.

20. HEADERS and FOOTERS. You can even put graphics within headers
for super page layouts.

21. PAGE NUMBERING. Page numbers can appear at the top or bottom
of the page.

22. DOS COMMANDS from within the editor. Kill files, check free space
or get directories easily.

23. CUSTOMIZED PRINTER driver. Since your printer has features that
other printers don't. CopyArt II will be supplied with the printer driver of
your choice below. Each printer driver is custom made to provide you
with commands for each of your printer's fine capabilities. If you have
more than one printer, order other printer drivers for only $19.95 each.
Printer drivers are available for:

Smith Corona Daisy Wheel TP-1
Brother Daisy Wheel
C-itoh Starwriters and
Prowritersall8510A,1550
PMC Printer
Centronics 737. 739
Diablo 620

•RarJo Shack LP IV, V, VL
VII. VIII and Daisy Wheel II

• Epson MX-80. MX-80/FT, MX-100
with or without graftrax.

• Okidata Microline 80, 82a.
83a and 84

• NEC 8023

OTHERS COMING SOON. Call if you don't see your printer!
24. Unprotected diskette. Unlimited backups can be made.
25 MAILIST/MAILMERGE INCLUDED CopyArt II comes with a mailist
program that stores over 2.000 names on a MOD III diskette. These
names can be sorted by any field and have a special field for your code.
You can make PERSONALIZED FORM LETTERS that will take the follow-
ing codes from the mailist and insert them in your text. FIELOS IN-
CLUDE: Mr. or Ms.. Last name. First name, Business name. City. State,
up to 9 digit ZIP code and your own special 2 character code. ANY OF
THESE fields can be inserted within your form letter wherever you want.
You can print form letters or mailing labels to all the people on your list
or to specific codes only. CopyArt makes it easy.

^opydrfE

Continues on
the next page .

COD and Credit Cards
CALL TOLL FREE to order:
1-800-528-1149

Computer Products Inc.

SMMITM COMPUTER PROMTS INC. 4tl7 1. IPIIIUI ILVD . TUCJOR. U M71Z. |M2| MS-tltl

DEALER. DISTRIBUTOR. S PRINTER/MANUFACTURER INQUIRIES INVITED
TRS-M and Scnpsit art TM ol Radio Shick « Tandy corp

•InOic jles printer mill kavi capability to to function

Continued on pag> 211

* S— Utt ol Mmtlstt on Pagt 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 207

Listing 8 continued

• •282

PREIN8 LD

A. 9

• •132

I? foe help'

00283

(IDCBRL) ,A

[set record len - 256

90133

CALL

VDLINE

[display message

00284

:.D

BC, 7*256*37

,-r8-.c39

• •134

00285

CALL

POSCUR

II135

A, (CMDLPS)

■•CMDLFS Indicates whether file spec

00286

HL.OOKNSG

l 'Opened' mag

• •136

• B137
00138

/was entered after MINDEX on TRSDOS cmd line
iwas file spec entered on TRSDOS end line?
lip If file name not entered

80287
99288
99289

CALL

VDLINE

CP
JR

NZ,PN(2

,- PREMAP

• •139

99299

imm

;file spec entered on cmd line so dsp

10291

[prepare HAP index file

• •141

BC,3*256»11

00292

PREHAP LD

HL,KAPBUF

lRL->index file buffer

• •142

CALL

POSCUR

ir4:cl2

99293

DE.HAPDCB

lDE->lndex file DCB

• •143

«,'■'

.■reset CMDLFS

99294

Li)

B,(

(record length - 256

• •144

( CMDLFS) ,A

• •295

.all

INIT

(intialixe (create or open) file

• •145

IX)

BL.KEYBUF

.•point to cad line file spec

• •296

I, CMSGOP

,-]P to CMSGOP if index file lr.lt OK

• •146

CALL

VDLINE

(display file spec

• •297

PLSH

[save error code

••147

A,(DH

••298

BC, 12*256

;U3:cl

ll (set)

••299

CALL

POSCUR

••149

B,l

I (so len > ()

••3*1

HL.HSGMER

1 'Error in opening index file'

MIS*

JP.

PR(4

••3*1

CALL

VDLINE

[dsp error msg

1(151
••152

••3*2
• •3(3

CALL

BC, 13*256
POSCUR

;[14:cl

FNI2 LO

BC, 3*256*11

[get file spec

•1153

CALL

POSCUR

ir4:cl2

• •304

POP

(restore error code

••154

CALL

ERASEL

lerase to end of line

00395

CALL

ERRDSP

,-dsp TRSDOS error msg

••155

HL.KEYBUP

/point to KEYBUF to hold tile spec

99396

BC, 14*256

irl5:cl

• •156

B,51

max file spec • 51 characters

00307

CALL

POSCUR

• •157

CALL

KBL1NE

(enter file spec

00398

CALL

TAPENT

[Tap enter key to continue

••158
00159

99399
99310

CMSGOP LD

FN(1

BC, 8*256*37

[loop back and get file spec
(index file open OK

PN04 PUSH

;now process file spec

••161

PUSH

90311

CALL

POSCUR

[r9:C38

• •161

BC, 5*256

98312

HL.OOKNSG

1 'Opened ' msg

••162

88163
• •164

CALL
CALL
POP

POSCUR
ERASES
HL

, r6icl

(erase to end of screen

08313
88314
99315

CALL

VDLINE

.-add header to MAP index file

••165

N ?

99316

.-header format:

••166

• 8317

[ bytes (-19: MINDEX1.2..

• •167

BRXKEY

(was <break> entered?

•OK

[ bytes 48-41: file spec.

••168

Z.HHENDl

(if so jp to mini-menu 1

■•319

81169

A,(REYBUF)

iget first char entered

((32(

A.0DH

••17)

(DH

[was first char (DH (i.e. null entry)?

((321

ISDDR) ,A

.-set source file drive no. to (DH (null)

••171

J»

..•'..'.

(loop if null entry

((322

(Since header never specifies disk drive

••172

I_~

HL.KEYBUP

(point to file spec buffer

((323

.-of source file

••173

CALL

BATBKI

(bypass leading blanks

((324

HL.SNAM

[HL->source file spec table

••174

A,(HL)

(load A with first non-blank char

((325

DE.HFN

[DE->header file name buffer

••175

■7'

.-was ■?■ entered?

09326

CALL

PACK PS

[pack header with source file spec

• •176

,:p

Z.HHELP

(if so ]p to help screen

99327

(space compress file spec In process

••177

(9328

8)178

HL.KEYBUP

(point to file spec buffer

((329

HL,MAPBUF

,-HL->index file buffer

••179

CALL

GETHFN

(get file names

08339

CALL

REC9

,-xero out Index file buffer

88188

Z,PNOK

[jp to FNOK If file spec syntax OK

98331

HL.HSEC

[header sector

88181

BC, 8*256

[file spec syntax incorrect

09332

DE.MAPBUP

89182

CALL

POSCUR

,-r9:c(

99333

BC.SB

• •183

HL.FNEMSC

[point to file name error msg

99334

LDIR

.•move header to MAPBUF

•8184

CALL

VDLINE

[display file name error msg

09335

DE.MAPDCB

• ■185

CALL

IAPENT

['Tap enter key to continue'

((336

CALL

WRITNX

[write index header sector (sector ()

• •186

• 0167

FN(2

[loop back and get file spec again

((337
0(338

NZ , ERROR
HL,MAPBUF

,-jp to erro routine if error

[BL->index buffer

[initialise Index buffer to ('■

• •188

• 1169
81198

PNOK NOP
CALL
JP

CIOPT
NZ, OPTERR

[file names ok

icall command Interpreter options routine

(3P to options error routine if error

((339

((34(

CALL

P.EC1

((341

BC. 256*18

:rll:cl

• •191

((342

CALL

POSCUR

•

• •192

BL.SMAM

[HL->source file name

((343

HL.IDXSEC

['Indexing Sector:'

••193
••194
••195

LD
CALL

DE.IHDCB
PACXPS

[DE->source file DCB

[space compress source file spec

[and move to source file DCB

((344

((345
((346

CALL

VDLINE

[dsp msg

[files open and ready to

••196
• •197
•1198

BL.INAM
DE,MAPDCB

[RL-> index file table
[DE-> index file DCB

((347
((348

[Start indexing process

((349

[main loop, repeat until file Indexed

89199

CALL

PACKPS

ispace compress Index file spec

9(350

LOOP CALL

HEAD IN

[get next sector from source file

88289

[and move to Index file DCB

00351

A.(RDERR)

(RDERR - error code during read

88281

00352

lend of file?

89292

BC, 7*256

88353

Z, END IN

; IP to EDNIN if end of source file

88283

CALL

POSCUR

rcSiei

89354

[this Is the only EXIT from this loop

99284

HL.MSG19

ipt to msg 'source file name:'

99355

C,255

[10 buffer length

88285

CALL

VDLINE

idsp msg

99356

A.(SCROSS)

[no. of bytes In current record

••296

HL.INDCB

iHL->source file DCB

90357

[carried over from previous sector

88287

CALL

VDLINE

[display source file spec

09358

;if scross-0 then record did not span sector

• •298

((359

[SCROSS never > 255

••2(9

BC, 8*256

ir9:cl

((368

B,A

[B now has number of bytes in record

••211

CALL

POSCUR

((361

[from previous sector

••211

HL.HSGM

{'map index file name:'

((362

CALL

HASHWD

[bash all the words in current sector

• •212

CALL

VDLINE

[dsp above msg

((363

[On return from HASHWD IX->byte after

•1213

HL.KAPDCB

[HL->index file DBC

((364

[source file record buffer

•1214

CALL

VDLINE

[display index file spec

((365

[IX now -> last byte in sre file rec buf

••215
M216

■1217

OPFILE

,• jp to section to open files

((366
((367
((36 6

POINTl CP

A,(IX*()
(DH

[get last char In SFRB

;■-' t

(if file Indexed in paragraph format.

OPTERR LD

HL.OPEMSG

[BL->options error message

••218

CALL

VDLINE

,-dsp options error msg

((369

[the above (DH is converted to '.'

• •219

CALL

TAPEWT

[Tap enter key to continue

9(379

Z, NCROSS

[jp if record does not span sector

••22(

• •221
■•222
89223

FN»1

[loop back and get file spec

00371
0(372
• •373

(DH

[EOR ?

lOPFILE

JP
LD

Z , NCROSS
A,B

[jp if record does not span sector

99374

(SCROSS) ,A

istore In SCROSS no. of bytes In record

98224

OPP1LE NOP

/open files

00375

[before sector boundary crossed

00225

BC, 11*256

irl2.cl

80376

LOOP

(loop until end of source file

09226

CALL

POSCUR

00377

NCROSS LD

A, 8

09227

CKFNAM LD

HL.INDCB

[HL->source file DCB

00376

(SCROSS) ,A

(SCROSS-0 means record does not

• 1228

DE.HAPDCB

lDE->lndex file DCB

00379

[span sector boundary

[•DH at end of source file rec buf

• •229

CFNLP LD

A,(DE)

[check If file spec's different

00380

• •23B

(BL)

00381

CALL

NEWSEC

[Increment BICT

••231

NJ.DIFFIL

[not equal so dif names

00382

LOOP

[loop until end of source file

•■232
•1233
• •234

CP
JR

• DH

Z.SAHPIL

[(DH •> same file names

••383
••384

■•385

[HASHWD

••235

: K

• •386

• •387

■•236

CPNLP

(hash word subroutine

••237

SAHPIL LD

HL.HSGSFN

[same file names error msg

•(388

[hashes all valid triplets in record

••238

CALL

VDLINE

(dsp error msg

((389

[hash algorithm for three chars cl,c2,c3

[h(cl,c2,c31-

[ U9(acl.l0ac2.ac3> mod 251

[wherei cl,c2,c3 represent the 1st, 2nd and

• •239

CALL

TAPEWT

[Tap enter to continue

((39(

••241

ran

[loop back and get file spec again

((391
((392

00242
••243

(DIPPIL

• •393

j 3rd char of the triplet

1 -—"—""" —

■ 0394

l a is the ASCII value of the char c

00244

[different file spec for source and index

08395

I and upper caae is converted to I.e.
[three 2-byte buffers are uaedi
|FBYTE-10(acl

••245

[now print msg regarding indexing format

88396

982*6

DIPPIL LD

A , ( PORMAT)

[paragraph or record format

00397

09247

■ pi

[paragraph format?

00398

[HBYTE-10ac2

98248

CALL

Z, PERIOD

[paragraph format so set proagram for '.'

00399

[ LBYTE-acl

88249

BC, 9*256

irldcl

00409

99259
• •251

CALL
LD

POSCUR

A, (FORMAT]

00401
00402

[during hash loop reg B is used to store
(no. of bytea in current logical record

••252

,p,

[paragraph format?

00403

[value in B is transferred to SCROSS

••253

i.riKii

[if para format jp to appropriate dsp

00404

[only when a record spans a sector
[and a new sector must be read from the

• •254

KL.RECHSC

[pt to record format message

00405

••255

CALL

VDLINE

[display record format msg

••4(6

[source file

• •256

FTDSP6

[bypass paragraph format msg

((4(7

••257
•1258

• •259

• )26(

••261

FTDSP4 LD

CALL
PTDSP6 HOP

HL.PARHSG

VDLINE

,-pt to paragraph format msg
(display paragraph format msg

((4(8
((4(9
M4K

[during hash loop reg C la used to store
[no. of bytes remaining If stcb

PREIN BOP

(prepare input (source) tile

((411
((412

HASHWD LD
BUFLP LD

IX.IKSUF
BL, (MBYTE)

[IX->source file record buffer (sfrb)
imove MBYTE to BL

••262

A.9DH

((413

CALL

HUHL1I

[multiply MBYTE by 1(
(move HL to FBYTE

••26 3

CALL

VDCBAR

[Skip to next line

((414

(FBYTE) ,HL

••264

HL.INBUP

[BL->lnput buffer

((415

• 0265

DE.INDCB

[DB->source file DCB

((416

HL.ILBYTE)

[move LBYTE to HL

00266

B.I

irecrod length - 256

((417

CALL

MUHLK

[multiply HL by 1(

••267

CALL

OPEN

[open source file

(B418

(MBYTE) ,HL

imove HL to MBYTE

0(268

Z.PREIN8

ijp to PREIN8 if open OK

••419

}

00269

PUSH

[save error code

00428

A, (IX+9)

iget c3 from sfrb
l '. ' ?

00270

00271

CALL

BC, 12*256
POSCUR

[rl3icl

00421
00422

POINT2 CP

(DH

00272

HL.HSGSER

[Source file open error msg

00423

[if file is Indexed In paragraph format,
[the above (DH Is converted to '.'

0»273

CALL

VDLINE

[dsp source file open error msg

00424

••274

BC, 13*256

irl4:cl

• •425

2, ZERO

[if char - EOR, then A - (

••275

CALL

POSCUR

••426

•1276

POP

[restore error code

• •427

P.LCASE

[jp if lower case - no conversion needed

((277

CALL

ERRDSP

[display TRSDOS error msg

• •428

((278
(•279

LD
CALL

BC, 14*256
POSCUR

[rt5icl

••429

••43a

JP
CO

P.UPCASE
33

ijp to UPCASE to convert u.e. to I.e.

((28(

CALL

TAPENT

[Tap enter to continue

••431

M.ZERO

ijp if value <33 (i.e. control or ' ')
[Char with ASCII value from 33 to 64

((281

FN(1

[loop and get file spec again

••432

JP.

LCASE

Listing 8 continued

208 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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Listing 8 continued

MHM

ido not convert to I.e.

• •414

UPCASE

■convert u.c. to I.e.

• 14)3

LCASE

••436

IER0

A,0

io3 not • valid triplet ehar

••4)7

LCA8E

L,A

•1438

••439

■ >•

iload RL witr. value of character

■•44*

.■tart aector croaa routine

••441

A, (SCROSS)

••442

l check SCROSS

••443

«. BOP LP 3

lip BDPLP3 If SCROSS-0

H444
••445

■ get c3 froa afrb again

A,(II*()

■•446

POIHT3

•DH

1 '.' 7

■•447

ilf file Indexed In paraqraph foraat,

•(448

iconvert above 0DR to ' . •

• •449

I.B0PLP2

Mill

(DR

lEOR 7

• •451
••452

N1,BUPLPS

lEOR while SCROSS - 1

••453

BUFLP2

CALL

NEWSEC

jahlft aector ct

••454

Aft

••455

(SCROSS) ,A

ireaet SCROSS -

■HI

B,(

•1457

BOPLPS

■MM
••459

■ get c3 from afrb again

BUPLP3

A, (IX.«)

win

POIRT4

•DR

i'.' 1

••461

lif file indexed in paragraph format.

••462

l convert above 0DH to '.'

• •463

I.B0FL3B

••464

• DH

(EOR 7

■ •465

N2.BOFLP4

••466

lEOR while SCROSS • (

••467

BUPL3B

B,(

•1461

B0PLP7

• •469

B0FLP4

A, 234

••471

■

1 check rec len

• ■471

■I , BOPLP7

|JP BOPLP7 if <2S5

••472

B,«

net record lea • •

•1473

BUPLP8

.•SCROSS- 8 so no need to

••474

icall NEWSEC routine

••475
••476

BUFLP5

A, 254

• •477

i check for rec >255 bytea

• •478

NZ , BUPLP7

• •479

iREC >255 bytes

M48J

CALL

NEWSEC

■ buap aector ct

••481

B,0

■reset rec len -

••412

A.B

•MO

(SCROSS) ,A

■reset SCROSS -

•1414

BOPLPS

••4(5

B0ru>7

ISC

■increment record lea

■MM

BUPLP8

INC

I IE now -> nest byte
11/17/82 insert C

••4(7

(MM

(LBYTE),BL

••4)9
••491

CALL

CHECKS

■check triplet for • val
■on retrun A-« if any

••491

■char in triplet haa value

••492

(

• •493

Z.CHECKC

■if do not hash triplet

••494

HL.ILBYTB)

■HL-lBSacl

■ •4*5

DR, (KBYTE)

■DE-l*ac2

• •496

ADD

HL.DE

ll(lacl«llac2

••497

DE, (PBYTE)

■DE-ac3

(MM

ADD

BL.DE

■ (100acl«10ac2)*ac3

• •499

A. 251

Idiviaor

IISII

CALL

DIVIDE

|A has aoduio 251 result

••5(1
•15(2

CALL

STORE

■aet bit in appro, alg. aector byte

MMS

CHECIC

A,»

■check If end of record reached

■0504

MMS

RET

■return if end of record

• •5)6

DEC

■•517

BUPLP

■continue to hash record until

••sis

■end of record (i.e. C-«)

■ 0509
00510

■BUFLP end

••511

HUAlt

■OP

;.-_:- 1 in A by 1(

••512

■BC and DE uaed

■•513

■ value returned in BL

••514

H,«

• •515

L.A

• 1516

HUBLli

SOF

jaultlply I in BL by 11

••517

ADD

BL.RL

■BL contalna 2*no.

MOM

E,L

■ 0519

D.a

MSM

ADD

HL.HL

■HL contalna 4'no.

00521

ADD

HL.HL

j hi. contains 8*no.

00522

ADD

HL.DE

■HL contalna IB-no.

•■523

RET

••524
••525

■STORE

11526

••527

jatore bit in appro byte

••528

■ of output buffer

••521

STORE

IY.KAPBOF

■set IY to point to lndei file buffer

■■S3*

E.A

jaove haah value to DE

■■531

0,0

• •532

ADD

IY.DE

■add haah value (DE) to index file buffer

••533

A,(BICT)

■sector pointer

• •534

(IY*0)

• •535

(IY+0) ,A

• 0536

RET

••537
••538

1 NEWSEC

11539
■*54«

mew source file sector so

••541

■rotate BICT bit

••542

NEWSEC

A,(BICT)

•0543

BLCA

0*544

(B1CT) ,A

00345

CALL

C, WRITER

■write rec if new sector

00546

RET

0*547
MM!

■ CHECH

••549
••35)

■check triplet for l'i

■•531
••552
N5S3
••554

■ if any char in triplet has value.

■then triplet la not hashed

■blanks, EOR, control char give value

■on return A-0 -> value

••335

CHECK

DE.0

••556

■carry •

••357

■L, (LBYTE)

0*350

sac

1L.DE

00559

2.VALI

BL, (MBYTE)

(•Ml

■carry -

•■562

SBC

HL.DE

•■563

Z.VAL0

• •564

HL, (PBYTE)

••565

■carry ■

••366

SBC

BL.DE

• •567

I.VAL0

••548

A,l

••569

•»37«

MS71

VAL0

LD
RET

A.I

iiero value for triplet, do not hash

••572
••373

READIR

■OP

■read input record

••574

DE.INDCB

>DE->source file DCS

••575

CALL

READHX

■ read next aector

••576

I, READOK

■Jp if read OK

(■377

■end of file?

• •578

NI, ERROR

■Jp to error routine if not EOR

••379

(RDERR) ,A

/•tore EOF code in RDERR

00580

READOK

HOP

••581
••582

■DSPSNR

Listing 8 continued

210 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 8 continued

■I5S4

idisplay currant source (lie sector no.

uses

OSPSNH

PUSH

■•see

PUSH

• 1587

PUSH

■MM

PUSH

MSM

PUSH

BC.1)*256«18

irll:cl8

•»S»1

CALL

POSCUR

1(592

BL, (IOCBCR)

I load currant Bource aactor no. into BL

M5*3

CALL

BXDEC

■convert binary to ASCII

■MM

ion return HL->buf with 5 digit ASCII ealue

■MM
MSM

CALL
POP

VDLIME
IT

.display ASCII value

1(597

POP

••598

POP

• •599

POP

• •«)•

POP

MSfl
• 16(2
(MM

RET

(PERIOD

MM
•K«5

leeta -.- for paragraph roraat

■MM

l(DB la replaced with '.' to Indicate

• •••7

lend of record

MIM

PERIOD

HL.POIICT1

MM1

INC

■L

ibypass CP instruction

■MM

(HL),-.-

1 convert (DH to '.'

• 1611

HL,POIHT2

• •812

INC

ibypass CP Instruction

• •813

(HL),-.-

l convert (DH to ' . '

• •814

HL, POINTS

••615

INC

ibypass CP instruction

•1616

(HL),-.-

iconvert (DH to -."

• •617

BL.POINT4

••611

IMC

Ibypass CP Instruction

••619

(BL) , ' . ■

iconvert (DO to -.'

HL.HSECPF

••621
•1622

LD
RET

(BL) ,2EH

■sack header at byte 12

••623
• •624

I WRITER

• •625

• •626

■write output rec

• •627

WRITER

DE.MAPDCB

iDE->lnde« file DCB

• •628

Nil

leave BC

• •629

CALL

WRITMX

iwrite nest aactor

MfM

n: , ERROR

i]p if erior

••631

HL.MAPBUP

ipt to indai file buffer

••632

CALL

REC(

laet Indes file buffer to (-a

••633

POP

ireatore BC

••634

RET

•1635
••636

I CIOPT

••637
•(638

jcomnand interpreter options routine

• •639

iHL -> first NB char after file spec

• •640

CIOPT

CALL

EATBNK

ibypaas blanks before semicolon

••641

A,(HL)

•1642

'l '

iseaticolon entered to aark optiona?

• •643

D,cra

UP if no optiona

• •644

INC

ipolnt to next char

•1645

CALL

EATimi

ibypass any blanks after semicolon

• •6 46
••647

era

CALL
LD

EATBHK
A,(BL)

ireaove any leading blank*

••648

1 7 EOR

••649

Z, CPTOK

•1651

' ( t

• •6S1

Z.CPT4

■1652

5, A

iconvert to upper caae

••653

■R-

• •654

I.CPTPNT

••655

,p,

88656

I.CPTPMT

••657

-T-

••658

IfCRKM

• •659

*H'

J a

I.CPTKK

• •661

CPTBAD

••662

:s.:

■•663

I.CPT2

lloop and continue to process options

••664

■ until end of «d line reached

• •665

86666

CPTFHT

(FORMAT) ,A

l load format parameter

■ 8667

CPT4

88668

CPTECM

(ENDCMD) ,A

I load end command parameter

■ ■669

CPT4

80678

• •671

CPTBAD

A.(

ibad options syntax

• •672

iNZ (reset)

•1673

REIT

■•674

CPTOK

IZ (set) options syntax OK

■■675
■•676
■■677

RET

IMHENUI

•1678

•1679

WeNUl

■Of

imini-menu 1

•KM

lused to abort program before indexlnq started

•MS]

BC.2'256

ir3icl

88682

CALL

POSCUR

88683

CALL

ERASES

lerase to bottom of screen

88684

HL.MM1MSG

l-IDNDEX File, (N)AP or (T)RSDOS'

• •685

CALL

VDLINE

(MM

MB]

.'ALL

ITWTT

;walt for key to be pressed

88687

5, A

iconvert I.e. to o.c.

M688

-I-

l-I- entered?

••689

Z.PM1

.•start again and get file spec

■Mm

•■•

l-H- entered?

••691

Z.ENDIN5

l )p to TRSDOS and load MAP

88692

■T-

l -T- entered?

•■693

Z.JP2DOS

UP to TRSDOS

86694

NHU1

lloop until I.M or T entered

8B69S

HM1MSG

DEPH

'(Ilndex File, (H)AP"or (T)RSDOS'

88696

DEPB

08697
••698

HHELP

BC. 6*256

■■ini-help screen

••699

CALL

POSCUR

ir7scl

M7M

HL.HMSG2

idisplay help asg's

••781

CALL

VDLIHE

lasg's are at end of thia routine

■17(2

A, (OH

M7I3

.ALL

VDCHAR

laklp line

••7(4

HL.HBSG4

M7»5

CALL

VDLINE

• •7*6

A, SDH

• 0787

CALL

VDCHAR

iskip line

887*8

A, (DM

88789

CALL

VDCHAR

laklp line

00718

HL.HHSG6

88711

CALL

VDLINE

• 8712

HI..HHSG8

• 0713

CALL

VDLINE

••714

B.PENULN

inext to bottoa line

M715

C,i

••716

CALL

POSCUR

ir23icl nod II, clSiCl Hod III

M717

CALL

TAPEHT

iTap enter to continue

••718

FN«2

j ip back and get file apec

(•719

HHSG2

'Foraat: SOURCE FILE. INDEX FILE:OPTIONS-

■•72a

DEPB

BDH

((721

HKSG4

DEM

'Only the sou

rce file specification la required-

• B722

DEPB

•DB

• •723

HHSG6

DEPM

-Optional R ■

record fornati P - paragraph format'

88724

DEPB

• DH

88725

HBSG8

DEPM

' N-

return to NAP Naater Menu; T - return to TRSDOS-

007 26

DEFB

■M

••727
• •728

lEKDIN

••729

M73»

lend input file

((731

EHDIH

CALL

WRITER

latore laat algnature aector

Listing 8 continued

NOW ONLY
$99.00

Continued Irom page 207

WILL

Yoummc

YOUR

26. SIMPLE CURSOR commands. Simply use the arrow keys to move
your cursor around the text. The screen will scroll both vertically and
horizontally. Shift arrows take you to the beginning or end instantly.

27. Hi-Resolution graphics supported.

28. COMPLETE MARGINS CONTROL. You tell CooyArt II what margins
you desire. You can even change margins within the same text. You may
also have parts of your text with 2 columns, some with one etc. It's
super easy to use.

29. BASIC PROGRAMS can be edited easily. CopyArt is really useful for
inserting graphics within quoted strings to give your programs super
animation without the hastle of calculating the CHRS of the graphics!

30. VISICALC files can be loaded into CopyArt II to be manipulated
easily. Great when you want to accompany your Visicalc reports with
written reports, GRAPHS and BOLDFACING etc. Visicalc reports up to
255 wide can be loaded.

31 . SPECIAL SCRIPSIT FILE LOADER. Allows you to load your old Scrip-
sit files without having to save them in ASCII. Copyart will also load
Pencil files and other normal ASCII files.

32. Similar to Scripsit. If you have used Scripsit, you can use Copy
Art In minutes.

33. CONTROL CODES. Lets you insert special printer control codes in
your text. CODES between and 255.

34. BLOCK MOVE. Simple and powerful block move. Lets you move
paragraphs or lines of text around easily. No complicated marker set-
tings required.

35. FIND/REPLACE/REPEAT. Lets you find a string of characters and
replace them with any other string of characters up to 20,000 times!
WILDCARD search also supported.

36. Professional Manual in easy to understand English.

Copyart II requires a TRS-SO Model I or III, (or PMC-80 or LNW), 48k
and 2 disk drives with Newdos-80, Ldos, Multidos, Dosplus or TRSDOS.
Double density disk drives recommended for the Model I.

^opyjrfTT^^"

DOES IT

PLEASE SPECIFY which COMPUTER and PRINTER
you have when ordering.

Copyart 11 with one printer driver 99.00

Additional printer drivers 19.95 each

COD and Credit Carts

CALL TOLL FREE to order:

1-800-528-1149

Or send check or money

order to:

SIMUTEK

^ 63 Computer Products Inc.

SHMTH COMPUTE* FMMVCTS IIC, 4M7 E. SPEEOVMY U.VD. . TKtM. U 15712. (M2> 121 Mtl

DEALER. DISTRIBUTOR I PRINTER/MANUFACTURER INQUIRIES INVITED
TRS-SO and Scripsit arc TM ol Radio Shack a Tandy car*.

■Indicates printer mull have capability la da laactlea.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 211

Listing 8 continued

((784

■byte label purpose

((7 86

,-H-ll (DH

■■732

DE.INDCB

((7 87

■11-11 HSECPF format: «D8 rect

lip it .tror
■DE->lndex file DCB

e use]

••7 35

DE.HAPDCB

OP U error

• 6739

88794

16741

96742

96743

DORCND

ijp to TRSDOS and execute cmd

88799

86745

89896

66746
• 6747
66748

66881
8(882
((883

MSGSFN

DEPH

DBPH

'Source and Ind
1 different nam

ex File must have'

■buffere used by M3

M7 5I

• 6751
••752

ANSWER

DEPB

■general purpose variables

lone byte key In variable (Y/N etc)

8(865

88886
• •8(7

DSPRD

DEPB
DtVM

(DH

'READ COMPLETE

■•753
■ •754

■present In public or tbere will

((8(9

TITLE

DEPH

•MAP IMDEX PROGRAM Version 1.2-

• •755

CUD LPS

DEPB

M7 56

• •7 57

••7 58

EMDCDD

ZltB

••7 59

j indexing format (R-record. P"pera)
lused by HINDEX for file spec buffer
■precautionary EOR

• •76*

• •761

IEYBUP

DEFS

((816

DEPB

(DH

••7(2
• •763

((818

_>.-- =

(DH

• •764

PBYTE

'Opened'

••765

MBYTE

,-hash value of middle byte of triplet

• •766

LBYTE

DEFW

••767

SCROSS

8(768
86769

■if ( then sector boundary is not

8(824

DEPB

88778

'Paragraph Form

8(771

86772

68773

iblt points to sector (( to 7)

8(774

88629

'Error In Optii

is Code'

((775

98839

DEPB

(DH

(8776
((777

RDEFR
INBUF

DEFB

jread error storage

8(83'
((832

M.SGSER

DEPH
DEPB

'Error in opem

ng Source File: '

((778

DEPB

a :»•:

00779

MAPBUF

DEFS

256

■index file buffer

(DH

• DH

■precautionary EOR for MAPBUF

((781
((782

88836
0(837
•((38

88839

DEPB

'Indexing Secto
3

■HEADER buffer

END

BEGIN

Program Listing 9. Assembly-language listing of S3 /SRC.

• ■(85
•MM

EXTERN
EXTERN

OPED
OPINIT

■open file (DE->DCB, RL->record buffer)
■open and initialise file

Ln •

Source

Lin*

•••■7

1 (DE->DCB, HL->record buffer)

• ••88

EXTERN

POSCUR

■position cursor (coordinates ln BC)

• ••89

EXTERN

POSE0F

■position to end of file

••••1

■S3/SRC VERSION 1.2

lllll

EXTERN

POSN

■position to record in file

• •882

88863

■ Jun 15, 1983

8(891
88892
68893

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

PRINIT
PRLINE
PRSCN

■initialise printer

■print line (HL->buf, B-no. char, C-end char)

■print entire screen

888(4

■SEARCH INFORMATION RETRIEVAL PROGRAM

((((5

■MAIN ROUTINE

88894

EXTERN

PRTBLN

■print last line of text

8(886
88987

, SOFTSHELL

98895
88896
89(97
88898
(((99

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

PRTREC
READDR
READNX
SCRPRO
SETILR

■print current record

■read filei direct access

■read next record ln file

■set scroll protect line (A-line no.)

■set INLRR to true last record

((••8

00089

SEARCH PSECT

■begin relocatable program section

•••1(

■public routines

(fill

DIM

EXTERN

SETKLR

■Set MAPLLR to true last record

•••12

PUBLIC

HENU(2B

■mini-menu

((1(1

EXTERN

STMEND

■store top of memory ln MEMEND

(((13

PUBLIC

OPNOUT

■open output file

((1(2

EXTERN

VDCHAR

■display char ln A register
■clear screen

•••14

PUBLIC

OUTREC

■write record to output file

■ •1(3

EXTERN

VDCLS

•••15

PUBLIC

READIN

■read input (source) file record

• 8164

EXTERN

VDINIT

■initialise video I/O (for Model 11)

• ••16

NHS

EXTERN

VDLINE

■display line (HL->»sg)

•••17

■public variables

Ml*6

EXTERN

WTtlTNX

■write next record to file

•BilB

lllll i.
Mill

•••19

PUBLIC

ANSWER

■1 byte switch

•••2*

■••21

PUBLIC
PUBLIC

BACXSP
BEGIN

■backspace through file routine
■start of SEARCH program

11189
Mil)

EXTERN

INDCB

■input (source) file DCB

• ••22

PUBLIC

CPILE

■current file name

• 8111

EXTERN

IDCBRL

■Input file DCB Record Length

• •■2}

PUBLIC

CMDLFS

■cmd line file spec (Y/N)

Ml 12

EXTERN

IDCBCR

■Input file DCB Current Record

11(24

■indicates whether file spec also entered

M113

EXTERN

IDC8LR

■Input file DCS Last Record

■•■25

■along with SEARCH cmd

(■114

EXTERN

1NLLR

■true last record of source file

• ••26

PUBLIC

CODF

M11S

EXTERN

I DC BOS

■ Input file DCB mini

•••27

PUBLIC

EOF

■end of file switch

Milt

EXTERN

HAPDCB

■RAP (index) file DCB

•••28

PUBLIC

INBUP

■input (source) file record buffer

••117

EXTERN

HDCBRL

■Hap file DCB Record Length

• ••29

PUBLIC

INBUFE

■last byte ln input record (256th)
■byte after INBUPE

• •111

EXTERN

MDCBCR

■Hap file DCB Current Record

• •I3>

PUBLIC

INBUPU

• •119

EXTERN

HDCBLR

■Hap file DCB Last Record

•••31

PUBLIC

KEYBUF

■keybuf uaed to enter HINDEX file spec

• •12)

EXTERN

MAPLLR

■true last record of index file

• ••32

PUBLIC

LSTSEC

••121

EXTERN

MDCBOS

■Hap file DCB ixxiixxx

• ••33

PUBLIC

LINENR

• •122

EXTERN

MEMEND

• ••34

PUBLIC

MAPBUF

((123

EXTERN

OUTCHR

■record buffer (1 byte) for output file

• ((35

PUBLIC

MAX MAP

((124

EXTERN

OUTDCB

■output file DCB

• ••36

PUBLIC

NXTMAP

((125

EXTERN

PRTBUF

■printer buffer (88 char)

■ 6637

PUBLIC

OP NAME

■output file name

88126

EXTERN

SORLN

■start of record line no.

8M38

PUBLIC

PARFOR

■paragraph format routine

6(127

EXTERN

STMAP

■start of MAP index file (always last byte

••139

PUBLIC

RECPOR

■record formst routine

• •128

■of SEARCH program)

98840

PUBLIC

MODE

■display or list mode

• •129

• ••41

PUBLIC

NINSET

mo. of spaces for inset

86136

■I/O parameters i

•••42

PUBLIC

NXTREC

■absolute position of nest record

• •131

EXTERN

ARROWD

■down arrow

•••43

PUBLIC

OPCOND

■output file status (0, R or A)

••132

EXTERN

ARROKL

■left arrow

•••44

PUBLIC

OP NAME

■output file name buffer

• 1133

EXTERN

ARROWS

■right arrow

•••45

PUBLIC

OFSTAT

■output file status (Open or Closed)

••134

EXTERN

ARROWU

■up arrow

98146

PUBLIC

OMODE

■output mode (C or M)

• •115

EXTERN

BRXKEY

■break key value

• ■•47

PUBLIC

PRMOOE

■print mode <C or H)

• •136

EXTERN

CPYPOS

■copyright notice position (52 or 36)

•••48

PUBLIC

PSEOR

■pseudo EOR char (if pars format then • '.'

••137

EXTERN

PENULH

■next to last line on screen (23 or 15)

•••49

1 if rec. format then • IDS

• •136

EXTERN

SWIDTH

■screen width (•• or 64)

• 8958

■■■51

PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC

RECBCP
SDMODE
SIRSET

■record buffer (record found during search)
■search-display mode
■storage for inset value

08139 i
0*141 ■-

•(■52

■■141

■calls to GR (general routines)

•••53

PUBLIC

SPWORD

■apace or word

•■142

•••54

Ml 43

EXTERN

APPEND

■append on string to another

■•155

j public measages

M144

EXTERN

BXDBC

■binary to decimal conversion

•••56

M145

EXTERN

DECXB

■decimal to binary conversion

•••57

PUBLIC

MSGEOP

1 'End of File' mag

M146

EXTERN

DLINE

•••58
•••59
89968
• ••61

PUBLIC

SEAHSC

■'Searching' msg

(1147
((148
((149

99156

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

DSPNBR

DSPNBRL

EATBNK

■display 5-diglt decimal no. (right justified)
■display 5-dlglt decimal no. (left Justified)
■remove leading blanks

■ calls to MODI I or MODI I I

EXTERN

FSPEC

■ move cmd Una file psec to KEYBUP

• ••62

EXTERN

BOTTOM

■position cursor to last line of screen

((151

EXTERN

GETMPN

■get MAP file names

• ••(3

EXTERN

■close file (DE->DCB)

((152

EXTERN

LINE

■display line (from char ln A reg)

99(64

EXTERN

CURPOS

■determine cursor pos (cooriBC)

((153

EXTERN

PACKFS

■pack (compress) file spec ln fixed table
■parse one file spec

99965

EXTERN

DISBRX

■disable break (for Model II)

((154

EXTERN

PARSEF

99966

EXTERN

DIVIDE

■ divide A into HL

((155

EXTERN

REC8

■zero-out 256-byte record
■blank-out 256-byte record
■'Tap enter to continue"

88867

EXTERN

DOSCMD

■jp to TRSDOS and execute command

(9156

EXTERN

RECBL

• ••68

EXTERN

ERASEL

■erase to end of line

(•157

EXTERN

TAPENT

86869
• 8878

EXTERN
EXTERN

ERASES
ERRDSP

■erase to end of screen
■NAP error display routine

((158 ■-

• 1159

■GR buffers

•••71

EXTERN

ERROR

■TRSDOS error msg routine

■position cursor to top line of screen

98168
••161

• ••72

EXTERN

HOME

EXTERN

SNAM.SEXT

SPSM.SDDR isource file table

•••7 3

EXTERN

zaiT

■lnltlallie file (create/open, pos to 1st rec)

••1(2

EXTERN

INAM.IEXT

IPSW.IDDR ■ Index file table

•••74

j (DE->DCB, HL->rec buf)

••163

EXTERN

ONAM.OEXT

OPSW,ODDR

•••75

EXTERN

JP2DOS

■ Jp to TRSDOS

••1(4 ■

•••76

EXTERN

XBCHAR

■get char (or null) from keyboard

M165 ■ -

•••77

EXTERN

KBINIT

■initialise keyboard (Hod II)

• 9166

■calls to S3DSP display routines

•••78
■••79

EXTERN
EXTERN

KBLIH3
KBLINE

■get line from keyboard and end with (3
■get line from keyboard and end with *DH

M167
11149

EXTERN

BYUPDN

■bypass up-down switch
■list routine

•MM

EXTERN

XBWAIT

■wait for char from keyboard

M169

EXTERN

LIST

IMB1

EXTERN

IEYIN

■get search key(s) form keyboard

• 9179

EXTERN

DSP

■display current record on CRT

•••■2
•MB3

EXTERN

MOVELN

■move line from screen to buffer
■HL->buf, D-no. char, BC-cursor coor

■■171 j—

M172

■calls to S30PT options routine

•■■84

EXTERN

NEWLN

■role screen and pos cur to next to last line

• •173

Listing 9 continued

212 • 80 Micro, December 1983

TRS 80*

Model I or III (wO

Music at your fingertips

for all ages

also available

Scrip Saver 80

Relocates end of file
marker lo recover
damaged SCRIPSIT*
documenls:Mod.lll disc

EUITRR
PRIfTlER • flD

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Chord menu Beginner songs Music A-Z

* 'RAOfMAdK Of TANDV CORP.

GUITAR PRIMER-80 (tape)*. $14.95

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OUTSlDt CONTINENTAL USA OR COD ADO $3.00 ~ " p^^f "s^ c , fY
• SOTH TAPFS Will TRANSFER TO DISC MODE I lex III

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• Customize financial statements

• Almost unlimited storage capacity

• Income statement by department

Accounts Receivable $99.95

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Loan Amortization $39.95|

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 213

Listing 9 continued

••174

• •175

• •176

EXTERN

OPT

/options routine

/calls to S30PEN open (ilea

••177
• •178

EXTERN

GETFILE

;get file spec, open files and

• •179

j then load index into memory

• •IBS

• •181

• •182

1 SEARCH main segment

• •183

t syntax i

•1184

ISEARCB src flle.ind file, out flleiopti

• 1185

/ opt ions i

• •186

; T-return to TRSDOS or H-return to HAP

••187

i H la default

• •1*8

begin rase

sat

;BL->cs>d line buffer

• •189

i save while top of memory la found and

• •191

1 break la dlaabled

• •191

CALL

STMEHD

/act memory end (aa many sig sectors as

••192

ipoaalble Mill be stored in memory f roe

••193

/end of program to top of aemory)

• •194

CALL

DISBRX

.•disable break on Nod II

••195

:BL->cmd line buffer

••196

CALL

FSPEC

/get cad line file spec if any

•(197

iload file apec into XEYBUF

••198

/if file spec present LD cmdlfs with '1

• •199

A,»

• •288

CALL

SCRPRO

;no subwlndow

88281

CALL

VDCLS

;erase screen

• •282

BL, TITLE

ipoint to title

• I2B3

CALL

VDLINE

/display title

88284

BC.CPYPOS

icopyright notice coordlnatea (Hod II/I

• •215

CALL

POSCUR

;rl:c52 Model II, rise Model III

88286

HL,CPYHSG

jpoint to copyright notice

••2)7

CALL

VDLINE

{display copyright notice

• •218

BC, 1*256

irlicl

• •2(9

CALL

POSCUR

• •211

A, '-'

; select »-■ char for LINE routine

• •211

CALL

LIB

/draw dashed line under title

••212

••213

i initialise varalblesi

• •214

A, "■'

••215

(BTOPDN) ,A

/do not bypass pause after displaying

••216

I a record

••217

A, '■'

I initial search dsp mode ■ record

• •218

(SDKOOE) ,A

1 initial lie search dso eode

••219

A,'N'

linitlal print eode ■ manual

• •221

(PRMOOE) ,A

• •221

(ONOOE) ,A

I initial output mode - nanual

88222
• •223

/CETFSP

• •224

i ~ "

• B225

GETFSP CALL

GETPILE

/get file apec, open filea and

• 1226

;then load index into memory

• •227
••228

; NASTLP

••229
••231

; master loop

•1231

/after each search the program returns

••232

ito this point

••233

NASTLP LD

A,(

• •234

(EOT), A

;aet EOF-B (i.e. not end of file)

••235

CALL

BOHE

irlicl

11236

CALL

ERAS EL

/erase line

••237

HL.RSGXEY

i' Enter Key'

••238

CALL

VDLINE

••239

BC,3«

irl:c31

88248

CALL

POSCUR

•1241

HL.CPILE

icurrent source file name

• •242

CALL

VDLINE

.display current file

•1243

A, 3

• •244

CALL

SCRPRO

/set scroll protect at value in A

••245

BC, 2*256

;r3icl

• 8246

CALL

POSCUR

BB247

A, '-'

iselect '-' char for LINE routine

8)248

CALL

LINE

i draw daahad line

88249

CALL

GETKEY

/get key(a)

ttiit

BRKKEY

,-vas break entered?

• •251

NI.CALSYN

;jp to CLASYN if break not entered

• •252

CALL

HENUB2

icall mini-menu

••253

■c

/change file apec?

• •254

Z, GETFSP

/loop back and get file apec
/options?

••255

•O'

• •256

Z.NASTLP

;loop back and get search key

• •257

■«'

jMAP?

• •258

I, DO SCUD

Ijp to MAP

• •259

■T"

1 TRSDOS?

M26«

Z.JP2DOS

ijp to TRSDOS

• •261

RASTLP

i loop back and get search key

• •262

CALSTN CALL

SYNTAX

; check syntax of search key

• •263

•

/ ("improper syntax

• •264

I.HASTLP

ftry again if improper

• •265

• •266

• •267

CALL

HSHKEY

ihaah search key

riND2 CALL

SEAH8C

/display 'Searching' mag
istart at 1 aince header - •

• •268

BL,1

• •269

(CNSEC) ,UL

/current map sector - 1

••271

HL.STHAP

iBL-> atart of inde» in memory

• •271

(NXTMAP) ,HL

1 (NXTMAP) -> 1st map sec

8B272

IX.B8BBH

j IX -> lit input see

• •273

CALL

NEHLN

••274

••275

T1ND4 NOP

;get map sector and bits

• •276

inert op stored in NXTOP

••277

CALL

XBCHAR

■checks for break

••278

BRKKEY

:<break>?

•1279

I, NASTLP

;]p to start of loop if break

• •288

HL.HSHBUF

;HL -> RSHBUr (search key signature but

••281

A, 255

••282

<TBYTE) ,A

;set TBYTE - 255

• •283

A,(

••284

(TTBYTE) ,A

••265

:.d

A, 253

;and

BB286

(NXTOP) ,A

; first op - and

88287

c,(

unit length a

88288

I • • ■

88289

FIND4F LD

I Y,( NXTMAP 1

/IY-> byte 8 map sector

88298

A,(HLI

;A(i) - haohcode(l)

88291

253

land op?

• 8292

Z, SNXTOP

88293

2S4

;or op?

80294

Z, SNXTOP

88295

FIND4H

8B296

SNXTOP NOP

;save next op

BB297

D,A

;D has future oper

• •298

A. (NXTOP)

;get current oper

••299

E,A

;E has current oper

• •388

A,D

••3)1

(NXTOP) ,A

istore NXTOP

• •382

A,D

/check future oper

88383

253

;and?

• ■3B4

Z. FDAND

• •315

254

; c [ :'

••3)6

root

98387

FDAND SOP

.-and op

88388

FIND4I

88389

POOR NOP

;or op

88318

A, (TTBYTE)

88311

B,A

;B has TTBYTE

88312

A, (TBYTE)

88313

;or TBYTE with TTBYTE

BB314

(TTBYTE) ,A

/save new TTBYTE

88315

A, 255

88316

(TBYTE) ,A

jreinlt (TBYTE)

• •317

FIND4I

• ■318

FIND4H LD

Pal

/HSHBUF byte not op

••319

E,A

:so see if bit pattern

• •321

IBB

IY.DE

/present in current sec

• •321

A, (TBYTE)

1(322

AND

IIY*()

/and TBYTE with HSH byte

••323

(TBYTE) ,A

/save new value

1(324

FIND41 INC

sitae length counter

• •325
••326
•(327

• •328
8B329
98338
88331
88332
88333

• 8334
88335
88336
88337
88338

• •339
88348

• •341

• •342

• ■343
••344
•(345

• •346
••347
88348
88349
B835B
88351
88352
C8353
88354
8B355
88356
8B357
88358
88359
88368
88361
••362
••363
•8364

• •365

• •366
•0367

• •368
8(369
••378
•■371
88372
••373
88374
8B375
08376
88377
88378
88379
88388
88361
88382
88383
88384
••385

• •386
1(387
••388
8(389
88398
(B391
08392
80393
98394
08395
88396
88397
88398
BB399
08488
88481
08482
88483
88484
88485
88486
814(7
8(418
((4(9
((411
••411

• 1412
08413
••414

• •415
88416
B8417
88418
88419
BB428
00421
BB422
8B423
88424
88425
88426

• •427

• •428
1(429
M43(
••431

• •432

• •433

• 8434
(8435
88436
88437
8B43B
88439
08448
00441
80442
00443
80444
00445
80446
88447
88448
■8449
0»4S«
••451
((452
0(453

• •454
••455
••4 56

• •457
••458
8(459
(0468
88461
08462
88463
00464
C8465
00466
00467
00468
BB469
88478
((471
8(472
8(473
((474
((475

FIND4K NOP

F1ND4P LD

FIND4T CP

IMC
IMC
INC

ISC
INC
: nc

FIHD6D LD

FIND6L INC

FIND12 JP

A, (WDLEN)

Z.FIMD4X

A, (TTBYTE)
D,A

A, (TBYTE)

Z.NOXEY
(TBYTE) ,A
FIHD6

/has (WDLEN) been tea

/get next HSHBUP byte
/end of map sector se

/last op - or

/any Key found?

/key found, save (TBYTE)

KBBRK
NZ , NASTLP
A, I

(BICT) ,A
A, (TBYTE)

(TBYTE) ,A

NC.FIND6L

GETS EC

BRXXEY

Z.HASTLP

A, (BICT)

being scanned

/BICT ■ corn

/move bit into carry

/get sector and search it for key(s

/<break>?

/abort search if <break> pressed

/bump input rec #

/FINDS

HL, (NXTMAP)

DE.256

ADD

RL.DE

(NXTMAP) ,HL

DE.IHAXHAP)

XOR

aac

HL.DE

P.FINDK

Z.FINDK

HL.ICMSEC)

INC

(CNSEC) ,HL

FIND4

/HL ->next map sector in memory

/next map sector in memory bumped by 1

/Check if NXTMAP > MAXHAP

/next oap sector still in memory
/HL -> current HAP sector
zinc CMSEC

/ loop and

,-FINDlO

/required MAP sector not in memory
/HL -> current MAP sector on disk
,-DE ■ last sector in MAP file

HL.DE
P.FIND12
Z.FIND12
HL, (CMSEC)

HL.RAPBUF
DE, (MAXHAP)
BC.256

HL.(HAXHAP)
(NXTHAP) ,HL
FIND4

BC, 1*256 »•

POSCUR

ERAS EL

B,6«

HL, XEYBUF

EEYIN

BRXXi-Y

NX.GKEY1

BC, 3*256
POSCUR
ERASES
A, BRKKEY

HL.KEYBUF
A.IHL)
BDH
Z.GKEY8

(HL) ,A
HI

GKEY2
HL,(

(LLRN) ,HL
BC, 3*256
POSCUR
ERASES
A, BDH

/input search key(s)
/entry: no parameters
/exit: A - <break> or EOR-BDH
zreg altered: AF.HL.DE.BC

/r2,cl

/erase to end of line

/mas key length - 6(

/HL->aearch key buffer

: xeyin routine for search key

/was break key pressed?

/break was pressed

/r4:cl

/convert upper case letters to lower c

/get char from search key

zEOR?

/exit loop if end of search key

/ 'Z'

/needed??

/ 'A'

/bypass if < 'A'

/convert to lower case

/overwrite upper case with lower case

/loop until EOR

zlnit (LLRN)-(

■r4:cl

/SYNTAX

/check search key(s) for proper syntax

zKEYIN routine stores

/ + operator as 253

I I operator as 254

/each key must be 3 or more char long

/entry: no parameters passed

/exit/ A - validity of key(a)

/ A ■ (, bad key/ A • 1 proper key(*

zreg altered: af, bc, DE, hl

;HL-> search key buffer

,-C • key length Unit to ()

Listing 9 continued

214 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 215

Listing 9 continued

00476

SYNLP

A,(HL)

iget char from search Key buffer

00628

(LLRN) ,HL

iCLRN will be next LLRN

80477

INC

ipt to next char In search key buffer

00629

DE,HL

lis this needed??

H47a

c»

0DH

lEOR? (end of search key?)

00630

l:i

B,A

00479

Z , SYNEND

■ exit loop if end of key

0)631

XOR

icarry ■

M4M

253

land 7

■ ■632

A,B

I restore A

00481

Z.SYNOP

• •633

SBC

HL.DE

1)462

254

lor 7

• •634

NZ.SECLP3

81483

Z.SYNOP

•1635

A,(B2S6)

■MM

■valid char so bump key length count

• •636

•DH

■ EOR?

((485

SYNLP

i loop until end of key reached

••6 37

Z.SECLP3

■ If EOR then read 1st rec

■MM

SYNOP

A,l

jkey terminated by operand

• 1638

CP2E2

•DB

■ "• '

■•487

;-;: key >- 3?

fkey len - 3, so get nest key

•1639

Z.SECLP3

■if EOR then read 1st rec

•1488

Z.SYNRST

••641

SECLP

CALL

RESTSC

•Mas

H.SYNRST

ikey len > 3 so get nest key

••641

SECLP3

■ •49*

SYNER

8C, 3-256

isyntas error (key < 1 char)

• ■642

Z, ENDS EC

•1491

CALL

POSCDR

ir4:cl

• ■643

CALL

■scan for keys

••492

--a:.:.

ERASES

/erase to end of screen

•1644

A, (HIT)

• •493

HL, THREE

j 'Each key must be three or sore char "(3

(■645

icheck if key found

• 1494

VDLINE

(1646

J, SECLP

I loop until key found

••495

CALL

TAPENT

■ Tap enter to continue

■ (647

SECLP4

(OP

• •496

I.D

A,(

88648

SECLP6

PL. RECBUF

• •497

?:-

:A-0 ■> bad syntax

• •649

CALL

DSP

idisplay record

88498

SYNEND

A, 3

lend of key(s) reached

0(650

BRXXEY

■<break>?

• •499

icheck that last key >- 3

0(651

Z, ENDS EC

■RET if break

• 0588

Z, SYNRET

lien -3

00652

■1'

■list cmd?

• 0501

H, SYNRET

lien >3

00653

NZ, SECLP

00502

SYNER

ikey <3 so lp to error mag

• •654

CALL

LIST

illst routine

00503

SYNRET

A.l

00655

BRKKEY

00504
08505
00586

RET

|A-1 ■> proper syntax

00656
00657
00658

RET
CALL

CALL

NEWLN

DLINE

■no dotted line if brk

1 HASHKEY

005(7

00659

CALL

NEWLN

00506

• •5(9

• 0511

I hash search key

■search key in XEYBUP

■triplet hash codes stored in HSHBUP

00660
0(661
((662

ENDS EC

RET

: NEWSEC

••511

■see N3 (index program) for hash algo.

■•663

• •512

■entry: no parameters passed

• •664

i transfers logical rec from SINBUF to RECBUF

■•513

■exit: len of hsh code stored in WDLEN

••665

■entry: NXTREC - byte In SINBUF that is start

••514

ireg altered: AT, BC, DE, HL, IX, IY

• •666

I of next logical rec

■•515

BSHKEY

C.I

■ C - key len

• •667

I ex it: A-t no more records

• •516

IY.HSBBUF

■IY -> search key signature buffer

••668

1 A-l more logical records

■•517

IX.IEYBUF

i IX -> search key buffer

••669

1 NXTREC - byte in SINBUF that is start

•1518

Has

L, (IX»()

iget char froa search key

»»67(

1 of next log rec

••519

1,1

■HL contains char

••671

ireg altered: AF.BC.DE.HL

••521

A,L

• •672

NEWSEC

HL, SINBUF

■next sector so NXTREC -> start of SINBUF

•1521

• DH

■end of string?

• •673

(NXTREC) ,HL

••522

Z.HSH8

■if EOF then end hashing

• •674

DE,RECBUF

■HL->RECBUF

••523

■blank?

••675

SKIP

• 1524

NZ.HSH4

■ continue at HSH if not blank

• •676

RESTSC

HL.INBUF

• •525

INC

jpt to next char

• •677

DE, (NXTREC)

• •526

HSH3

■loop until non-blank char reached

••678

■set carry ■ 9

00527

mow get first 2 char of key

••679

SBC

HL.DE

00528

HSH4

CALL

NUHL18

imult value in HL by 10

006 88

K, NOKORE

■no more rec in pt'd sec

• 0529

(MBYTE) ,HL

■store in KBYTE

806 81

Z, NOKORE

00530

INC

ipt to next char in search key

00682

HL, (NXTREC)

00531

L,(IX+«)

006 83

DE.RECBUF

00532

1,1

0(684

00533

(LBYTE) ,HL

■store value of char in LBYTE

• 86 85

SKIP

BC.B

isklp remainder of char in record

• •534

ISC

ipt to next char in search key

886 86

NNSCLP

A,(HL)

■New Sector Loop

• •535

• •536

1(687
8(688

CP
JP

■01
Z.NWSCEI

■HSHLP

• •537

((689

CP2E4

•DB

i 1 .' ? (pseudo EOR mark)

• •538

■get triplet and hash it

((69(

Z.NWSCE*

■exit loop if EOR

••539

HSU LP

..(KBYTE)

iget 10ac2

• •691

(DE) ,A

■transfer char from SINBUF to RECBUF

••54*

CALL

<HL1(

issilt by 11

••692

:sc

line char count (1 of char moved to RECBUF)

••541

■BYTE) ,BL

istore lMacl

• •693

A, 254

••542

•1694

1 record length max reached?

••543

BL,( LBYTE)

■get ac3

• •695

Z.NWSCEI

i EOR if record >- 255 char

••544

CALL

HOBLK

■mult by 11

• •696

ipt to next char in RECBUF

1(545

(■BYTE) ,BL

■store lfac2

••697

INC

ipt to next char in SINBUF

•1546

■•«98

NWSCL?

■loop until EOR found

■•547

A, (IX»0)

■get char (cl) fro* search key

••699

■■548

line IX to next char

M7M

NWSCEI

•DH

lend of record

•1549

(DH

lEOR?

• •711

Z.NWSCE4

MSSf

Z.HSH8

••7(2

254

• •551

00703

Z.NWSCE4

• •552

Z,HSH3

■skip 3 hashes

00704

A,(PSEOR)

• •553

253

■ and op?

00705

•DH

• •554

Z.HSHS

00706

Z.NWSCE4

• 0555

254

■or op?

00707

A, '. '

00556

Z.HSH5

00708

(DE),A

• 8557

HSH6

00709

INC

00558

HSB5

(IY»0) ,A

■store op in hash buffer

0071)

NWSCE4

A.BDH

00559

IHC

ipt to next byte in hash buffer

0)711

(DE) ,A

■■Ml

INC

line hash buf len counter

)0712

INC

• •561

HSH3

■loop until end of search key

M713

(NXTREC) ,HL

• ■562

• 1563

■ )714
(■715

LD
RET

A.l

■1 -> more record SHOULD THIS BE 1BH???

■MM

8(564

■•565
••566

Msn

LD
LD

L,A
1,1

■■716
••717
■•718
••719

NOKORE

LD
RET

A,e

■0 -> no more record

■hash triplet

ISX

MMI

■ •569

LD
LD

(LBYTE) ,HL
DE, (KBYTE)

• •72*

• •721

■search rec in RECBUF for key(s)

• *57«

HL.DE

ll(ac2*ac3

••722

■entry: no para

••571

DE,(FBYTE)

• •723

■exit: HIT-1 if key(s) found

• •572

all

HL.DE

1 lMacl . (I»ac2.ac3)

•■724

1 HI-.J if key(s) not found

••573

A, 251

••725

■reg alteredi AF.DE.HL

••57 4

CALL

DIVIDE

■A has nodulo 251 result

• •726

■calls: GTKYWD. INSTR, SXTOOR

• •575

(lY.I).A

istore hash code

••727

■

HL.KEYBUF

••576

: NC

■lnc hash code len

••728

(NXTXEY) ,HL

1 (NXTXEY) -> start XEYBUF

••577

INC

••729

A.l

■ ■578

HSHLP

■loop until end of search key(s)

• ■73>

(HIT) ,A

llnit (HIT) - 1

• •579

• •58)

0)731
00732

LD
LD

A.l

(ENDKEY) ,A

linlt (ENDKEY) -■

1HSH8

• •581

00733

(OPER) ,A

llnit (OPER) »-and

88582

HSH8

A,C

■hashing complete

00734

(NXTOP) ,A

linlt (NXTOP) 0-and

00583

(WDLEN) ,A

■save hash len

00735

80584
00585
00586

RET

00736
00737
00738

8X2

CALL

GTKYWD
INSTR
D.A

■get 1 key word from search key
■search for 1 key word
■temp store result in D

".LAIS

NOP

■ siult 1 in A by It

0(587

■BC and DE used

M739

A, (OPER)

■OPER stores type of oper

00588

■value returned in HL

00740

■or op?

00589

: d

B.I

00741

Z.SKOR

• 0590

L,A

• •742

SKAND

A, (BIT)

■and operation

•(591

HUHLK

■Of

■multiply • in HL by IB

••743

AND

■D - (HIT) from INSTR

((592

HL.HL

■HL contains 2"no.

••744

(HIT) .A

l(HIT) updated

((593

E,L

•■745

SX4

((594

D,H

■■746

SXOR

A, (HIT)

((595

HL.HL

•1747

■

ID • (HIT) froa INSTR

ALL

BL.HL

1(748

(HIT) .A

■(HIT) updated

((597

ADD

HL.DE

ill

■•749

SF4

A, (NXTOP)

((598

■CT

••7 51

(OPER) .A

■op bumped

((599
11(11

•1751
■•752

LD
CP

A.(ERDXEY)

lend of keys?

■GETS EC

• •6(1
•■6(2

•1753
••754

JP
LD

1, SXEND
A, (BIT)

lip if end of keys

iget sector from source file

• •6(3

.•entry: no para

••755

lis hit still true?

• •614

■exit: sector froa disk In INBUF

• •756

NI.SK7

• •6(5

jreg altered: AF.BC.DE.HL

••7 57

A, (NXTOP)

I HIT-1

88686

GETSEC

HL.INBUF

ipt to source file rec buf

••7 58

lis next (OPER) -. or?

80687

DEC

■HL->last char or record before INBUP

••759

Z, SXEND

■if so jp to end

00608

A,(HL)

• •760

SK2

■else check next key

00609
00610

(B256) ,A

llast byte of SINBUF

■save this byte for analysis of records

00761
00762

■ SK7

■Mil

■that span sector

00763

• •612

PUSH

00764

■HIT - ( (search key not found)

••613

POP

iBC -> input rec to read

00765

■skip to next *or"

0(614

(CLRN) ,BC

■store current LRN

• •766

■operator in search key or

((615

CALL

■ read two sectors frost sre file

• •767

■end of search key

((616

CALL

SECTOR

((768

SX7

A, (OPER)

lHIT-«i is next op ■ or?

((617
((618
•Ml 9

RET

((769

00770
((771

CP
JP
CALL

Z.SK2
SXTOOR

■is next op - 'or*?

■if 'or* continue search

isklp until "or" op or

■SECTOR

••62(

((772

■end of search key found

■•■21

.-searches records in sector for key(s)

((773

■end of search key?

■■622

istarts with remaining rec in SINBUF

((774

Z, SXEND

1 If end of search key ]p to SKEND

••622

i and reads across Into INBUF

•1775

■3

■loop until end of search key

• •624

SECTOR

CALL

NEWSEC

••776

SXEND

RET

lend of record search

■ •625

DE,(LLRN)

•1777

iA-( no on A-l or found

• •626

• •627

HL.(CLRS)

■1778
• •779

1 (NXTXEY) set If A-l

Listing 9 continued

216 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Model 4
Plus

• 64K Ram

• 2 Tandon Drives

• RS 232

• Free Software

Mailing List
Home Budget
Loan Amortization
10 Programs in all.

• 120 Day Warranty

• TRS DOS 6.0 Manual

& Diskette

Additional 64K Ram $79.00
with purchase of any computer.

Prices reflect cash discount
Visa - Mastercard add 3% discount

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Graipac-ao command* Include: clrcla. a&lpaa. two and three
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^ SmUttoT Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro. December 1983 • 217

Listing 9 continued

wrm

• •781
•1782
••783
••784
••785

• •786

• •787

• •788
••789
••7 91
••791
•1792
■•793
••794
••795
••7 9*
••797
••798
•4T79*

• •■(•
••Ml

• •8(2

• •8(3

• •8(4

• »S«5

• •8(6

• •8(7

• •8(8

• •8(9

• •811
••811
••812
••813
•••14
•(BIS

• •81*

• •817
lli.i
•••19
H-.li

Man

• ■•22

(•823
••824
t»825
••826
••827
••826
••829

• •831
••831

• •832

■ •833
••834

• •835

• •836

• •837

• •838

• •839

• •84(
••841
••842
••843
••844

• •845

• •846

• •847

• •848

• •849
88859
98851

• 8852
88853
88854
••855
88856
M857

• •858
••859

• •861

• •862

• •863

• •864

• •865

• •866

• •867

• •868

• •869
•••7(
••871
••872
•■873

■ •874
■•875

• •876
•1877
••878

• •879

• •881

• •881
•••82
f i i - :■
••884
•••85

• •886
••887
li---
••889

• «SS«
••891
••892
•••93

• •894

• •895

• •896

• •897

• •898
••899
•MM
••9«1
••9*2
••9«3

• •919

• «91»
••911

•1912
••913
■■914
••915

• •916
•1917
••918
88919
••921
••921
••922
•1923
••924
••925

• •926
•■927

• •928

• •929
M93I

• •931

GTKYWD LO

NTCHAA LD

HL,(HXTKEY)

DE.IEY

A.(HL)

i, toners

251

WJEB !»C

;get nest key word t torn search key
icntry: RXTKEY->start of neat key word
i eslti ENDKEY-1 if end of search key
I EKDKEY-* If sure key words In

I search key

ireq altered: AF.DE.HL
;HL -> neit key Co read
IDE -> word Duffer

lend of keys?

lloop until end of keyword

:HL->ne«t keyword or end of search key

I EOR Bark

i load with • - and op

iHL->nest keyword or end of search key
lEOR sark

.-place to at end of key

: end of keys

isrrooa

MM
SETS
•KM

HL, (NXTHEY)

A,(HL)

•DH

I.SET4

254

I, SET*

«L

.'.XTKF • ,HL

■VI

(OPER) ,A

iskip to "or" operator

ibypasses keywords that are "ended"

l entry ■

lesiti HXT»ET->next key word in search key

l 0PER*1 if "or" op found

I OPE*-* if end of search key
leiit points: SET6.SET8

ireo, altered: AF.DE.HL

icalls< none

lHL->start of nest key word

lend of search key?

Ijp to STE4 If EOR

i ■or •? operator?

ijp to SET* If "or"

ipt to neit char in keyword

lloop until EOR or or op found

,A-» ■> EOR found

II -> OR found
Ihawe HL -> nest key

ll - or

I load (OPER) - o

lA-l -> "or" op

I I NSTR

(■•arch RECORD for key
jentryi no para passed
leslt: A-l keyword found
I A-8 keyword not found

ire? altered: Af.BC.DE.riL

HL,AEC»UP

■L

DE.IEY

C.f

v-p

A, (DEI

B.A

P.CO»

I, COS

• 5

H.BQTUC

-s

COX

• DH

I.ROrXRD

■

.IP

I.CHATCR

RESIT

ISC

INC

ISC

■a

A, (DC)

•m

z.rzvvz

-•p

HLP

DE.IEY

•a*

■L

IWC

■

C,l

■LP

PC?

».l

PET

PC?

HI.

IBaln subroutin

lend of string?
icp to key char

ichar Batch

READ2 LD
READ2R CALL

PUSH

(A • 1 •> print rec

|A ■• ■> do not print rec

:READ2

I reads 2 sectors fro* arc file

.-necessary to read 2 since record

i span sector

leatry: BC-> 1st sector to read

iczlti

iget first sector

.:L,IS» F

ocsixeir

SC.2S*

A, (EOT)

MI, READ 2D

HL.IMUT

RECBL

HL.IMBUP

(HL) ,IDH

READ2D POP
IMC
CALL

REDIM* LD

I skip DSPSKR sub

••932

••933

HI , ERROR

• •934

Jfi

RED0C2

•••35

• •936

REAOIH

DE.INDCB

••937

CALL

READOR

••938

REDIN5

••939

I, REDO*

• «94«

••941

HI, ERROR

• •942

REDO!

CALL

DSPSNR

••943

REDOR2

HL, IIDCBCR)

••944

DE.(IHLLR)

• •945

xoa

• •944

HL.DE

• •947

n.READRT

mil

••949

A, (IDCBOS)

••95>

■

■•951

I.REDIHI

••952

■L.iBBtjr

• •953

0,1

••954

E.A

M955

.'_..

EL.DE

M954

E.A

••957

A, 255

• •951

••959

:*c

MM!

E.A

••961

AEDIH7

A»' '

MM 2

(BL).A

MM1

A.E

MM4

■

MMS

I, REDIM

MM*

DEC

• •967

ISC

■ft

• •9*1

REDIH7

MM*

«n> ml

■L.IbbDTU

••971

(EL) .SOB

• •971

DEC

■L

• •972

••97 3

■(974

A.l

M975

(EOT) .A

••976

RSAsrr

M97?

RET

Mt7t

••979

Mill

••911

••9(2

• •981

88984

RDHSEC

PUSH

• •985

PUSH

HI,

••986

••987

DE.HAPDCB

• •988

CALL

READDR

• •989

PCP

• •991

PET

• •991

RET

• •992

P'JSH

■T

• •991

HL.RDHSG

••994

CALL

VDLIRE

••995

••996

ERROR

11997

• •998

• •999

urn
■i)ii

• ll*2

• 1M3
11114

• 1115
IIII6

• 1M7

• !•••
■1M*

• !•:•

mil

• 1112

•i*ii

• 1*14
•HIS

■lilt

11117

• 111!

• 1*19

• 1)21
•1)21

• 1122

• 1123

• 1(24

• 1125

• 1121

• 1127

• H2«

• 1*29

«;»i«

•mi

• 1(12
11(11
■1114

• 1*15

• 1(11

• hi;
mil

(1(19
•1*4*

• 1(41
(1*42

• 1(41

• 1*44

• 1*45
(1(46
•1*47

• 1(41
•1*49

mil
•1*51

• 1152

HIS)
•1»S4

• 1*55

• 1*56

•1*57

• 1*51

• 1«59

I1HI

• 1*61

• H62

• 1(61

• 1(64

• 1165

• 1(66

• 1*67

• 1*61

• 1(69

• 1*7*

• 1*71
■1*72

• 1*71

• 1*74

• 1*75

• 1*76

• H77

OUTREC LD

OOTHSG Dtp*
DEP1

nc on

TDE DETM

THL DEPW

I last sector

byte* to blank out

while reading HAP lndei file

(TBC) ,BC

(TDE) ,DE

(T»L) ,HL
CURPOS

(CURSOR) ,BC

B.l

C.55

PC SCO?

■ L, OOTHSG

VDLin

BC, (CURSOR)

POSCUR

i:L,S£CHJ?

I OUTREC
(output record

ireturn 11 fill doled

ijp to error asq

file so proeraa Bay continue

CURPOS
(CURSOR) ,BC
».•

C.55

POSCUR
ERAS EL

BC, (CURSOR)
POSCUR
•C.(TBC)
DE.(TDE)

•L.(TIL)

PUSH

■L

HL.(IDCBCR)

A.L

•

HI.rPOSHI

■

I.PPOSI

SOP

DEC

(IDCBCRi ,HL

ibackip 1 sector in

Listing 9 contnued

218 • 80 Micro, December 1983

SUPER FAST!

Z80

DISASSEMBLER

*69 95

Two pass operation -
generates labels at
referenced locations

Generates Zilog
mnemonics

Allows
labels

user defined

• Output to console, list
or disk device(s) in any
combination

• Generates mnemonics
for CP/M system calls

• Illegal instructions
generate define byte
sequence

Start and stop at any
location in file

Source or complete
listing type output

• Allows define byte,
define word and define
space directives

• COMPLETE cross-
reference

• 28 page manual

SPEED - disassembles a typical 1 7K . COM file,
generating a 1 10K Z80 file (over 10,000 lines of
source) and a 52K XRF file in less than 1 minute
45 seconds using standard bios and 8" SS/SD!
Available for Z80 CP/M and TRS-80 III

L R Systems—

1622 North Main Street, Butler. PA 16001
(412) 282-0864 .340

Terms add $2 shipping US, others $5 PA add 6% sales tax.
Specify format required Check. MO, Visa. M/C. COD accepted

Z80. CP/M TRS-80 TMs of Zilog. Digital Research Tandy Corp resp

MODEL III

MODEL 4

State of the an: technology m board design, our direct replacement of Radio Shack's*
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Total compatabili'y with Radio Shack* and all existing software is maintained
Software programmable baud rates from 50 to 1 9,200 baud are supported along with
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Outstanding Value

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Dealer mguir.es invited

»69.»5

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- n

Please forward payment by a cashier
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Visa or Mastercharge also accepted

Add $3 00 shipping & handling

(Foreign orders quoted on request)

WHAT REALLY IS
INSIDE YOUR
COMPUTER?

Find out in INSIDE YOUR COMPUTER from Wayne
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• Microprocessors •Input/output
•Interpreters "Machine language

• Registers • Logic operations

A look at programming lies it all together— how .hardware
and software make a microcomputer work. The informa-
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812.97. softcover. 109pp. 5'/4 x8W. ISBN «*0-880Or>058 1

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Send to:

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Attn: Book Sides
PetertxwTxigh, NH 03458
Deale* Inquli lea Invited

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Address

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Send To WAYNE GREEN BOOKS Aim BookSairs
UI*S Delivery If complete street addrem » given

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»- See Ust or Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 219

an innovative word processing system

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word processing

NEW

■ Use with any Model III DOS or TRSDOS 6

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■ special purpose extensions available:

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80 Micro, June 1983.

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

Still only $175.00

AlphaBit Communications, Inc. ^476

Call Now!
MC/Visa
accepted

13349 Michigan Ave.
Dearborn, Michigan 48126
(313) 581-2896

220 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 9 continued

■117 6

CALL

DSPSNR

• 1179

POP

• 1886

• 1(81
■ 1(82

tun

• 1184

RET

iSEAHSG

idlaplay 'Searching' mag

■MM

SEAMSG

POSH

11886

POSH

81887

CALL

BOHE

icliel

81888

HL.HSGSEA

I 'Searching'83

81889

CALL

VDLINE

81898

CALL

NENLN

81891

POP

81892

POP

81893
81894
81895

RET

l MENU 12

81896

81897

imlnl-menu routine

81898

HEKU62

CALL

HOME

irlicl

■1MB

KEHIK2B LO

HL,HSGH2

81188

CALL

VDLINE

11181

CALL

KBHAIT

81182

5, A

81183

•C"

■1184

RET

81185

•0'

81186

t,K20PT

81187

•T'

81188

Z.M2CMD

81189

'H'

81118

Z,M2CKD

81111

A, 'O'

81112

RET

l return to Enter Key

81113

N2CXD

PUSH

■1114

A, (Of STAT I

•1115

■ c .

• 1116

I,H2CHD3

81117

DE.OCTDCB

61118

CALL

icloee output file

•111*

H2CKD3

CALL

VDIHIT

61128

CALL

VDCLS

61121

POP

11122

•?■

61123

RET

61124

8L,HAPCW>

61125

RET

lA • •»• io aet up buffet

61126

N20PT

HOP

61127

CALL

loptlona

61126

A.'O'

61129

PET

81136
61131

OPHOUT

HOP

;op*r.

output file

61132

A, ( Or STAT)

61133

•O'

•1134

61135

DE.OUTDCB

61136

HL,ODTBUP

81137

B,l

81138

CALL

OPINIT

81139

Z,0POUT4

81146

PUSH

; err or in opening file

81141

8,PENULN

61142

C.I

81143

CALL

POSCUR

terror sag on penultimate line

81144

PCP

61145

CALL

ERRDSP

61146

CALL

BOTTOM

;tap ent mag on bottoet line

•1147

CALL

TAP EST

• 1148

A, 'C*

•1149

(OPSTAT) ,A

•115*

RET

•1151

OPOUT4

A.'O"

• 1152

(OPSTAT) ,A

61153

RET

81154
81155

PARPOR

MOP

iparagraph format

81156

A.2EH

81157

HL.CP2E2

61158

INC

61159

(HL).A

61166

HL.CP2E4

61161

INC

•11*2

(HL).A

•1163

(PSEOPO ,A

61164

A, 'L 1

81165

(SDHOOE) ,A

idiaplay node - line

•1166

HL.MSGPP

81167

CALL

VDLINE

81168

RBT

61169
81178

RECFOR

HOP

; record format

81171

A.BDfl

81172

HL.CP2E2

81173

61174

(HL) .A

61175

BL.CP2E4

61176

INC

61177

(HL) ,A

•1176

(PSEOR).A

61179

A, •«•

61186

(SDMODE) ,A

jdisplay mode - record

81181
81182

(

RET

61183

DEPSNR

NOP

idlaplay aector number

81184

PUSH

61165

POSH

61186

61187

PUSH

61168

PUSH

HIM

CALL

CURPOS

• 119*

(CURSOR) ,BC

leave current curaor poa

• 1191

K,ll

•11*2

CALL

POSCOR

irlicl2

11193

HL.IIDCBCR)

/LRL

81194

CALL

DSPNBR

idlaplay no.

81195

BC, (CURSOR)

81196

CALL

POSCUR

ireatore cursor

81197

POP

61198

POP

•1199

POP

61266

POP

•12*1

POP

•12*2
• 1263

RET

61264

LSTSEC

DEFW

llaat aect no new atorage

81265

ibeyond this point

81266

CMSEC

OEFW

■current HAP sector

612(7

NXTHAP

DEPH

meat map page
llaat map byte

(1288

MAX MAP

DEPW

81269

TBYTE

DEPB

1 total hash byte

61218

TTBYTE

DEPB

i temp total hash byte

• 1211

WDLEN

Dt'FB

jhash word len

(1212

HIT

DEPB

il -> «ey(a) found

Listing 9 continued

• 1211

KXTKEY

DEFW

miit »ey in EEYBUP

■1214

OPER

DEPB

(operation ••andi i-or

11215

NXTOP

DEKB

•

ineit operation

• 1216

ENDEE*

Dire

•

■1-end of keys reached

• 1217

CLRN

DEFW

■current LRN

• 1218

llrn

llaat LRN

• 1219

SPWORD

DEFB

■ ISIpace or (W)ord

■122*

EOT

DEFB

•1221

MODE

DEFB

;liat or search aode

•1222

SDHODE

DEFB

•

■search display aodei line, rec, all

• 1223

DEFB

I EXTRA

•1224

PRHODE

DEFB

'X'

■output aode (C)ontlnuoua or (H)anual

•122S

OPCOHD

DOT

■C

(output file: (C)loae, (R)eset or (A)ppend

•122C

OP STAT

DEFB

«c«

■output file statuai (CJloaed or (O)pen

• 1227

OHODE

DEFB

'H'

■output aode (C)ontlnuous or (H)anual

• 122>

B256

DEKB

■storage last byte SINBUP

• 1229

LINENR

DOT

■ line nuaiber for DSP

• 123)

NINSET

DEFB

■no. of spaces to inset

• 1231

SINSET

DEFB

■storage for inset

• 1232

PS EOR

DEfB

BDH

■pseudo EOR

• 1233

1411

• 1234

CPILE

DEPS

■ current file name iiiiiikI

11233

NXTREC

DEFW

•

■aba poaition of next rec

• 123C

SINBUP

DEPS

■1237

IBBOP

DEPS

255

■second source bnf

•123*

ibbopb

DEFB

•

■ byte 234) of XJBuT

•123*

ibbupo

DBPB

■and of record Bark

•1241

rbcsop

DIPS

•1241

DEP1

IDE

■EOR aart

• 1242

HAFBOP

DEFS

256

•1241

DEFB

• DB

• 1244

OOTBDP

DEFS

256

■output buffer

• 1245

DEFB

8DB

• 1246

OPNAHE

DEFB

BDH

■output file naae

• 1247

DEPM

• 1248

DEFB

i?DH

• 1249

HSHBUF

DEFS

• 1251

KEYBUF

DEFS

• 1251

DEPH

intra space if needed!!

• 1252

DEFB

1 : |

• 1253

•3D

• 1234

DEPB

■ DH

• 1253

KSGPF

DEE*

'Paragraph Fora

at'

• 1256

DEPB

8DH

• 1257

HSGRF

DEFH

'Record Foraat

• 1258

DEPB

BDH

• 1259

MSGOP

DEPH

•PILES OPENED'

01261

DEPB

BDH

01261

HSGEOP

DBPH

'END OF PILE'

• 1262

DBPB

•DB

81263

HAPCHD

DEPH

'HAP'

• 1264

DEFB

•DB

• 1265

CODE

DEPH

'HIHDEX 1.2'

• 1266

DEFB

• DB

• 1267

TITLE

DEPH

'HAP SEARCH PROGRAM 1.2'

• 126 8

DEPB

• 1269

CPTBSO

DEfH

Mel Copyright

1983 Softshell'

• 127«

DEFB

• 1271

THREE

DEFB

'Each kay aust

contain at least three '

• 1272

DEFK

'charactara'

• 1273

DEFB

SDH

81274

HSGNAH

DBTH

'File Nana! '

81275

DEFB

81276

PNEHSG

DEPH

'Error In file

name format '

81277

DBPB

•DH

81278

MSGM2

DEPH

' (C)hange Pile

(H)AP, (O)ptiona or (T)RSDOS: '

• 1279

DEFB

•3

BUM

HAPRD

DEFK

'HAP READ COMPLETE'

• 1211

DEFB

• DH

■ 1282

HSGfEY

DEPH

'Enter Eay '

• 1283

DEFB

• 1284

HSGSEA

DEPH

'Searching '

•1285

DEPB

• 1286

QINSET

DEPH

' Inset '

81287

DEFB

■ 1288

■ 1289
>129(

CURSOR

DEFW

•

■curaor position

Ibuffara used by 83

81291
81292

■general purpose variables

■ 1293

ANSWER

DEPB

■one byte key In variable 1Y/N etc)

• 1294

OlDLPS

DEPB

■ ad line file spec (Y/N)

• 1295

vindicates whether file spec

• 1296

■was entered along with HIHDEX cad

• 1297

■bash routine variables

• 1298

rBYTE

DEFW

■hash value of first byte of triplet

• 1299

MBYTE

DBPW

■hash value of aiddle byte of triplet

fUM

LBYTE

DEFW

■haah value of laat byte of triplet

81381

SCROSS

DEFB

■sector cross variable

81382

■if • then sector boundary is not

81383

■ crossed by a record

81384

■if >• then the vslue In SCROSS

81385

■Is equsl to the no of bytes in record

■ 1316

■prior to end of sector

81387
813(8
• 13(9

BICT

DEFB

■bit points to sector (> # to 7)

■HEADER buffer

• 1311

• 1111

■byte label purpose

• 1312

■ 8- 9 HSEC 'HIHDEX' and version

• 1313

.•18-18 IDH

• 1114

■11-11 HSECPF foraati (DH record

• 1115

V '.' paragraph

• 1316

■12-19 blank (for future use)

• 1317

• 1318
81319

■2«-43 HPN source file spec

END

BEGIN

UNITED SOFTWARE
ASSOCIATES

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The Ultra Term communications package is one of the easiest to
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• ULTRA TERM

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ORDERS 305/965-349b BBS 305/842-2687
TECHNICAL INFORMATION 305/842-8805 (5 00-9 (M) E ST.]

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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
A OMNITEK COMPUTERS INTERNATIONAL, INC A
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617-851-4580 -195

Program Listing 10. Assembly-language listing of S30OPEN/SRC.

88883

■ •••4

■ 8885
88886

• •■■7

• 8886

■SEARCH INPORHATION RETRIEVAL PROGRAH

; ROUTINE TO OPEN PILES

■ COPYRIGHT Us3, SOfTSHEU, CORPORATION

S30PEN PSECT

■begin relocatable prograa sectio

Listing 10 continued

A
A

*
A
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

A
A

CWM CALL

Verbatim 5.2 5 " D.L 2 5.00

5 tt " Head Cleaning Kits 4.00 each or 3 fax $ 1 0.00

Okldata Mtcrollne 80 299.00

OUdau Mlcrollne 82A „..399.00

Okldata Mlcrollne 83 A 629.00

OkkUta Mlcrollne 92 ( 1 60 UM) corresponds mode 499.00

Okldata Mlcrollne 93 799.00

New BMC Printer 299.00

1 3" Green Monitor 99.00

B.M.C. 13" Color Monitor 299.00

Epson FX 80 FT 539.00

Epson MX- 1 00 629.00

Radio Shack M/4 w 64 K 999.00

Radio Shack M/4 w/64K and 2 40 Trk 1 699.00

and RS232 „. 1 787.00

40 track economy drive Power Supply with case 1 79.00

Tandon drives with Power Supply and case

40 track sbiglehead 249.00

dual head 339.00

80 track singlehead 299.00

dual head. „ 399.00

5 .25" Power Supply and case 39.00

"BASF 40 track D.D. 5M" new disk drive, as Is,

no i*tiam , ,„,, , , 89.00

8" Power Supply and case 89.00 or 1 for 790.00

Call for popular D.W. Printer Prices

Full Commodore Line CALL

OMNITEK COMPUTERS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

TRS-80 is a reg trademark ol Tandy Corp Prices are lor mall order only TERMS
Check money order. Mastercard and Visa accepted P O B Tewksbury-freight e«
ira Minimum J 5 00 S 8. H Mass residenis add 5% sales lax Write lor fRU
CATALOG

A
A

A
A
A
A
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

^•^R 9^9 ^^9 ^^9 ^■■v ^■W ^^9 ^p^R R»^R ^p^R R>^R R*^R ^p^R R^W R*^R ^*^R ^*^B R*^R 9^9 R»^R 9^9

80 Micro, December 1983 • 221

Listing 10 continued

f(f(9
Hilt
•fill
•1(12

• 1)13

• ••14
IM1S

• ■•16

•••n
one

• ••19
98929
•••21

• ••22
•1(23

• ••24
•••25

• ••26

• ••27

• ••28

• ••29
■ Mil
•••31

• ••32

• ••33

• ••34

• ••35

• ••36

• ••37

• ••38

• ••39
(»I4(

• ••41

• ••42

• ••43

• ••44

• ••45

• ••46
•••47
•••48

• ••49
•••51
•••SI
•••52
•••53

• ••54

• ••55

• ••56
•••57

• ••58

• ••59
B886B

• ••61

• ••62

• ••63

• ••64

• ••65

• ••66

• ••67

• ••68

• ••69

• ••7>
•••71

• ••7 2

• ••7 3

• ••7 4

• ••75

• ■•76

• ••77

• ••78

• ••79
99888

• ••81

• ••82

• ••83

• ••84

• ••85

• ••86

• ••87
•••88
•••89
•••9>

• ••91
•••92

• ••93

• ••94

• ••95

• ••96

• ••97

• ••98
•••99

etna
••lti

• 1182

99193

•ei>4

• •115

• •1(6
••1(7

• •lt8
8(189

• •lit
••111

• •112
••113

• •114
••115

• •116
••117

• •118
•1119

• •121

• •122

• •123

• 8124

• •125

• •126

• •127

• •128

• •129

• •139

• •131

• •132

• •133
••134
••135
••136
••137

• •138

• •139
81148

• •141
••142

• •143

• •144

• •145

• •146

• •147

• •148

• •149

•aisa

• •151

• •152
•1153

• 8154
II l«

• •156

• •157
••158
••159

P08LIC GETPILE

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

CODE

INBUP

KEYBUP

NAPBUr

LSTSEC

MAX HAP

KEHU(2B

NXTNAP

OP NAME

PARPOR

RECTOR

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

BOTTOM

CURPOS

DIS8RK
DIVIDE
DOSCKD
ERASEL
ERASES
ERRDSP

KBLIN3
KBLINE
XBHAIT
KEY I*
NOVELN

POSCUR

POSEOP

POSN

PRINIT

PRUNE

PRSCN

PRTBLN

PRTREC

READDR

SETILR

SETMLR

STHEND

VDCHA*

VDCLS

VDINIT

VDLINE

KRITKX

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

INDCB

IDCBRL

IDCBCR

IDCBLR

INLLR

IDC BOS

HAPDCB

HDCBRL

HDCBCR

HDCBLR

KAPLLR

HDCBOS

NEMEND

OUTCHR

OUTDCB

PRTBOP

SORLN

STHAP

ARROW)
ARRONL
ARROWR
ARROW
BRKKEY
CPYPOS
PENULN
SWIDTH

EXTERN

BXDEC

EXTERN

DECXB

EXTERN

DLINE

EXTERN

DSPNBR

EXTERN

DSPNBRL

EXTERN

EATBNX

EXTERN

PSPEC

EXTERN

LINE

EXTERN

PACKPS

EXTERN

PARSEP

EXTERN

RECt

EXTERN

RECBL

EXTERN

TAPENT

EXTERN

SNAM.SE

■ cad line 111* spec (Y/H)

I Indicate* whether file spec

■along with SEARCH end

alls to HODII or NODIII

■position cursor to last line of screen

iclose file (DE->DCB)

■•determine cursor pos (coor:8C)

■disable break (for Model II)

;divide A into HL

; IP to TRSDOS and execute command

;erase to end of line

;MAP error display routine

iTRSDOS error mag routine

■position cursor to top line of screen

[initialise file (create/open, pos to 1st

l (DE->DCB, HL->rec buf)

l]p to TRSDOS

iget char (or null) froa Keyboard

linitlallse keyboard (Hod II)

;get line froa keyboard and end with 13

iget line froa keyboard and end with BDH

iwait for char froa keyboard

■ get search key(s) form keyboard

,-aove line froa screen to buffer

;HI.->tuf, D-no. char, BC-cursor coor

.-open file (DE->DCB, HL->record buffer)

lopen and Initialise file

I (DE->DCB, HL->record buffer)

;posltion cursor (coordinates in BO

.-position to end of file

iposltion to record in file

i initialize printer

: print line (HL->buf, B-no,

;prlnt entire screen

iprint last line of text

C-end char

ead fll
et INLRR t
et HAPLLR

dir

■display char in A register

.■clear screen

■initialise video I/O (for Model II)

.-display line (RL->msg)

[write next record to file

,-HODII/III buffers and I/O paraa

.•INput (sourcelfiie'DCB "
l Input file DCB Record Length
.•Input file DCB Current Record
.-input file DCB Last Record
;true last record of source file
■Input file DCB xxxxxxx
;HAP (index) file DCB
■ Hap file DCB Record Length
iHap file DCB Current Record
iMap file DCB Last Record
.-true last record of index file

.-Map file DCB xxxxxxxx
.•contents ->top of aeaory
.■record buffer (1 byte) for outp
loutput file DCB

IPI

uffe
start of record line no.
istart of HAP index file
:of SEARCH program)

!l/0 paraaeters:
■ down arrow
;left arrow
i right arrow
l up arrow
ibreak key value
icopyright notice positlc
inext to last line on scr
.-screen width (8a or 64)

,lli

utin

lappend on string to ano

.■binary to decimal conve

ideclaal to binary conve

,-dlsplay dotted line (e.i

■display 5-dlglt deciaal

idisplay 5-dlglt deciaal

■ remove leading blanks

;aove cad line file psec

.-get NAP file names

.■display line (fro* char

ipack (compress) file spec in fl

.-parse one file spec

■zero-out 256-byte recon

;blank-out 256-byte reco

l 'Tap enter to continue"

;GR buffe

I index file

DE, HAPDCB
CLOSE
DE. INDCB
CLOSE

-".-■: : -

POSCUR

ERASES

BC, 3*256

POSCUR

HL.HSGNAM

VDLINE

B, PENULN

C,»

POSCUR

HL,MSG»2

VDLINE

A,(CHOLPS)

NX, SETT I LI

BC.3*256*11

POSCUR

;]ust in case file open

;3ust in case file open
ir3:cl

; erase to end of screen

ir4icl

; 'Pile Namet' asg

/command line file spec(s)

iwhere file spec's given on cad line

lip to GETFIL1 if not given

I«:Cl2

aae file spec
,...» program n
■ file spec in

cad lln
o loop b**.* iw %f
case the CMDLPS

91161
••161
••162

• •163
ael64
88165
99166
88167
88168
88169
88178
88171
BB172
88173
81174

• •175
■•176
88177

• •178
••179

••18«

•1181

• •182

• •183
■ ■184
■■185

• ai86

aai87

88188
88189
88198
BB191
88192
88193
88194
88195
89196
8B197
8819B
68199
88281
88281
88282
■■2*3
••2(4
••215

• •216
98297

• •2(8
882(9
88218
88211
B8212
88213
88214
88215
88216
BB217
89218
8B219

• •221

• (221
••222
•1223
•1224
••225
••226

• •227

• •228

• •229
88238
B8231
B8232
B8233
88234
88235
a8236

• 8237
B8238
88239
88248

a*24i

88242
••243

• •244

• •245

81246
••247

• •248
•■249
••251

• •251
■ •252

• •253

• 1254

• •255

• •256
BB257
88258
BB259
••261

• •261
••262
••26 3
••264
••265
••266
•126 7
••26 6

• •269
98271
••271
••272

• •273
•1274

• •275

• •276

• •277
••278
BB279
99288

• 1281
••282
••283

• •284

• •285
••286

• •287
••288

• •289

• •291

• •291
••292
••293

• •294

• •295

• •296

• •297
88298
88299
99398

• •381

aa3a2

8B383

• •314

• •3*5

• •3(6
••3(7

• •388
•13(9

• •311

file spec not entered or

cad

or invalid file spec fo:

> cad

so get file spec

CETFIL1 LD

CALL
CALL

CALL

BC. 3*256*11

POSCUR

ERASEL

B.51

HL.XEYBUF

XBLINE

BRKXEY

NJ,GTFIL2

HENUI2B
Z.DOSCHD

erase to end of line

no aore than 51 char in file spec

use KEYBUP to bold tile spec

key in file spec

was break hit?

ip to GTPIL2 if break not pressed

; erase to end of screen

icall mini-menu

i (H)AP?

;]p to TRSDOS and load HAP

I (T1RSDOS7

ijp to TRSDOS

i]p bade and get file name

mull ent
1GTPILE4

CALL

EATBNX

A,(HL)

'?'

Z.HHEl.P

HL.XEYBU

CALL

GETMPN

Z.PNOK

BC, 8*256

CALL

POSCUR

CALL

ERASES

HI..FNEMS

CALL

VDLINE

CALL

TAPENT

GETP I L

OPSRC NOP

0PSRC3 NOP

(for help) entered?
•HELP (minihelp sere
KEYBUP again

op back and get file

HL.SNAH
PACKPS

;file name syntax OK

lBL->source file name

iDE-> index file spec

.-space compress source file spec

sand move to source file DCS

iHL->lndex file name

lDE->index file DCB

ispace compress index file spec

land move to Index file DCB

iHL->output file spec

,-DE->output file DCB

ispace compress output file spec

.-and move to index file DCB

P LD

BC, 5*256

CALL

POSCUR

CALL

ERASES

HL.IDXPIL

CALL

VDLINE

HL, HAPDCB

CALL

VDLINE

HL.HAPBUP

DE, HAPDCB

CALL

OPEN

Z,0PHAP6

P'/Sh

HL , HAPOER

CALL

VDLINE

POP

CALL

ERRDSP

B, PENULN

c,»

CALL

POSCUR

CALL

TAPENT

GETPILE

J>6 CALL

SETHLR

I OPMAP

lopen MAP index file

ipt to index file spec

;dsp HAP file name

iHL->lndex file record buffer (ifrb)

iDE->index file DCB

I open index file

lip 0PHAP6 if file open OK

i save TRSDOS error code

lHAP open error message

iTap enter to continue
I loop back and get file spec
I set HAPLLR to true last reco
lln index file

l OPSRC
I open a

file

BC,(

Dt, HAPDCB
UADDR

X.0PSRC3

iflrst get header to determine which

I file to open

■header (sector I of index file)

■ DE- .-Index file DCB

I read header

ijp to 0PSBC3 If read OK

■display error mag

inext to last line, first co

iTapent to continue

i loop back and get file apec

file

HL.HAPBUP
DE.CODE

EC, 9

NX , BDRERR

INC

PE , HDRLP

HDROK

HL, HEADER

CALL

TAPENT

, 'HINDEX 1.2'

jno. of bytes in CODL to be compared to

■title of header

-only 'HIKDEX 1.' Is checked

jget char fom CODE

jcp to (HL) and inc HL

•error in header if not equal

;pt to next char in code

iloop until 9 char in BC checked

; 'H INDEX 1." present in header

; header error mag

fTapent to continue

;jp back to beginning and start again

; header ok

iHL-> byte 10 in header

)HL-> byte 11 in header

iheader byte 11 contains Indexing forma

;code: '.' * paragraph format

7 BDH - record format

jget Indexing format code

i pat

prog for paragraph

idisplay 'record fc
iheader format OR

Listing 10 continued

222 • 80 Micro, December 1983

y*S

CHILD'S PLAY

AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN AGES 2 TO 7 YEARS

This machine language program contains fast animation, sound
affects, tunes, and speec h . The speech has two options: it can be
generated by computer or by a VS 100 speech synthesizer (speech
options described later). The program is easily controlled by a
friendly menu-man who points to the options that may be chosen.
The main menu contains four sections: •Learn the Alphabet
•Learn to count *Leam Shapes • Learn Words. Each section con-
tains three subsections which can easily be manipulated, giving
twelve games in all. The menu selection is accompanied by a dif-
ferent nursery rhyme tune for each menu.

LETTERS
This option allows the child to select letters at random, match the
current letter displayed or type in the next letter. When a correct
response is given, an animation associated with the letter moves
across the screen, e.g., Z or Zebra. The computer says the letters
also. NUMBERS

This option allows the child to select the numbers zero to nine at
random, match the current number displayed, or type in the next
number. Men walk out on the screen equal to the number chosen.
This section also contains speech.

SHAPES
This section allows the child to control the menu-man, moving
shapes from the left hand of the screen to the right hand of the
screen. The first level allows the child to pick up shapes using the
spacebar. The second level, in addition allows the chiled to control
the menu-man with the arrow keys. The third level puts a small
'Bee' on the screen which the child must avoid while manipulating
the menu-man and shapes. uyooric

This final section allows the child to type in letters to form words.
The first level asks for a word to be typed in, then to be repeated

before another word can be tried. The second level prompts the
child with a word which must be matched before an animation will
appear on the screen. The last level shows the animation on the
screen. Then the child must type in the correct word before the
next animation is shown. This section contains speech also.

SPEECH
The program can be bought as a stand-alone program with
computer-generated speech, which uses 'your' speaker amplifier.
However, we have also made the program compatible with an
'Alpha Products VS100' speech synthesizer for improved speech
quality. (This can be purchased from 'Alpha Products' subject to
availability). The speech is not available for a 16K machine.
Software available for the TRS80* Models 1, III, and IV. Also soon
available for the Timex. 16K tape (no speech). 32K tape. 32K disk.
48K disk. All programs for A .. „ _ _

$29.95

(Indiana residents add 5% sales tax: COD add $2.00)

(Name

City/State/Zip

Total Enclosed $

Charge my VISA D

Card#

Signature

.Address.

. (Ai low 2 weeks to clear checks)

MasterCharge D
Exp. Date

Indiana Software Group, inc.

P.O. BOX 627 • COLUMBUS. INDIANA 47202

•TRS80 « a registered trademark oi Tandy Corp

TELEPHONE (812) 372-4042

• 352

^^r zwh

fl=r= n lb

P%^sn m&

■■ ii iilii 11 HSl

ii II II II III II II II

ii ii ii iilii ii ii ii

pi ii bd ea ii ii ea

SYSTEM REFERENCE CARDS

"This Is a quality document and Is beautifully con-
ceived and produced. . . .1 am In awe of your magnificent
document."
H.W.W n Dayton, Ohio

Send Check or Money Order

CARD

ORDER NO.

PMCE

MODEL 1: BASIC & Assembler

FC10O2

S4.95

MODEL 1: BASIC Only

FC1001

2.95

MODEL II: BASIC & Assembler

FC1006

5.95

MODEL Ml: BASIC & Assembler

FC1003

5.05

MODEL III: BASIC Only

FC1004

3.95

COLOR: BASIC & Extended

FC1006

4.95

POCKET: BASIC

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FC1008

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E
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HDOS 2.0
FC1014 $5.95

Z80

MICROPROCESSOR
FC1011 $4.95

ZX80, ZX81 and

Timex Sinclair
1000

FC1012S5.95

Call TOLL-FREE for Credit Card Orders 1 -800-258-5473. Or, send your order with

payment or complete credit card Information to:

WAYNE GREEN BOOKS e Retail Sales e Peterborough, NH 03458

Enclose $1.00 per order for shipping and handling

Ffe=D

S^53APPUE-

I AM PLUS

R^SH APP1£
_=_ nan PLUS

■IRS*} ii • nagnlarad TraOama/t 01 Tandy Conj

A*»l£ a • fliyiiii ill Tratfaman « WU COMPUTER. MC

-90 a a "na m iia d Tradaman t* Zaoo, mc

.- 8m Uat of Admrt tmn on Pmgt 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 223

Listing 10 continued

•fin

••312
pain
••314

• •315
M31«

• •317
••311

• •319
••32*

• •321
••322
••323

• •324
•I32S
11326
•■327

• •328
18129

• •33)
••331

• •332

• •333
•1334
M33S
88316
••337

• 833B
••339
II34(
••341
••342
••343

• •344
88345
88146

• •347
8)348

• 8349
BB35B

• •351

• •352

• •353

• •354

• •355

• •356
••357
••358
••359
88368

• 8361
••362
••363
••364
••365

• •366
••367
••368

• •369
••378

• •371

• •372
••373
••374

• •375
••374

• •377
48178

• •379
JB38B

• •381

• •382
••383
•■384
11385

• 1386
B»387

• •388

• •389
88398
88391

• 1392
••393

• •394
•8395

• •396

• •397

• •398

• •399
86488

• 6481
••412
••4(3

• •4(4

• •4(5

• •4(6

• 14(7

• •4(8
88489
••41(

• •411

• •412

• •413
••414
••415
••416

• •417
••418
••419
■•42*

• •421

• •422
••423

• •424
••425

• •426

• ■427

• •428

• 1429
08*38

• •431

• •432

• •433

• •434

• •435

• •436

• •437

• •438
••439
88448

• •441

• •442
••443
88444
•1445
•■446
■•447
••448
■■449
••451

• 6451
■■452
68451
■(454
■(455
(■456
••457
••458
1(459
((46)
•■461

• ■462

OPSRC5 LD

OPSR5L LO

IDC
IK
UK

OPSPC6 LD

call
NO

CAM

CALL
POP
CALL
CALL

CALL

NOP

LDIHSG DEPH

DEPB
LIMIT DEPM

DEPB
LIHIT1 deph

DEPB
LINIT2 DEFB

DEFB

DE,2«
HL.DE
DE.INDCB
APPEND

HL.SDDR
A,(HL)
•DB
Z.OPSRC5

DB
A, (Dl

(DE) ,A
HL.SDDR
APPEaD

BL.SRCPIL
VDLINE
HL.IKDCB
VDLINE

Z.0PSRC6
Z.0PSRC6

ERRDSP

B.PENULN

C.»

POSCUR

TAPEHT

CETPILE

•»•

(IDCBRLI .A

SETILR

LDMAP

lNL->start of file spec
lDE->source file DCB
l trans file spec to DCB

l If source file drive specified by
luser append to current file spec
iHL->source file drive spec

i? EOR

isHp if no source file dr specified

.-source file drive specified so add

i • : ' and drive no.

ireaeaber DE->end of sre file spec in DCB

l add EOS to file spec
ipolnt to source file drlva spec
jaove sre file drive (pec to DCB
I 'Source Pile: '

laove source file naae to CPILE buffer
iCPILB used to display file naae during
xoperation of prograa
iHL->to source file spec
lDE->CPILE (current file)
I set counter to •

iwere eight char moved to CPILE

.•IP to 0PSRC6 if 8 char in source file n

iget char froa file spec

l)P If ext

fjp If drive

ijp if password
icopy file name char to CPILE
jpt to next char in file spec
ipt to next char in CPILE

lloop until entire file naae traanferred

rput 03 at end of file naae

li3 indicates end of record

iwhen current file naae is displayed

jVDLINE will not position cursor to n

lBL->source file record buffer (sfrb)

;DE->source file DCB

i record len - ■

lopen source file

DP to 0PSRC8 if not error

i save error code

.•'Error in data/text file' sag

1 restore error code

meat to last line, 1st

jTapent to continue

I loop bacx and get file

iset I. RI. (record length) - 256
:set INLLR to true last record
j load as auch of the index file
I into memory as possible

HL, LDIHSG

VDLINE

HL, (HEHEND)

DE.512

HL.DE

(LSTSEC) ,HL

BL.STNAP

(HXTMAP) ,HL

BC.I

BL.MAPBUP
DE, (HXTMAP)
BC.256

BL.DE

C.N0R0OH
LDHAPL

BXDEC

VDUHE

BL,LINIT1

VDLIin

HL, (HDCBCR)

BXDEC

VDLINE

BL.LIKIT2

VDLINE

TAPENT

HL, (KXTHAP)
(HAXHAP) .HI.
BL.HAPRD
VDLINE

I LDMAP

l loads nap sectors int

ino aore storage beyond
iNXTHAP -> first aap byt

sea for MAP

jend of aap storage

i (HAXKAP) ■ last aap byte

'Loading MAP Index'
(DB

■Meaory not aufflcle
•DB

ntlre MAP Index"

contained in

BC, 5*256

CALL

POSCUR

CALL

ERASES

BL.BMSG2

Call

VDLINE

((463

A,»DB

((464

CALL

VDCBAR IBklp line

((465

HL.HMSG4

((466

CALL

VDLINE

((467

HL.HMSG6

((466

CALL

VDLINB

((469

BL.BMSG8

M47(

CALL

VDLINE

••471

B.PENDLN

8(472

C,»

■1473

CALL

POSCUR

•(474

CALL

TAPENT

68475

Jt>

GETPIL1

■•476

BMSC2

DEFB

■•477

DEFB

•DB

BI478

BP1SG4

DEPM

'Only the source file specification is required'

DEFB

■DB

• •481

••481

DEPB

■DB

OEFB

'The output file aay be specified froa within the progra

••485

NSGI2

DEPM

DEFB

BSCPF

DEFB

(DB

MSGRP

88491

DEPB

• DB

HSGOP

••493

••494

DEPB

• DH

••495

HEADER

DEPM

■Error in MAP Index Pile Header'

• •496

DEPB

•DB

■■497

MAPOER

DEFB

■Error in Attempt to Open MAP Index Pile'

DEFB

•DH

•8499

DATAER

DEFB

1DH

• ■581

• •5(2

DEPB

•3

SRCPIL

DEFB

88584

DEPB

••5t6

DEFB

• 85(7

PNEMSG

DEFB

■Error in file name foraat'

8>588

DEFB

86589

HAPRD

DEFB

■MAP READ COMPLETE'

• •511

DEFB

• •511

• •512

END

Program Listing 11. Assembly-language listing of S3DSP/SRC.

■•■■1

•■••2
••••3
••••4
••••5

• 6866

• •••7

• •••8

• •••9

• 1118

• ••11
•••12
••■13
•■•14
•■•15

• ••16
11(17
(((18
(((19

• ••21

• 1121

• ••22

• ••23
•••24

• ••25
•••26

• ••27
•••28
■••29

• 8838
•••31
•••32
■•133
•••34
■••35
•••36

• ••37
••138
•••39

• ••46
•■•41

• ••42

• ••43

• ••44
■••45
•••46

• ••47

• ••48
•••49
B8658

• ••51

• ••52
••■53

• ••54
•••55

• ••56

• ••57

• ••58

• ••59

uaata

• ••61

• ••62
88)63
1BI64
88665

88871
B1872

• ••73
•••74
■■•7 5
•••76
•••77
■ ••78

• ••79

• 6688

• ••81

• ••82

• •••3
8(184

• ••85

• ••86

• ••87
•••88
BM89
••(»•

• ••91

• ••92
11193

• ••94
•••95
BM96

S3DSP PSECT

eloeatable prograa aectic

ipublic routines

PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PUBLIC

BTOPDN

LIST

DSP

ibypass updown control buffe
iliat file routine
idisplay record routine

calls to MODII or HODIII

EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN
EXTERN

*BLINE,F!BLIN3,KBCHAP.,KBWAIT,XFYIN,KBINIT

KBBRK

VDCLS, VDLINE, VDCHAR, VDINIT

HOME , BOTTOM , NEWLN

CURPOS, POSCUR

SCRPRO

ERASEL, ERASES

OUTCHR

PRIN IT , PRSCN , PRTBLN , PRTREC

PRLI NE , MOVELN , PRTBUP

POS EOF , POSN, READDR , WRITNX , BACRSP

iMODII/III buffers and I/O paraae

EXTERN INDCB,IDCBRL,IDCBCR,IDCBLR, INLLR, IDCBOS

EXTERN MAPDCB,MDCBRL, HDCBCR, MDCBLR , NAPLLR , MDCBOS

EXTERN OUTDCB

EXTERN ERRDSP

EXTERN SORLN.STMEND. HEHEND

EXTERN ARROW) , ARROWL.ARRCWR, ARROW, BRXr.EY,SWIDTH,PEHULN

|S3 buffe

INBUP,INBUPE,INBUPU,NINSET,SINSET
LINENR, SPHORD , EOT . HSCEOP , SEAHSG
OMODE, SDHOOE , PRHOOE , MODE , RECBUP
RXTREC

EXTERN READIN.OPNOOT.OUTRBC

ills to GR (gener

lie froa start of current
current record in RECBUP
current sector in INBUP
IX -> current sre sector

T LD

A, 'N'

(BiUPDN) ,A

CALL

DLINE

■»•»■

(MODE) ,A

pnr.il

PUSH

POP

HL,(NXTREC)

CALL

LIST1

POP

RET

:.d

BL, INBUP

LIST2

PUSH

ctu

HOME

BL.LISTJI1

CmU

VDLINE

CALL

NEWLN

POP

A.(NINSET)

(SINSET) ,A

A, 8

(NINSET) ,A

A,l

(LINENR) ,A

B.SWIDTH

isave HL (-> INBUP)

irlicl

I 'Listing '13

Listing II continued

224 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 225

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 227

Listing II continued

• 1*97
(••96
Mt)M
1(1(1
(•1(1
((1(2
((1(3
((1(4
((1(5

• (1(6
((1(7
••1(8

• •1(9
((IK
(•111
•(112
(•113
(•114

• •115
•(116
M117

•die

((119
8(12(

••121
(•122
(8123
■•124
((125
031/6

• •127
((126
((129
8(1 il
((131
((132
9(133
•(134

• (135
((136
((137
((138
(•139
Kill
((141
((142
((143
((144
(•145
((146
((147
((148
((149
M15(
••151
•(152
••153
((154
((155
((156
((157
((158
((159
((16(
((161
1(162

• •163
•(164

• •165

• (166
8(167
((168
((169
((17(
((171
((172
((173
(•174
((175
((176
((177
•(178
((179
(»18(
((181
((182
(•183
((184
((185
((186
((187
((188
((189
((19(
((191
((192
((193
((194
((195
((196
((197
(8198
((199
8(288
((2(1
((2(2
((2(3

• (284
(•2(5
8(286
8(287
(82(8
((289
88218
((211
(•212
••213
((214
((215
((216
((217
((218
((219
((22(
((221
((222
((223
((224
((225
((226
((227
((228
((229
((23(

• •231
••232
((233

• •234
••235
((236
((237
((238
((239
M24(
((241
((242
((243
((244
8(245
(8246
(8247

LIST3 CALL

LIST3C CALL

XOK
IK
POP

LIST4 U>

LIST23 LO

LIS748 LO

LIST43 INC

INC
UK

PUSH

LIST45 LD

:■..
call
I ;-■

LIST48 NOP
LD
PfSH
PUSH

P1PSH
JP

1.1ST58 NOP
POP

POP
POP

Z.LIST3C

DSPWRD

BJUTKEY

2,LIST7(

Z.LIST7(

AKROWU

Z.LISTB

A.(HL)

(DH

Z, LISTS

SPACE

A, 'S'

(SPWORD) ,A

HL.INBUFU

Z.LIST48

DSPSP(

BRKKEY

I,LIST7(

Z.LIST7B

ARROWU

Z.LISTB

A,(BL)

(DH

NZ.LIST3

ILIST3

;proceos next word

■ get next word

; working with word

■ save HL

■ (DH Byte after INBUFE

■restore HL

[get next sec

[display word
■<break> ?

■ )p LIST7( If <break>
[was 'a 1 pressed

■ end. than sea ten

jwas uparrow pressed? (backspace)

uaed

(or

listing

only

Hit

and

>ressed?

and

resune

start Hating again

DE.INBUPE

. KJ

■M

HL.DE

i .

Z.LIST21

CALL

UPDOWN

BPJtKEY

X.LISTTI

ARROWO

I .LIST*

'8 '

I.LIST15

A.SHIDTH

1.LIST9

CALL

NEWUf

B.SWIDTB

INC

LIST3

CALL

NEWLN

A, 's'

LIST? 8

l)p l! HL at end of buffer

|4Xaat)l

.•exit and gat next search kay

■ up ar«

ibacksp, ao start listing again
1 [slearch cad

■ exit and continue search
lA-acraen width

inew line?

troll acrean in new line needed
■reset count for char printed on
■HL->next char after (D
i loop until EOR
I roll screen

UPDOWN

BMKEY

Z,LIST7(

ARROWU

Z,LIST(

Z.LIST23

NEWLN
B.SWIDTH

c,(

A, •M"

(SPWORD) ,A
DE.INBUP

LIST48

en key
again

Z,LIST5(
HL, INBUFE
DE.INBLT

I has EOF been reached?

Ijp LIST5( if EOP

[transfer remainder of INBUP to SINBUP

.•include char before string to be tr
l trans to SINBUP
.•adjust for lnc of BC
i adjust for lnc of BC
jDE-> 1st char of word

A, (EOP)

Z,LIST5(

;HL->INBUFE-C

iDE-> wrd atart in HattW

lHL-> wrd start in SINBUP

• •248
•(249

((25(
((251
((252
((253
•(254
••255

• •256
•I2S7

• •25*

• •259

• •26*
••261
••2(2
••2(3
••2(4
••265
■•266
••267

• (268
((269
M27(
••271

• •272

• •273

((274
((275
•(276
8(277
8(278
•8279
B82BB
((281
((282
((283
((2(4
((285
((286
((2(7
((2(8
((289
••291
((291
((292
((293
((2(4
((2*5
((296
((297
((298
8(299
((3((
((3(1
((3(2
((3(3
J8384
((3(5
(•3(6
((3(7
((3(8
((3(9
M3K
((311
(•312
(•313
(•314
•(315
((316
((317
((318
8(319
88326
((321
((322
((323
((324
M32S

• •326
••327
1*32*
••329

• (33(
((331
((332
((333
((334
((335
((336
(•337
((338
((339
((348
((341
((342
(()43
((344
••345
•(346
((347
((34(
((349
((35(
((351
86352
((353
((354
(•355
(•356
8(357
(8358

• (359
(8368

• (361

• (362
(•363
(•364
((365

• (366
(•367
((368
(•369
(•37(
(•371
••372
1(373
((374
((375
(•376
((377
((371
((379
((3>(
((3(1
((3(2
((3(3
((3(4
((3(5
((3(6
((3(7
(•388
98385

• (39(
(•391
((392
8(393
8(394
((395
8(396
80397

NEHLN

HL.MSGEOF

VDLIHE

(BMAIT

BPJSKEY

l.LIST?(

LIST7( PUSH AT

A, (SINSET)
(■INSET), A
A,(
(EOP), A

■ reatore lnaat

I return If <break>
I 'searching'^
■return and continue

[DSP

(display record found while aearchlng

■ record la in RECBUP

■ B req uaed for count of chat resiainlnq
I on current line

■entry!

■aslti A - end (con UPDOWN routine

■reg altered! AP.BC.de.hl

■calls: NXTWRD, DSPWRD, SPACE, DSPSP

■since NEWLN dec's SORLN as soon ss

■record is displayed

■start of record on penultimate llr

Z.DSPRC
•C*

Z.DSPRC

■record?

■display entire record
■continuous display?
■display entire record

■do (N)ot bypaas UPDOWN

■do (Y)ea bypaaa UPDOWN

displayed
outlne

(NODE) ,A

[JJ

A,l

(LINEHR) ,A

(.SNIDTH

DSP4

CALL

NXTWRD

CALL

DSPWRD

BRKKEY

Z.DSP6

■1'

Z,DSP(

'•■

I.DSP12

A,(BL)

(DH

I.DSFS

CALL

SPACE

CALL

DSPSP

BRKKEY

Z.DSPt

■1"

Z.DSP8

A.(HL)

(DH

NI.DSP3

■ DSP1

■atart display

■search mode
■string ends with (DH
■1 - first line
|2 • 2..n lines

■checks for null record
■get nest word
■display word
■<braak>?
■eslt If break
■switch to list aode?
■eslt if switch in mode
.was lsst char at >•?

:. '

cha

;:•:

■ EOR?

■esit if EOR

■gat nest set of spaces fo

■displsy spaces

Kbreak>?

sent If breek

■switch to list mode?

■•sit If switch in mode

■get nest char in record

■check for null record

■ loop if not EOR

■ DSP5

LD
CALL

PUSH
CALL
POP
RET

■EOR reached

■get search displsy mode

l?contlnuous

IJP DSP5A if continuous

■do not bypsss UPDOWN

■ DSP8

■switch from sesrch to list mode

■return with A - '1' for list mode

■DSP12

A,(SDHODE)

■c

Z.DSP14

A.'m"

1BYUPDN) ,A

CALL

UPDOWN

rtjH

CALL

POP

PET

DSP14 CALL

■DSP14

■ exit! down arrow pressed

■esiti

■entry! HL -> start of

■exlti HL -> atart of

I DE-> char after

I C - word len

I B - • char rema

I A - char after

Listing II continued

228 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Listing 11 continued

••39a

ireg altered: AP.C.DE

BB399

NXTWRD

PUSH

l.ave start of word

B84B8

C,0

linltlallze chat count

••Ml

NWRDLP

A,(HL)

88482

0DH

jEOR?

88403

Z , NWRDRT

;EOR encountered

88484

20H

l ' '?

80485

Z , NWRDRT

j space encountetd

M4M

A, SWIDTH

88487

88486

H.NWRD65

idon't inc C after SWIDTH

80409

INC

ibump chat counter

00410

NWRD65

IMC

ibump HL

00411

NWRDLP

lloop until end of word

00412

NWRDRT

D,H

>DE-> chat aftet wotd

00413

I.D

E,L

00414

POP

;HL->8tatt of wotd

00415
00416
00417

RET

! DSPWRD

00418

00419

DSPWRD

NOP

jdlsplay wotd

00420

lentry: HL -> start of word

00421

1 C - word length

00422

I B ■= • spaces left on line

00423

lexiti B - • spaces left on line

00424

lexit ptsi DWRD2,DWRD7,DWRD11,DWRD12

00425

ireq altered: AF.BC, DE.HL

00426

DHRD2

a, a

00427

08420

RET

I return if null word

80429

A, 8

00430

lis there room for word?

• •431

Z,DWRD4

00432

P.DWRD4

00433

PUSH

00434

CALL

UPDOWN

00435

ARROWD

1? down arrow

00436

NZ.DWRD10

ijp if not d. arrow

88437

CALL

NEWLN

80438

POP

88439

CALL

INSET

80440

DWRD4

A,(HL)

;point to char

00441

DWRD5

AND

7PH

imaak bit 7

00442

CALL

VDCHAR

idisplay char

••443

DEC

,one less space

00444

A, 8

00445

00446

NZ.DWRD7

00447

INC

00448

A,(HL)

00449

0DH

00450

Z.DWRD12

mo inset if EOR

00451

DEC

00452

CALL

UPDOWN

00453

ARROWD

idown arrow?

00454

NZ.DWRDll

ijp DWRD11 if not down arrow

00455

CALL

NEWLN

08456

CALL

INSET

[inset and adjust B (• char remaining

on line)

00457

DWRD7

INC

jbump char pointer

00458

A, (HL)

iget next char

00459

00460

RET

88461

•DH

88462

BET

80463

DWRD5

lloop until word end

80464

DWRD19

POP

00465

DWRD11

RET

00466

DWRD12

A, 'e'

j last char of word on last char of 11

00467

RET

00468
00469

i SPACE

00470

00471

;tead spaces

00472

lentty: HL -) statt sp

88473

lexit: HL -> statt sp

00474

I DE -> next word

08475

1 C - • of spaces

00476

ireg altered: AF.CDE

08477

tcalls: none

88478

SPACE

PUSH

,-save start of spaces

00479

C,0

! initialize space count

00480

SPACE4

A,(HL)

iget next char

00481

20H

; ' '?

00482

NZ.SPACE7

ijp SPACE7 if not space

00483

A,SWIDTH

00484

00485

M.SPACE5

idon't inc • of spaces if past end of

line

00486

INC

line • of spaces

00487

SPACES

INC

ipt to next char

00488

SPACE4

lloop until non-space chat

08489

SPACE7

DE.HL

iDE->next wotd

88498

POP

iHL->statt of spaces

88491

RET

00492
00493

IDSPSP0

00494

00495

IDSPSP toutine when listing

00496

isee DSPSP below fot mote info

80497

DSPSP0

A,l

00498

(LINENR) ,A

00499

DSPSP8C PUSH

00508

DEC

00501

A,(HL)

00582

INC

00503

0DH

,-was last chat befote space EOR?

00504

Z.DSPSP3

00505

DSPSP2

00506
00507

1 DSPSP

00508
00509

idisplay spaces

00510

lentty: HL->statt of spaces

00511

( C = 1 of spaces

00512

1 B - I char reamining on line

00513

lexit: A - UPDOWN cmd

00514

DSPSP

POSH

isave start of next word

00515

A, (LINENR)

00516

0»517

Z.DSPSP3

iskip if first line

00518

DSPSP2

A, (NINSET)

00519

ADD

A,B

00520

SWIDTH

■start of line?

00521

Z,DSPSP8

ibypass if start of 2...n

08522

DSPSP3

AfB

0*523

lis there room for spaces

00524

M, SPEOLN

ijp to eoln routine

00525

Z , SPEOLN

00526

A,(HL)

00527

DSPSP7

POSH

00528

CALL

VDCHAR

00529

POP

00530

DEC

• •531

INC

• •532

A, (HL)

••533

•DB

• •534

Z,DSPSP8

• •535

' 1

• •536

NZ.DSPSP8

• •537

DSPSP7

• •538

DSPSP8

POP

lBL->next word

••539

A, 8

00540

RET

00541
00542

I SPEOLN

• •543

88514

[spaces to be printed at end of line

00545

.-therefore truncate spaces

00546

SPEOLN

CALL

UPDOWN

00547

ARROWD

1? down arrow

Listing II continued

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 229

Letint 11 continued

••(]•

I, UPDKLP

ido not ciit it already in liat aoda

nut

n.DSPSP*

; ;p i! not 4 irrow

• 1637

A,'l"

CALL

KSsTUI

•Mil

(BODE) ,A

■■at NOOE-(l) lat

CALL

mse-r

•WJ»

UPOHEO

l«ait

MMI

MMf

0SPSP9

M
rusa

DSPS PC
AP

IMII
■Mtl

;

■MM
MSM

#•555

PUSH

•M42
•M4J
•M44

lUPDWO

LO
CP

5 f A

uroNo

CALL

ounce

■output racord

••55*

1, DSPSPB

•M45

UPDNLP

iloop until arrow or braak praaaad

mil

•1556

DSPSPB

CALL
POP

NEMLN
DE

•M4i
•M47

••91*
MM

mute

POP
POP

HI.

lHL->nait word

•M4«
•M4t

IDPMTP

••5(1

XET

IH5I

iprlnt althcr a Una or currant racord

•MM

••541

■MU
M452

UPDHP

A, IMMOM

tggt search-display node

jL-llne, a»racord, C»contlnuoua

iiasrr

••544
MM*

• I* S3

•L'

lllM?

iu« line so Inset number of

•MS4

J,UPD«PL

iprlnt line

MM*

< spaces in NIMSET

M4S5

■c

i continuous?

MM)

IKSET

PUSH

■C

:save C

•MM

I, UPDKLP

1 print line

MM!

a, shi Dm

llMcntn width

•MS7

POS«

•c

Mil

A,(BiaSCT)

mo. of spaces to Inset

•MS*

PUSH

••17)

•

unset • (7

•MS*

POS«

■L

••571

J»

i.lasrri

ino inset

•MM

CALL

pa-rut

iprlnt racord

••57 J

C,A

IC nov hag lnsat value

•Mil

POP

■L

••571

IHSETL

A," ■

i inaat loop

•M42

POP

| l»S7«

CALL

VDCHAK

idap * '

••6(3

POP

••575

DEC

idee no. of char revalniiKj on Una

■•((4

UPDNPE

■Mil thla aaction

MfM

DEC

;d«c no. of char to inaat

••6(5

UPDNPL

CALL

PkTELN

iprlnt Una

lloop until arrow or braak praaaad

••577

A, I

• •6(4

UFDNPE

UPDNLP

••571
••579

CP
JP

II . IHSETL

land of Inaat loop?

iloop until inaat eoatplat*

••667
••661

i upturn

HSU

insrr*

POP

C,E

rexit fcoai routine
I raatora C

••66*

• 16 71

I write (print) antlra acraan

A, 2

•••71

UPDMW

PUSH

••Ml

(LINEAR) ,A

•M72

PUSH

■w

MM*

(IT

■M7J
•M74
•M7S

PDS«
CALL

POP

■L

PUSCK
■L

■print acraan

iupdoim

••5«7

[ MSM

•M7(

•M77

POP
POP

■c

iThia routine ia called after a Una

MM*
■MM
M5»l

lis diaplayad by the LIST or DSP routine.
(printing, la initiated Iroi thla routine
I entry i

•M7I

• •679
■MM

Jt>

UPDHLP

iloop until arrow or braak praaaad

lUPDNS

MiM

MSM

laalti A raturna key preaaed
1 one aait point i OPvNED

••••1
••••2

1 switch It os. Hat to aaarch node

■MM

rrog alteredi AP.tK.HL

••(•I

UPDM5

A, (NODE)

MM5

onxam

PUSH

iaav« DE for antlra routine

M6S4

'•'

laaarcta soda?

•15*4

A, IPBXOOE)

••685

I .UPDNLP

ido- not axit If already in search soda

••597

•c

lia print node continuoua?

■■684

A> '•'

•MM

CULL

l.PRTBLN

jlf so print lino

•16)7

(NODE) ,A

iH0DC-(s)e*rch

MiM

a, (Brupoti)

•MM

UPON CD

leiit

•MM

*■•

lia diaplay xoda manual?

•MM

MiM

IfUPDMLP

■continue it dap node manual

•MM

lUPDNU

M4(]

A.AUDHD

ureirED

jcontinoua dap gkoda

rraturn with down arrow in A ten

• •691

• •692

mp arrow press (backapaca)

MM4

MfM

•M*3
••••4

uPBw:

LD
CP

A, IHOOE)
•1'

iliat aoda?

lUPDULP

•MM
MM1

•M*5

M(M

«, UPDKLP
DCIMDCB

ido not back apaca if not liat aoda
lDC->aource fila DO

i neater loop of UPDOwa routlna

UTDBLP

CALL

EBIKIT

iclear key buf

• •6 97

CALL

■ACISP

i backapaca one sector

MM)

A,2

■•(••

CALL

BACCSP

jbackapaca one aactor

CALL

VDCHAR

; cursor off

•M»*

CALL

1ACKSP

■backspace one sector

M411

CALL

(■■AIT

iwalt until toy la pressed

••?••

POSB

Mil

ERIIEY

i cbrans >?

M7I1

BC.IlDCaCB)

iK-MuriHit record

M411

l.UPUHED

ijp to and of routine If brack

M7«2

CALL

acADia

iraed racoro

•MM

ARCOWD

■down arrow?

M7)3

POP

•M15

l.UPUIiED

ijp to and of routlna if down arrow

••714

CALL

NCwLN

■ roll acreen one Una

ARROtnj

j up arrow?

M7(5

A,l

•M17

l.UPDNJ

j Jp to back apaca routlna

M7M

(COT), A

■not BOP

•Ml*

jconvart char ontarad to lowar caaa

••717

HL.NSCBAK

l "Backspace 3 sectors- '13

•Mlt

•»•

j")' -> aw itch froai search to Hat

II7II

CALL

VDLINE

idap aeq

•MM

I.UPDVO

■jp to liat/ealt aaction

M7I*

CALL

NCMLN

■ tool scrtan one Una

•M21

"■ '

i'a' ■> awitch troa list to aaarch

H71I

A.ARIKWJ

■return with up arrow in A

MfM

IMl)

t, uroas

Fjp to aearch/ealt aaction

i'»' •> wrlta (print) entice acraan

M711
M712

lUPDNCD

l.UPWW

I3P to wrlta acraan aaction
■ V •> print line

M713

i .

MMI

'P'

M714

laiit frea orocam

l.DPDRT

lip to ptiat gee t ton

l 'o* «> output currant racord

• 17 IS

UPDUED

POP

i restore DC

'o'

M71*

RET

■Mm

I.UPDUO

lip to output tec t ion

M717

■TU POM

DOT

•

■bypass updown routine

•MM

jp.

UPDKLP

iloop until arrow or break praaaad

•Mil

!••■••

MMI

iDPMaD

•Mil

1 awitch frost aaarch to Hat »ode

M71I

aaCBAI

DEFH

"•acsapace 1

sectors' '

•Mil
■MM

MfM

••71*

DEFB

■1

OPOKD

LD
CP

a, (hooej
■l"

tliat node?

■•72*
••721

EttD

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CNotes

Inside the Model 100

by David P. Sumner

To help you write sophisticated programs on your Model
100, I'm providing a fairly extensive memory map, some rele-
vant documentation, and a list of the tokens for the Basic key-
words.

One word of caution: It's possible that some versions of the
Model 100 have a ROM slightly different from the one in my
machine. You should also be aware that some locations have
multiple uses, some of which may not be documented here.

Running a Machine-Language Program

You will find the addresses of several routines provided in
the memory map useful (see Table 1) primarily for machine-
language programs, but it's important to know how to access
them from Basic. The secret is in the Basic command Call. To
run a machine-language program that resides at location
30306 (the Model 100's sound routine), type in the Basic state-
ment CALL 30306 and you'll hear a beep. Not all Calls are so
direct. Often you'll need to pass data to the routine that you're
calling. The Model 100 provides nicely for this. A statement of
the form

CALL address.X.Y

initiates the execution of the machine code stored at the given
address, but first it assigns the value in X to the accumulator,
and the value in Y to the register pair HL. Thus, the value of X
can only be between zero and 255 (so that it can fit into the
8-bit accumulator), and the value of Y can be any 16-bit inte-
ger from zero to 65535.

For example, a Call to location 32 prints the contents of the
accumulator (considered an ASCII character) on the display.
If you simply type CALL 32, nothing happens since the accu-
mulator contains zero. However, if you type CALL 32,65
you'll see the letter A appear on the screen. You've put 65, the
ASCII code for an A, into the accumulator prior to the Call.
The effect of CALL 32.X is the same as printing CHR$(X). In
fact, since PRINT CHR$(7) produces a beep, CALL 32,7 also
results in a beep. Another example: The routine located at
10161 displays the message located at the address pointed to
by the register pair HL. If you look at the memory map, you'll
see that the 100 stores many messages throughout the ROM.
For example, try typing CALL 10161,0,3442. The computer
displays the message "extra ignored." Type CALL

The Key Box

The programs in "Blackjack" and "Program Length"
wiD run in 8K RAM.

Table 1. The memory map.

NOTE:

Material in single quotes

represents ASCII text.

A "+■

after a location indicates

a 2-byte pointer.

(RST 0) JMP 32051

'Menu'

(RST 1) Test for special

character and fall into RST2.

(RST2) Set pointer to next

character of BASIC text.

(JMP 2136)

(RST3) Compare registers HL,DE

directly

(RST 4) PRINT ASCII contents of

accumulator.

(TRAP) Handles power-down. User

interface at 62978.

(RST 5) JMP 4201 Checks variable

type.

(RST 5.5) JMP 62969

(RST 6) Returns sign of FAC1.

(JMP 13276)

(RST 6.5) JMP 28076 (62972 RAM

vector interface)

(RST 7) Executes routine

indicated by next byte.

(JMP 32767)

(RST 7.5) Updates timer, adjusts

power-down values etc. (JMP

6962, user can interface at

62975) .

BASIC function addresses.

128

BASIC Keywords with high bit set

in the first character of each

word.

610

BASIC command addresses.

750

Table of BASIC addresses.

796

2-Byte error codes.

858

Initial values for pointers 62960

-63103.

1003

'Error'

1010

'in'

1014

•ok'

1019

'Break '

1094

Syntax error. Other entry points

at 1100, 1103 .. 1115 for other

errors.

1117

Error message based on contents

of E register.

1245

PRINTS error messages

(accumulator holds a value from

28 to 58) .

1520

Builds BASIC line pointers.

1576

Enter with DE containing a line

number. Exit with BC containing

Table 1 continued

232 • 80 Micro, December 1983

C-Notes

10161,0,32676, and the TRS-80 logo will appear on the
display.

PEEK, POKE, and Pointers

There is more of interest here than just the addresses of
particular routines. Basic uses many locations to store data
such as the values of variables, the text of Basic programs, and
pointers that determine how the computer behaves. The
PEEK command accesses the values in these locations, and the
POKE command can change them.

For instance, the location 63368 contains the horizontal po-
sition of the cursor. If you let X = PEEK(63368) in a Basic
program, the effect is the same as if you had used the expres-
sion X = POS(0). Try the following short program as an illus-
tration. (Don't overlook the semicolon in line 20.)

You'll see the key menu displayed on the label line. Now clear
the label line by pressing the label key again. Finally, type
POKE 64173,0 and press the enter key. Pressing the label key
now has no effect. If you type

POKE 64173,255

things return to normal.

Many of the pointers point to addresses, line numbers, and
other 16-bit integers. The Model 100 stores such addresses
with the low byte of the integer followed by the high byte. For
instance, the computer stores the line number where a break
occurred in locations 64426-64427. To determine the line
number just type PRINT PEEK(64426) + 256*PEEK(64427).

To determine the starting location of the currently active
program, type PRINT PEEK(63100) + 256*PEEK(63101).

10FORI=lTO100
20 PRINT PEEK(63368);
30 NEXT I
40 END

If the number stored in location 64173 is zero, then you can-
not use the label line. With a POKE command you can put a
zero into this location. Try the following experiment. First en-
ter Basic from the main menu and then press the label key.

Floating Point Operations

In order to use the floating point routines, you must first
place the proper values in the floating point accumulators. For
instance, to find the square root of 2 using a call to location
12378, you must place 2 in the primary floating point accumu-
lator FAC1 prior to the call. After the call, the value of the
square root of 2 resides in FAC1, and you must move it to the
proper variable.

Table 1 continued

the location of the line, and HL

2902

the location of the next line.

3073

TAB(

The carry flag is used to

3141

LINE (general)

indicate if the line exists.

3152

LINE INPUT

1606

Tokenize BASIC text.

3188

■?Redo from start'

1830

FOR

3225

INPUT *

1899

3235

INPUT

2112

BASIC command dispatcher;

3289

READ

accumulator holds token.

3442

'Extra ignored'

2136

Set pointer to BASIC text.

3625

>, = ,<

2162

DEF (general)

3926

ERL

2177

DEFDBL

3966

VARPTR

2182

DEFINT

4072

If character in M is lowercase.

2198

DEFSNG

the upper case equivalent

2207

DEFSTR

is returned in the accumulator.

2267

FC error.

4236

2283

Used by GOTO, GOSUB, and RUN to

4247

AND

determine the 2-byte value of

4258

XOR

the line (in ASCII) to branch

4269

EQV

to. The HL register points to

4277

IMP

the ASCII string of digits, the

4296

LPOS

16-bit integer is returned in

4302

POfl

DE.

43A5

Store accumulator as low byte of

2319

RUN

16-bit integer.

2334

GOSUB

4352

INP

2358

GOTO (contains a bug!)

43M

OUT

2381

Jump here if UL error.

4398

ASCII text (string/variable)

2406

RETURN

converted to integer.

2462

DATA

4411

LLIST

2464

REM, ELSE

4416

LIST

2499

LET

4514

PRINTS from buffer until byte

2607

ON (general)

is encountered.

2612

ON ERROR

4522

Put data into buffer until a

2736

RESUME

byte is reached.

2831

ERROR

47 40

PEEK

2842

4747

POKE

2894

LPRINT

4811

Saves registers, waits for

Table 1 continued

80 Micro, December 1983 • 233

C-Notes

IWrfcMfeMi

character of input, and restores

registers.

4848

PASTE.

5029

Toggles the label line.

5138

Break routine.

5145

POWER

5169

Power off /Returns to program on

power -up.

5201

Power off

52«9

POWER CONT

5225

Sets power-down values.

5288

Preliminary tape I/O routine.

5290

Called at the end of tape I/O.

5296

Returns byte from tape in

accumulator.

5313

Sends byte in accumulator to

tape.

6281

EOF

6404

TIHE$

6436

DATE$

6485

DAY$

6520

ASCII of days stored here.

6553

Converts byte pointed to by DE to

an ASCII digit. Result placed in

TIMES (as command/assignment) .

6571

6589

DATE$ (as command/assignment) .

6641

DAY$ (as command/assignment) •

6547

MAX RAM

6776

I PL

6814

COM, MOM

6851

KEY ON/OFF/ STOP

6927

ON TIME$

7096

KEY (general)

7101

KEY LIST

7136

PRINTS B PRlNTable-characters

starting at address in HL.

7182

Defines function key.

HL points to string, accumulator

holds key number minus one.

7255

PSET

7270

PRESET

7277

Line drawing routine.

7519

Subroutine for PRINT @

7568

CSRLIN

7579

MAX (general) .

7602

MAX FILES

7609

HI MEM

7619

WIDTH

7621

SOUND (general)

7653

SOUND OFF

7654

SOUND ON

7660

MOTOR

7667

Turns motor on.

7669

Turns motor off.

7674

CALL

7714

SCREEN

7774

LCOPY

7994

FILES

8081

KILL

8247

NAME

8446

NEW

8832

CSAVE (general)

8856

CSAVEs current BASIC program.

8889

Sends the DE bytes starting at

location in HL to tape.

8908

SAVEM

8925

CSAVEM

9079

CLOAD (general)

Tafoie I conlmued

The routines that you need for these actions all appear in the
map. You can use the machine code below to find the square
root of the variable pointed to by the HL register pair.

PUSH H ; Wc will need this address later.

CALL 12740 ; Put the variable into FAC1.

CALL 12378 ; Take the square root.

POP H ; 1 told you we needed that address.

CALL 12746 ; Replace the value by its square root.

RET ; That's all.

Access the program above from Basic by using the next pro-
gram, being sure to protect it first by the command CLEAR
256,61999. This prevents Basic from destroying the machine
code starting at location 62000.

5 OOSUB 100

10 INPUT'X ";X

20 A = VARPTR(X) + 65536

30 CALL 62000,0, A

40 PRINT X

50 END

100 FOR 1=0 TO 11
110 READY
120 POKE 62000+ I,V
130NEXTI
140 RETURN
150 DATA 229,205,196,49,205,90,48,225,205,202,49,201

This program assumes that you've placed the machine-lan-
guage routine at location 62000. Line 20 determines the mem-
ory location of the variable X, and line 30 passes this address
to the register pair HL before executing the routine at 62000.

Lines 100-150 POKE the machine code described earlier in-
to memory.

Now run the program, and you'll see that the value of the
variable X is replaced by its square root.

Some of the other floating point functions seem to require
the setting of the variable type flag prior to a Call.

tartenupts and the RST Instructions

Like the 8080, the Model 100's 8085 chip contains eight
restart instructions that are effectively 1-byte Call instruc-
tions. (See Table 1.)

Unlike the 8080, the 8085 has several interrupt routines
known by the mnemonics RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5, and
TRAP. The addresses of each of these resides in the low
bytes of ROM. However, the Model 100 allows a user to in-
tercept these routines by placing a Jump instruction in a par-
ticular location in RAM. These interface vectors are
documented in the map.

The Bask Commands

The memory map contains the addresses of most of the Ba-
sk commands and functions. The important thing to realize is
that most Basic commands expect the accumulator to contain
the next byte of Basic text upon entry to the routine. Some
commands, such as Beep and End, aren't modified by addi-
tional text. A simple call to the addresses of these routines has
the desired effect. On the other hand, the actions of some
commands depend upon the text that follows them. For exam-
ple, consider the Key command. When this statement appears
in a Basic program or in immediate mode, several things may

234 • BO Micro, December 1983

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CNotes

follow it. For instance, KEY ON, KEY OFF, KEY LIST, or
KEY 5,"PRINT" are all possible. At the time the program ex-
ecutes the command, the computer has already tokenized the
keywords, and the Key routine expects to find the appropriate
token or text in the accumulator. The token for ON is 151 , and
so typing CALL 70%, 151 produces the effect of KEY ON.
Similarly, since the token for LIST is 165, CALL 70%, 165 will
result in the same action as if you had entered KEY LIST. Un-
fortunately, you'll find that not all calls to Basic command
locations respond as expected. So be cautious when ex-
perimenting with these addresses.

Using the Memory Map

The examples given earlier should help you take advantage
of much of this information. You cannot use all of the rou-
tines in the ROM directly, however. Many of them, like the
floating point operations, require setting up special conditions
prior to the call. And, although I would strongly urge you to
experiment with your computer, be sure you have saved any
important data or programs on tape first. An inappropriate
call or POKE can easily garble a program or cause the com-
puter to hang. Of course, you will not damage the computer
by such a crash, but you may be unable to restart the computer
without using the memory kill button on the bottom of the
computer.

About the Map

Notice that items enclosed in single quotes represent actual
ASCII text. For instance, the word 'Error' is stored in mem-
ory starting at location 1003. The letters H,L,D,E,B,C, and A
refer to registers in the 8085. ■

David P. Sumner can be reached at 1009 Walters Lane, Co-
lumbia, SC 29209.

Table 1 continued

9235

Gets DE bytes from tape and

stores them at the location

pointed to by HL.

9302

CLOAD?

934^

'Verify failed'

9361

LOADM, RUNM

9383

CLOADM

9538

Moves B bytes from address in HL

to address in DE in an

increasingz

manner.

9587

CLOADM?

9685

'Top End Exe'

9697

'Exe: '

9982

'Found'

9989

'Skip'

10042

STR$

10161

PRINTS message pointed to by HL.

Message ends in quote or 0-byte

10444

String addition.

10508

Moves L bytes from address in BC

to address in DE (increasing).

10563

LEN

10575

ASC

10597

CHR$

10605

STRING$

10638

SPACE $

Table 1 continued

236 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 237

CNotes

Table 1 continued

10667

LEFT$

FAC1.

10716

RIGHTS

12746

Moves FAC1 to address in HL.

10726

KIDS

12852

Saves FAC1 on the stack.

10759

VAL

12892

Floating point constants.

10807

INSTR

12942

.25

11084

FRE

12974

pi/2

11113

FAC1 < — FAC1-FAC2.

12990

Square root of 3.

11128

FAC1 < — FAC1+FAC2.

13015

11519

FAC1 <— FAC1*FAC2.

13203

2*pi.

11719

FAC1 <— FAC1/FAC2.

13298

ABS

12006

Moves C bytes starting from

13309

Negate FAC1.

address in HL to address in DE

13319

SGN

in a decreasing manner.

13417

Moves B bytes of memory from

12015

cos

address in DE to address in HL

12041

SIN

in an increasing manner.

12120

TAN

13426

Moves B bytes of memory from

12145

ATN

address in DE to adress in HL

12239

LOG

in a decreasing manner.

12378

SQR

13569

CINT

12452

EXP

13610

CSNG

12606

RND

13754

CDBL

12686

MOVE FAC1 to 64633-64640.

13893

FIX

12692

Adds memory to FAC1.

13908

INT

12698

Subtracts memory from FAC1.

14804

PRINTS the 16-bit integer stored

12704

FAC1 <— FAC1*FAC1 (squares FAC1)

in the register pair HL.

12707

Multiplies memory and FAC1.

16288

TIMES ON

12725

Moves FAC1 to FAC2.

16306

TIME$ OFF

12728

Moves number at address HL to

16313

TIME$ STOP

FAC2.

16393

Clears COM and TIMES locations.

12737

Moves FAC2 to FAC1.

Clears KEY definitions

12740

Moves number at address HL to

and sets 63060 to TM . , .

Table I continued

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238 • 80 Micro, December 1983

CNotes

Table 1 continued

15758

printer.

16511

RESTORE

19360

Sends carriage return to printer

16538

STOP

19434

INKEY$

16543

END

19659

OPEN

16602

CONT

19R24

LOAD

1662^

Determines if HL points to an

19«25

MERGE

alphabetic character.

19919

SAVE

16626

Determines if the accumulator

20008

contains an alphabetic

20110

INPUT$

character.

20591

LFILES

16633

CLEAR

20725

'CRT CAS COM WAND LPT MDM RAM'

16756

20806

TELCOM program.

16930

PRINTS CHR$(lT)+CHR$(lfl)

20558

Enter here or one of 20561,

16937

BEEP

20563.

..20579 in case of file errors.

16941

PRINTS CHR$(11)

20593

DSKO$

16945

CLS

20595

DSKI$

17001

Turns on reverse video.

20860

'Telcom*

17006

Turns off reverse video.

20869

•STAT'

17008

PRINTS CHR$(27)+CHR$ of

20874

'TERM CALL RFIND MENU'

accumulator .

20900

'Find Call Stat Term Menu'

17034

Clears the label line.

20906

1 x pps *

17064

PRINTS label line.

21060

'Calling'

17994

Puts input data into input

21890

'Full Half Echo'

buffer.

21909

•Wait'

18315

DIM

22353

'File to upload File to download

18320

Get variable name and type.

22385

'aborted'

18833

USING

22396

'No file 1

19268

PRINTS ASCII character in

22406

'Disconnect'

accumulator.

22417

PRINTs message. Sends a cr if not

19322

Sends byte in accumulator to the

at start of a line.

Table I continued

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SORT

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'Sort a
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is and values move with each row

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to lour additional keys to Dreak

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Both are tollable lot IRS 80" Models
I/II/12/16. I . Apple - II + . HE. HI and lor trie
IBM PC " d'Xl tornpdliOieb

REPORT

• Print with vanaDle width columns

• Segment large spreadsheets into
multipage reports

» Repeat columns and rows and multipage
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•Align decimal points

• Center or justify labels and values

» Add titles and page numbers to your
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Include 2 00 lor US shipping ana handling
VisiCakr* is a trademark ol VisiCorp TRS-80" is a trademark of Tandy Corp IBM F : ".' is a trademark of IBM Corp Apple- is a trademark of Apple Computers. Inc ^ 276

■s~u,totA*mrtismsonfge29i 80 Micro, December 1983 • 238

CNotes

Table I continued

22423

27611

Moves BC bytes from address in HL

22574

PRINTS number of free bytes.

to address in DE increasing.

22580

PRINTS 'Select:' and responds

27636

•BASIC TEXT TELCOM ADDRSS SCHEDL

appropriately to input.

Suzuki Hayashi'

23128

PRINTS starting at address in HL

27721

BASIC (as called from MENU)

until a zero byte is reached.

27795

Temporarily saves the function

23164

Sets up function keys*

keys.

23273

Months stored in ASCII.

27804

Restores the function keys.

23312

'Microsoft'

29156

Adds a character to the keyboard

23332

'Select:'

buffer.

23366

Original key definitions stored

29250

Returns ASCII of keypress in the

here. FILES LOAD" SAVE " RUN

accumulator;

LIST MENU

does not wait-returns

23400

ADDRSS (program)

if no keypress.

23407

SCHEDL (program)

29381

SOUND routine. DE contains pitch,

23450

PRINTS 'Not found press space bar

and B contains duration.

for menu"

29772

Turns on the pixel (x,y) where D

23758

AD^RS.DO

contains x and E contains y.

23767

'Not found'

29773

Turns off the pixel (x,y) where D

23852

•Call'

contains x and E contains y.

23920

PRINTs date and time at top of

30326

Toggles the speaker.

screen and updates it until a

30306

Equivalent to BEEP.

key is pressed.

30481

Character set 5-bytes each.

24046

TEXT (program)

31729

Keyboard matrix

24051

Requests a file to edit.

32A51

Initialization

24085

'File to edit'

32231

Initialize pointers (cold start)

24106

'FIND LOAD SAVE COPY CUT SEL

32422

PRINTs TRS-80 logo.

MENU'

32428

PRINTs number of free bytes.

24145

EDIT (program)

32523

MAX FILES=

24367

Waits for a space keypress and

32664

* bytes free'

then returns.

32676

TRS-80 logo stored in ASCII.

24376

'Text ill-formed'

40960-

62959 User RAM in 24K machine.

24395

'Press space bar for TEXT*

62964+

HIMEM value.

24753

'Memory full

62966

Code called at 32145 and 32197.

26051

Moves memory starting at address

62969

RAM vector for RST 5.5.

in HL to address in DE until a

62972

RAM vector for RST 6.5,

byte is reached.

62975

RAM vector for RST 7.5.

26062

'No Match'

62978

JMP 516 9

26071

'String'

62981

Code called at 32108 and 32292.

26380

'Width'

62991

Code called at 896.

26421

'Save to: '

63012

Code

26579

'Load from: '

63024

8-bytes KEY ON/OFF flags; 0N=1

Table 1 continued

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DEALERS INQUIRE ¥m

240 • 80 Micro. December 1983

CNotes

Tabk 1 continued

OFP=0

63033 Vertical Print position to 7.

63034 Next horizontal print position 0-

39.

63035 Number of active lines 0-8.

63036 Number of active columns 0-40.

63037 Label line flag; 0«unused,

255=used.

63038 Inhibits return to first line if

not zero.

63040 Cursor line.

63041 Horizontal print position.
63048 Reverse video if not zero.

63054 x-pixel set.

63055 y-pixel set.

63063 Power-down value (constant) .
63070 Code (to 63078)
63079 OUT/INP self-modifying code.
63090 Error code

63092 Value of LPO«

63093 Output flag; 0=display,

1 "printer.
63096+ Top of available RAM.
63098+ Current BASIC line number; 65535

stored here if no program is

running.
63100+ Start ot current BASIC program

text.

63104 End of statement marker (: OR 0)

63105 Multi-purpose buffer area.

Tokenized text starts at 63105.
Input buffer starts at 63109 and
extends to 63362.

63368 Value of P0«

63369 Function key definitions

currently active, (extends to

63497)
63498 Function key defintions used by

BASIC, (extends to 63626)
63628+ Pointer to start of PASTE text.
63639 Start of work area.
63785 Day of the month low digit here,

high digit in 63786.

63787 Current day of the week

(e.g. 3>wed.)

63788 Current month - decimal 1 to 12.

63789 Current year stored with low

decimal value here and the high
decimal value in 63790

63791 Timer; decreases from 125 to 0.

63792 Timer decreases from 12 to 0.

63793 Power-down countdown value

(varies) .

63795 Tne computer stores the current

time starting here with the low
digit of the number of seconds.
A numerical value - not ASCII.

63796 The hiqh digit of number of

seconds.

63797 Low digit of number of minutes.

63798 Time and date continues here with

one decimal value per location.
63805 6-byte value of TIME$ for ON

TIMES statement (in reverse

order) .
63812 COM ON/ OFF flag.
63813+ Address of COM ON routine.
63815 TIME$ ON/ OFF flag.
63816+ Address of TIME$ ON routine.
63818 ON/OFF flag and routine address

Table I continue

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 241

CNotes

Table I continued

of function keys; 3 bytes per
key. (extends to 63841)
63842 Files in the format: address, 6-
character name, 2-byte extension

63898+ Address of BASIC program that has

not been saved to RAM. (Suzuki)
63909+ Address of Hayashi f points to the

end of documents.
64173 Label line enable flag; enabled

if not zero.
64175 Name of IPL program.
64190+ Used for temporary storage of

stack pointer.
64208+ Length of CLOADed/CSAVEd program
64357 BASIC variable type.
64404+ Line number of active DATA

statement.
64409+ Location of BASIC variable for

assignment statement.
64411+ Start of current BASIC statement
64413+ 2 less than value in 63096-63097
64415+ Line where error occured.
64417+ Most recently entered/listed line

64419+ Location of statement where error

occured.
64421+ Location of ON ERROR GOTO line.
64423 Error status flag.
64424+ End of BASIC expression.
64426+ Line where Break occured.
64428+ Location after error (contains

or 58) .
64430+ Start of documents.
64434+ Start of variables.

The region from 64536 to 64640 is
used for floating point computations.

64536 FAC1 (floating point accumulator)

8-bytes.
64617 FAC2 (floating point accumulator)

8-bytes.
64642 Maxfiles.
64659 Name of current BASIC program; 6-

bytes.
64668 Name of program loaded from tape;

6-bytes.
64904 Start of date and time stored in

ASCII. Used for Menu display.

Not used for TIME$.
65024 Start of screen memory.

65348 Sound flag; on=0, off=175.

65349 Cassette on/off flag.

65424 Holds the value 2 as long as a
noncontrol key is held down.

65429 Devoted to the number keys. Also
uses location 65430

65431 Bits are set here according to

which ot the following keys are
pressed: SPACE, DEL, TAB, ESC,
PASTE, LABEL, PRINT, ENTER.

65432 Pressing a function key sets the

corresponding bit in this

location.
65441 Behaves like 65432.
65*42 The following keys set bits in

this location: SHIFT,CTRL,GRPH,

CODE, NUM, CAPS LOCK.

65446 Code (not ASCII) for most
recently pressed key.

65450 Number of characters in keyboard

buffer.

65451 Keyboard buffer (32 byte maximum)

Odd bytes contain ASCII values.
A 255 in an even byte indicates
a function key.
65515 Used to store 5-byta character
code.

Token

Keyword

Token

Keyword

Token

Keyword

128

END

171

DATES

213

AND

129

FOR

172

DAYS

214

130

173

COM

215

XOR

131

DATA

174

MDM

216

EQV

132

INPUT

175

KEY

217

IMP

133

DIM

176

CLS

218

MOD

134

READ

177

BEEP

219

135

LET

178

SOUND

220

136

GOTO

179

LCOPY

221

137

RUN

180

PSET

222

138

181

PRESET

223

SGN

139

RESTORE

182

MOTOR

224

INT

140

GOSUB

183

MAX

225

ABS

141

RETURN

184

POWER

226

FRE

142

REM

185

CALL

227

INP

143

STOP

186

228

LPOS

144

WIDTH

187

IPL

229

POS

145

ELSE*

188

NAME

230

SQR

146

LINE

189

KILL

231

RND

147

EDIT

190

SCREEN

232

LOG

148

ERROR

191

NEW

233

EXP

149

RESUME

192

TAB(

234

COS

ISO

OUT

193

235

SIN

151

194

USING

236

TAN

152

DSKOS

195

VARPTR

237

ATN

153

OPEN

ERL

238

PEEK

154

197

ERR

239

EOF

155

LOAD

198

STRINGS

240

LOC

156

MERGE

199

INSTR

241

LOF

157

FILES

200

DSKIS

242

CINT

158

SAVE

201

INKEYS

243

CSNG

159

LFILES

202

CSRLIN

244

CDBL

160

LPRINT

203

OFF

245

FIX

161

DEF

204

HIMEM

246

LEN

162

POKE

205

THEN

247

STRS

163

206

NOT

248

VAI.

164

CONT

207

STEP

249

ASC

165

LIST

208

250

CHRS

166

LLIST

209

251

SPACES

167

CLEAR

210

•

252

LEFTS

168

CLOAD

211

253

RIGHTS

169

CSAVE

212

254

MIDS

170

TIMES

• Basic reads ELSE

as.LSE, withLSE =

145.

Table 2. Basic keywords and tokens.

242 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 243

CNotes

Make Your Own Modem Cable

by Cari Oppedahl

While the Radio Shack modem cable for the Model 100
comes with one free hour each of CompuServe and Dow
Jones services, this may be of little use to you if you already
subscribe, or if you need more than one modem cable. For
these reasons I built my own.

The circuit diagram for the Radio Shack cable appears in
Table 3. One end is an exotic 8-pin DIN plug (see Photo 1)
whose spacings are slightly different from those of the 8-pin
cassette DIN plug. Look closely at the top panel of the Model
100: The difference lies in the placement of pins 6, 7, and 8. In
the phone jack pins 7 and 8 sit directly below 1 and 3, while in
the cassette jack pins 6, 7, and 8 are somewhat closer together.

Extending from the 8-pin plug are two conventional-look-
ing modular telephone line cords. You would connect the
beige cord to the local phone company dial tone, as with a wall
jack, and the silver cord to a conventional telephone if you
were using the computer as an automatic dialer for voice calls.

Unplug the modem cable from the Model 100, and the tele-
phone connected to the silver cord will go dead. So Radio
Shack provides a shorting connector to mate with the 8-pin
plug in place of the Model 100. It connects pins 1 and 7,
temporarily making the modem cable into a rather expensive
telephone extension cord.

But with a bit of drilling and soldering, you can make your
own cable at a cost of only a few dollars. Even if you buy all
the parts new from Radio Shack and want to duplicate all the
functions, including autodialing for voice telephone calls,
you'll spend only $10.88. (See Table 4.)

Since you need only pins 1,3, and 7 (and you can omit pin 1
if you don't need the silver cord) you can pry loose one of pins

DIN pin

Modular plug

grey cable, green wire

grey cable, red wire,

and beige cable, red

wire

beige cable, green wire

Table 3. Connections in Radio Shack Model 100 modem cable.

Part Description Current Price

Two 5-pin DIN plugs, part number 274-003 $1.49

Telephone line cord, part number 279-374 $4.95

Inline coupler, part number 279-358 $2.95

Table 4. Parts list for homemade modem cable.

2, 4, or 5 to be used in position 7. However, it's difficult to re-
move pins from the black plastic. I ended up buying an extra
5-pin DIN plug, and simply cracked apart the plastic to get a
spare pin to mount into a newly-drilled hole in the other.

After you extract an extra pin from a DIN plug, drill a hole
in the 5-pin plug so that you can insert the new pin and glue it
in place. This requires a 5/64-inch drill bit and a steady hand.
Before drilling, slip off the plastic sleeve of the DIN plug by
lifting the tab above pin 2. Then separate the two halves of the
metal barrel inside. This exposes the black plastic carrier con-
taining the five pins, which requires a hole for the new pin 7.
The important thing is to drill the hole directly below pin 1 , so
that the new pin 7 fits into the matching hole in the Model 100
phone jack.

Then, mix up some epoxy glue. (I used a brand that sets in
10 minutes with satisfactory results.) Grasp the extra pin with
a tweezer or needlenose pliers, apply glue to it with a
toothpick, and insert it carefully into the hole. (See Photo 2.)
Hold it parallel to the other pins until the glue has hardened
somewhat. Then let it set for the period recommended in the
glue instructions.

Next take the modular phone cord and cut it in half. Taking
one half, carefully remove about an inch of the outer jacket.
Inside you'll find green, red, and probably black and yellow
wires. Clip the yellow and black wires (if any) short and strip
the red and green wires, which carry what the telephone com-

Photo I. Radio Shack 8-pin DIN plug.

Photo 2. 5-pin DIN plug with new pin 7.

244 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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B0 Micro, December 1983 • 246

ONotes

Photo 3. The red wire goes to pin 3, while the green wire goes to pin 7.

Program Length

by Ronald F. Balonis

Length. BA, an 8K RAM utility program, provides a
method to compute program length in order to manage
memory space on the Model 100. (See Program Listing 1.)

All memory references are in decimal notation. The user
menu directory is located in RAM memory from 63930 to
64139, with each entry using 11 bytes. The first byte of each
entry denotes the type of file: is for a killed/empty file, 128 is
for Basic program (.BA) files, and 192 for text (.DO) files. The
next 2 bytes are the start address of the file in RAM memory,
and the remaining 8 bytes are the file name and extension. Dis-
assembly of the file area indicated that 26 is the end of file
(EOF) indicator of a text file, and the standard string of three
zeros is EOF for a .BA file.

The program conducts a sequential search of the directory
for a file match, and then a sequential search of the file for the
EOF byte, using PEEKs to read the memory. The menu direc-
tory search, while slow, proved acceptable, but the EOF
search of the file had a tiresome wait with long files. This was
an application in need of some machine language, and so I
made my first attempt at a machine-language subroutine on
the Model 100.

Borrowing on early Model I techniques, I fashioned a sim-
ple machine-language sequential search routine for the EOF
search. The program loads it into the Model 100 with data
statements, and the Basic PEEK and POKE statements pass
the variables to and from the routine. A word or two of warn-
ing about my experience with machine language on the Model
100 is in order: Errors, at least of the types 1 made, cause the
computer to do a cold restart, erasing all of the user programs.

Photo 4. Completed modem cable.

pany calls "ring" and "tip" signals, respectively.

Thread the DIN plastic sleeve onto the phone cord so that
later you can slip it onto the DIN plug. Then solder the cord to
the plug, connecting the red wire to pin 3 and the green wire to
pin 7. Reassemble the metal barrel. (See Photo 3.) Slide the
sleeve back on, and the cable should be ready to test. (See Pho-
to 4.)

Testing the cable is easy. If you have access to an ohmmeter,
use it to check that none of the DIN pins is shorted to any oth-
er, and that none of the modular plug pins is shorted to an>
other. Then check for continuity along the modem cable — the
red wire at the modular plug should connect with pin 3 at the
DIN plug, while the green wire should go to pin 7. Then pluj
the modem cable into the computer and the telephone line.

Call your local Radio Shack store to get the telephone num-
ber for Tymnet or Telenet. With the computer in TELCOM
dial that number on an extension phone, and when you heaj
the high-pitched carrier tone, push F4. Words and letter;
should appear on the screen. Then push F8, the Bye key, anc
type Y. The tone should stop. ■

Program Operation

Line 15 clears string space and reserves 50 bytes (from MAX-
RAM to HIMEM 63960 to 63910) for the machine-language sub-
routine. Lines 30-50 POKE the machine-language program
(see Program Listing 2) into this memory space.

Lines 100-180 prompt for a file name, test that it has a valid
formation, then construct a menu directory match string of it.
The program stores the file names in the menu directory
without the period before the extension, with the name left-
justified and the extension right-justified, and with spaces fill-
ing the middle if necessary. Lines 200-260 do the sequential
search of the menu directory using the PEEK function to
create a match string. Line 205 tests for a killed/empty file,
and line 225 tests for a match of file names. If a match is
found, then lines 230-235 get its address. Line 310 passes this
address to the machine-language program for the EOF search
called in line 320 or 330. Lines 400-430 compute and display
the results.

The utility program is simple to use. Just enter a valid file
name and in two to three seconds the program displays its
length for logging. Press the space bar for another program or
to exit. ■

Carl Oppedahl can be reached at 99 Park Ave., New York
NY 10016.

246 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Write to Ronald F. Balonis at 118 Rice St., Trucksville, PA
18708.

CNotes

5 ' LENGTH. BA FIND LENGTH OF A PROGRAM

10 'BY R.F.BALONIS JULY 16, 1983

15 CLEAR 100,MAXRAM-50: 'JULY 17, 1983

20 TITLE$="LENGTH OF A PROGRAM"

25 '-MACHINE LANGAUGE PROG. END SEARCH-

30 FOR 1=62911 TO 62958

40 READ Z:POKEI,Z:B$=B$+" "

50 NEXT I

60 DATA 0,0,229,42,191,245,43,

35,126,254,26,194,198

70 DATA 245,195,234,245,229,42,

191,245,43,35,126,254

80 DATA 0,194,213,245,35,126,254,

0,194,213,245,35

90 DATA 126,254,0,194,213,245,

34,191,245,225,201

95 '

100 B$="":FNM$="":ADRS=0

110 CLS:PRINT@10,TITLE$

120 PRINT@82, "ENTER NAME AS IT APPEARS

ON THE MENU"

130 PRINT@165,"<ENTER> TO EXIT ";

135 INPUT FNM$:IF FNM$="" THEN MENU

140 I=INSTR(FNM$,".") :TYPE$=" " : TYPE=0

145 IF 1=0 THEN 100

150 TYPE$=MID$(FNM$, 1+1,2)

155 IF TYPE$="DO" THEN TYPE=1

160 IF TYPE$="BA" THEN TYPE=2

165 IF TYPE=1 OR TYPE=2 THEN 170

ELSE 100

170 FILN$=LEFT$(FNM$,I-1)

175 IF LEN(FILN$)<6 THEN FILN$-FILN$+"

":GOTO 175

180 FILN$=FILN$+TYPE$

185 PRINT0285,"**** SEARCHING DIRECTORY

190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245

250

***

260
280
290

300

***

' — SEQUENTIAL DIRECTORY SEARCH —
FOR 1=63930 TO 64139 STEP 11
B$="":IF PEEK(I)=0 THEN 240
FOR 11=3 TO 10

B$=B$+CHR$(PEEK(I+II) )
NEXT II

IF INSTR(B$,FILN$) <1 THEN 240
IL=PEEK(I+1) :IH=PEEK(I+2)
ADRS=IH*256+IL: 1=6 4139
NEXT I

IF ADRS=0 THEN 250 ELSE 290
PRINT@285," **** NOT IN DIRECTORY *

n .

FOR 1=1 TO 1000:NEXT I: GOTO 100
i

i FIND THE LENGTH

PRINT@285," **** COMPUTING LENGTH *

310 POKE62911,IL:POKE62912,IH

320 IF TYPE=1 THEN CALL 62913

330 IF TYPE=2 THEN CALL 62928

340 •

400 CLS:PRINTei0, TITLES

405 IADR=PEEK (62912) *256+PEEK (62911)

410 PRINT§163,"< "FNM$" > IS "IADR-ADRS"

BYTES LONG"

420 PRINT@287,"**** PRESS <SPACEBAR> ***

*■ .

430 IF INKEY$=" " THEN 100 ELSE 430
Program Listing 1. Length. BA— utility.

Memory Address Source Statement Object Code

I Addr
H Addr

DO Entry

62911
62912

62913
62914
62917

-62918
62919
62920

Push HL

LDHL. 62911
Dec HL

l CU-
LPA,
Cp

(HL)
26

62922
62925

JNZ
JP

62918-*
62954-*

BA Entry

62928
62929
62932

Push HL

LDHL, 62911
Dec HL

(►62933

Inc

62934

LD A,

(HL)

62935

62937

JNZ

62933-*

62940

Inc

62941

LD A.

(HL)

62942

62944

JNZ

62933-**

62947

Inc

62948

LD A,

(HL)

62949

62951

JNZ

62933

-►62954
62957
62958

LD 62911. HL
Pop HL

Return

229

42,191.245
43

J 5

126
254.26

194.198.245
195.234.245

229
42.191.245

126

254.0

194.213.245

35
126

254.0

194.213.245

126
254.0

194.213.245

34.191.245

225
201

Program Listing 2. Length. BA — machine language.

by Paul Serotta

Blackjack

Blackjack isn't a mere conversion: This program uses the
Model loo's unique features — graphics, sound, and interrupt-
controlled function keys — to simulate the popular casino card
game also known as 21. Like the Vegas version, the game pro-
gram pits a single player against the house's dealer (the Model
100). The object of the game is to accumulate a hand worth 21
points, or as close to 21 as possible, without going over. The
house wins if you draw over 21 , or if the dealer's hand is closer
to 21 than yours is.

The 8K program starts by asking you to type in your name
and press the enter key. From now on, it addresses you per-
sonally. The program gives you a stake of $1,000 and asks you
to enter your bet. Should you decide to wager the entire
amount on the first hand, the buzzer sounds and the program
applauds your bravado with an encouraging "Go for it!"

80 Micro, December 1983 • 247

CNotes

Conversely, a low bet (under $100) merits the program's dis-
dainful "You are cheap!"

After you've entered your bet (in full-dollar amounts only),
four boxes appear on the screen. The two upper boxes repre-
sent your first two cards; a typical deal might be a king of
clubs and a six of hearts. In the lower right-hand box the pro-
gram displays the dealer's first card, for example, a six of
spades. You then have the following options, selected with the
lOO^s function keys: hit, double, stay, and quit. Press the Fl
key if you want another card, the F2 key if you want to be
dealt another card and double your original bet, the F3 key to
play a two-card hand against the dealer, or the F4 key to stop
the game altogether.

When you stay, you're electing to play your current hand
against whatever the house turns up for itself. The program
then keeps dealing itself more cards until it has reached 21 — an
automatic win, beaten your hand, or gone over. If you lose,
the program tells you "You are busted." If you win, it admits
"I'm busted — you win!" Should the dealer's hand match
your own, the program declares the deal a draw or "push"
and no one wins or loses.

The program keeps a running tally of your stakes; after
each deal it reminds you of how much money you have avail-
able and asks you to enter another bet.

It's impossible to cheat at this Blackjack, by the way. Try
wagering more money than you have in your purse or dou-
bling at the wrong time, and the program calls you on it.

When you decide to bail out, press the F4 key and the pro-
gram totals your winnings — or your losses.

There's one bom every minute. ■

Contact Paul Serotta at 131 Penrose Drive, Pittsburgh, PA
15208.

Program Listing 3. Blackjack.

1 REM *********************************

20 REM BLACKJACK

30 REM

40 REM PAUL SEROTTA

45 REM 131 PENROSE DR.

50 REM PITTSBURGH, PA 15208

55 REM

60 REM *********************************

80 REM

99 REM DIMENSION CARD ARRAY, SET
PLAYER'S AMOUNT OF MONEY

100 DIMC(52) :PM=1000

105 REM CLEAR FUNCTION KEYS (F1-F4)

110 FORLL=63369TO63432:POKELL,0:NEXTLL

112 REM TITLE PAGE

115 CLS:LINE(70,24)-(115,52) f l,B:LINE(

120,24) -(165,52) ,1,B:PRINT§173,"ACE

";: PRINT @1 81, "JACK ";

125 GOSUB9000:CLS: PRINT@121 , "PLEASE

TYPE YOUR NAME AND PRESS 'ENTER'"

140 PRINT:LINE INPUTN$:GOSUB9000

145 KEY OFF: IFPM<=0THENGOTO3000

147 REM INITIALIZE LOGIC VARIABLES & ASK

FOR BET

150 PP=1:CS=2:PA=0:CA=0: PT=0 :CT=0:CR«2:

PC«81:CP=201: GOSUB9020 : PRINT: PRINTN$; " ,

YOU HAVE $";PM

160 PRINT8200,""; : INPUT"PLEASE ENTER

YOUR BET";BET:BET=INT(BET)

170 IF BET >PM THEN GOSUB90 50:GOTO160

180 IFSGN(BET)=-10RSGN(BET)

=0THENGOSUB9050:GOTO160

190 IFBET=PMTHENPRINT§293,CHR$(27) ;"p";"

GO FOR IT 1! ";CHR$(27)

; "q" ; : SOUND4000 , 15 : SOUND3000 , 10 : SOUND200

, 8 :FORDL=1TO500 : NEXTDL

195 IFBET<100ANDPM>500THENPRINTe291 ,CHR§

(27);"p";" YOU ARE CHEAP M ";CHR$(27)

;"q"; :SOUND4000,30:SOUND12000,30:FORDL=1

TO500: NEXTDL

200

GOSUB9020:GOSUB9100:GOSUB9110:PP=1:GOSUB

9500 :ONKEYGOSUB1000, 4000, 2000, 3000

202 PRINTei00,CHR$(155);"

YOU";:PRINT@220,CHR$(155) ;"

DEALER" ; : FORDL=lTO300 : NEXTDL : PRINT01 00 , S

PACE$(6);:PRINT@220,SPACE$(9) ;

210 PRINT@PC,C$;CHR$(156+SU)7:PC=PC+

8:PT-PT+CV: GOSUB9500:PT=PT+

CV:PRINTePC,C$;CHR$(156+SU) ; :PC=PC+8

215 IFPA=2THENPA=1:PT=PT-10

220 PP«0 :GOSUB9500 : HC$=C$+CHR$ ( 156+SU)

:CT=CT+CV:CP=CP+8:GOSUB9500:CT=CT+

CV:PRINTeCP,C$;CHR$( 156+SU) ; :CP=CP-8

225 IFCA=2THENCA=1:CT=CT-10

230 IFPT=21ANDCT<>

21THENPRINT@CP,HC$;:PRINT@280, "BLACKJACK

!$l$!$l$l$l$I ";:PM=PM+BET+INT

(BET/ 2)

: F0RDL=1T05 : SOUND4000 , 10 : SOUND8000 , 10 : NE

XTDL:GOT0145

240 IFCT=21ANDPT<>

21THENPRINT8CP,HC$; : PRINT@280 , "I HAVE

BLACKJACK $$1 I - YOU LOSE ";:PM=PM-

BET:SOUND14000,15:SOUND16000,20:FORDL=1T

01000: NEXTDL : GOTOl 4 5

250

IFCT=21ANDPT=21THENPRINT§CP,HC$; :GOT0221

260 KEY ON

270 PRINT@280,"HIT DBL STAY

QUIT" ; : FORWW=lTO200 : NEXTWW: PRINT@280 , SPA

CE$(39) ;:FORWW=1TO200: NEXTWW

280 IFNH=1THENNH=0:GOTO145:ELSEGOTO270

999 REM PLAYER HITS

1000 CR=CR+1

1010 IFCR=3THENLINE(94,9)-(142,30)

,1,B:GOTO1050

1020 IFCR=4THENLINE( 141, 9) -(189,30)

,1,B:GOTO1050

1030 IFCR=5THENLINE(188,9)-(236,30) ,1,B

1050 PP=1: GOSUB9500:PRINT@PC,C$;CHR$(

156+SU) :PC=PC+8:PT=PT+CV

1060 IFPT>21ANDPA<=0THENPRINT@280,N$;",

YOU ARE BUSTED

" ; : FORDL=1TO10 : SOUND12000 ,DL : NEXTDL : PM-P

M-BET: FORDL=1TO50 : NEXTDL : NH=1 : RETURN

1070 IFPT>21ANDPA>0THENPA=PA-1:PT=PT-10

1100 IFCR05THEN RETURN

1200 PRINT@280,"5 CARD CHARLIE - YOU WIN

11"; :F0RDL=1T08 : SOUND5000 ,DL : SOUND15000,

DL : NEXTDL : PM=PM+BET+INT ( BET/2)

Listing 3 continued

248 • 80 Micro, December 1983

CNotes

Listing 3 continued

:NH=1: RETURN

1999 REM COMPUTER'S LOGIC

2000 KEY OFF

2005 PRINT@280, SPACE $( 38) ;

2010 PP=0:PRINTeCP,HC$:CP=CP+16

2020 WC=94: IFCT>16THEN2200

2050 CS=CS+1:

IFCS-6THENGOTO2206 : ELSELINE (WC, 32) - (WC+

48,53) ,1,B:GOSUB9500

2060 WC=WC+47:CT=CT+CV:PRINT@CP,C$;CHR$(

156+SU) ;:CP=CP+8

2070 IFCT>21 AND CA>0 THENCA=CA-1 :CT«CT-

2075 IFCS=6ANDCT<22THENGOTO2206

2080 IFCT<=16THEN2050

2199 REM WHAT HAPPENED?

2200 IFCT>21THENPRINT@280, ,, I , M BUSTED —
- YOU WIN

l!";:SOUND14000,20:SOUND10000,20:SOUND50
00,20:SOUND3500,20:PM=PM+BET:GOTO2500
2206 IFCS>»5THENPRINTe280,"I'VE GOT A 5
CARD CHARLIE — YOU LOSE" ; :PM=PM-
BET:SOUND7500,20:SOUND5000,15:SOUND10000
,20:GOTO2500

2210

IFCT=PTTHENPRINT@280 , "PUSH

";:FORDL=7000TO10000STEP1000:SOUNDDL,8:N

EXTDL:GOTO2500

2220 IFCT>PTTHENPRINT@280,"I WIN

$$$$$$$$$"; :SOUND16000, 25: PM»PM-

BET:GOTO2500

2230 IFCT<PTTHENPRINTe280 f "YOU WON

III!!';: SOUND3000 , 20 : SOUND8000 , 20 :SOUND3

000,20:PM=PM+BET

2500 FORDL=1TO1250:NEXTDL: IFCO>

25THENGOSUB9100

2505 NH-1: RETURN

2999 REM QUIT

3000 CLS:PRINT@80,"BYE "jN$:IFPM>
=1000THENPRINT@200,"YOU WON $";PM-
1000: END: ELSE

3010 PRINT@200 f "YOU LOST $";ABS(PM-1000)
I END

3999 REM PLAYER DOUBLES

4000 IFCR>2THENPRINTG280,"YOU CAN'T

DOUBLE NOW DUMMY

11";:SOUND7500,20:SOUND13000,20:FORDL=1T
O1000:NEXTDL:PRINT@280,SPACE$(38)

;: RETURN

4002 IFBET*2>PMTHENPRINTe280, "YOU DON'T

HAVE ENOUGH MONEY ****

"; :SOUND3000,10:SOUND15000,10:SOUND8000,

10 :FORDL=1TO1000 : NEXTDL: PRINT @280 , SPACE $

(35) ;: RETURN

Listing J continued

TRS-80

100% Radio Shack Equipment

SAVE A BUNDLE

Order Toll Free 1 '800-874-1 551

FLA Residents 9)4-438-6507 collect

EPSON, OKIDATA, CITOH, TABCO Printer Switches

MI771 SALES CO.

704 W Michigan Ave; P.O. Box 8098
Pensacola, FLA 32505

'TRS-80 is a trademark ot Tandy Corporation.

.- See Ust of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 248

ONotes

Listing 3 continued

4005 PP=1:CR=CR+1: LINE (94, 9) -(142,30)

,1,B:GOSUB9500

4010 PRINTePC f C$;CHR$(156+SU) :PT=PT+

CV:BET=BET*2

4020 IFPT>21ANDPA<=0THENGOTO1060

4030 IFPT>2lANDPA>0THENPT«PT-10

4050 GOTO2000

8999 REM PRINT WELCOME

9000 F0RLL-1T05: PRINT@50 , "WELCOME TO
";CHR$(27) ; "p"; "BLACKJACK" ;CHR$( 27) ;"q"
9010 FORDL-1TO60: NEXTDL: BEEP:
PRINT§50 , SPACE $ ( 20 )

; : F0RDL=1T06 : NEXTDL , LL : RETURN

9015 REM PRINT NAME OF GAME ON FIRST

LINE

9020 CLS: LINE(0,0)-(239,7)

,1,BF:PRINT§15," BLACKJACK " :LINE (0 r 7) -(

239,7) : RETURN

9030 REM ANY CHEATING ??????

9050 PRINT§280, "NO CHEATING IN THIS GAME

1"; :SOUND4000,10:SOUND10000,10:SOUND1600

0,10

9060

F0RDL=1T07 50: NEXTDL :PRINT§223, SPACE$ (96)

; : RETURN

9099 REM SHUFFLE THE CARDS

9100 CO=0: F0RLL-1T052:C(LL)

=1:NEXTLL: RETURN

9105 REM DRAW THE INITIAL 4 CARDS

9110 LINE(0,9)-(48,30) ,l,B:LINE(47,9)-(

95,30) ,l,B:LINE(0,32)-(48,53) ,1,B:LINE(

47,32)-(95,53) ,1,B

9115 RETURN

9499 REM PICK A CARD

9500 SEOVAL(RIGHT$(TIME$,2))

: FORI=lTOSEC : DUM=RND ( 1 ) : NEXTI : RN=INT ( RND

(D*53)

9510 IFC(RN)«0THEN9500

9520 CO=CO+1:C(RN)*=0:SU=RNMOD4:

9530 IFRN>4THENGOT09535:ELSEC$="ACE

":CV-11

9532 IFPP=1THENPA=PA+1 : ELSECA=CA+1

9533 GOTO9600

9535 IFRN>40THENGOTO9540:ELSEC$»STR$(INT
(RN/4))+" ":CV=INT(RN/4)

9537 IFRNMOD4O0THENC$=STR$(INT(RN/4)+l)
+" ":CV=INT(RN/4)+l

9538 GOTO9600

9540 IFRN<45THENC$-"JACK

":CV=10:GOTO9600

9545 IFRN<

49THENC$="QUEEN":CV=10:GOTO9600

9550 C$="KING ":CV=10

9600 RETURN

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION
1. Title of publication, 80 Micro. A ISSN 07447868. 2. Date erf filing, Oct. 1,1983. 3. Frequerv
cy of Issue, Monthly. A No. of Issues published annually, 12 a Annual subscription price
$38.00. 4. Location of known office of publication, 80 Pine Street, Peterborough, Hillsborc
County, NH 03458. 5. Location of headquarters or general business off ices of the publish
are, Same, & Names and complete addressee of publisher, editor, and managing editor
Publisher and Editor, Wayne Green, 80 Pine Street, Peterborough, NH 03458. Managing
Editor, Eric Matoney, 22A Pine Street, Peterborough, NH 03458. 7. Owner, International
Data Group, PO Box 1460, 5 Speen Street, Framlngham, MA 01701; Patrick J. McGovem
PO Box 1450, 5 Speen Street, Framlngham, MA 01701. Stockholders, Wayne Green, Peter
borough, NH 03458. & Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders own
ing or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities

None. 9. For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to man at special rates
(Section 411.3 DMM). The purpose, function and nonprofit status of this organization and
the exempt status for Federal Income tax purposes (Check one) Not applicable. 10 Extent
and nature of circulation. (X) Average No. copies each issue during preceding 12 months.
CO Actual No. copies of single issue published near e st to filing date. A Total No. of copies
printed (X) 148,867 (Y) 164,029 & Paid circulation 1. Sales through dealers and carriers,
street vendors and counter sales (X) 48,180 (Y) 73,415 2. Mall subscription (X) 76,634 (Y)
76,179 C. Total paid circulation (X) 124,794 (Y) 149,594 D. Free distribution by mall, carrier or
other means, samples, complimentary, and other free copies W 807 (Y) 837 E Total
dtatributJon (X) 125*01 (Y) 150,431 F. Copies not Distributed 1. Office use, left over, unac-
counted, spoiled after printing (X) 7,980 (Y) 13^88 2. Returns from news agents (X) 15,088 (Y)
G Total (X) 148^87 (Y) 184,029.

ARE VOU TIRED OF HEADACHES AIMD WATERY EYES
FROM STARING AT YOUR TRS-BQ'S HARSH WHITE VIDEO DISPLAY?

Well, a FATIGUE FIGHTER optical flit
the eyes, green. It Is made of hard 1/8 li
seconds without tools, and matches TRS-
FATIGUE FIGHTER lor your Model I, II, or
accessories you will ever buy.

9r changes that display to a nice, easy on
ich thick acrylic for durability, attaches in
BO ' styling. So, invest in some relief, get a
tn. It will probably be one of the most used

P.S. Available
direct from us or at
computer stores.

TRS 80 IS A TAN0Y CORP TRADEMARK

T0 0R0ER:

Sftnd Nan* & Addrtss Typed or Clearly Printed will Check or
Honey Order (U S FUNDS) lor $14 95 Each. Ireludm Stepping
Canadian Orders Add 11 00 Each AH Other Foreign rders Add
S3 00 Each tor Snipping NO WEDtT CARD ORDERS 00 s (U S
ORDERS ONLY) are S3 00 Addrkona) per Order & are A cepied by
Mail or by Calkng 904 378 2494 or »S M F Florida Re >dtnts Add

I —DEALER I

INNOVATIVE DESIGN
. E. 19TH DRIVE
LE.FL 32601-3326 "35|

EB INVITED —

250 • 80 Micro, December 1983

RAM FILES

Monitor 100 Changes

I found the "Monitor 100" program (August 1983, p. 171 )
particularly interesting, but to make it work I had to make t v. 3
changes to the printed version.

First, statement 58 is redundant and should be delete* .
Also, in line 200, MID$(0$,3,4) should be MID$(0$,2,4).

The Model 100 is an excellent complement to my big con -
puter (a Kaypro II set up as an RCPM/RBBS). I can prepai i
draft documents on the go, then capture the incoming text ft ;
to disk.

A Bask program on the Kaypro (ADDLF.BAS) adds a lin ;
feed at each carriage return (required by CP/M and man/
non-TRS-80 computers). You can then print the resulting ft ;
as is, or process it further on your home computer. You ca i
upload Model 100 Basic programs in a similar manner if yo i
save them in ASCII format.

I use an Epson MX-80 printer. Its ability to skip over pei -
forations by either software command or hardware switch lei >
you paginate documents created on the Model 100 without th ;
intermediate step of uploading to a more powerful computer

Anyone buying a printer for the Model 100 should look fo -
this feature, as well as the capability to add line feeds (a hard -
ware switch option on the MX-80).

The usefulness of the Model 100 is enhanced by the series o "
features initiated in your July issue. Although it is not m '
primary use of this computer, methods of installing machine
language code would be a good subject for a future article.

PhUWheele-
5539 Towers St
Torrance, CA 905a

Foxfighter Glitch

I just bought my first copy of 80 Micro, and I'm delightec
to find the ONotes section dedicated to the Model 100. I an
satisfied with my Model 100, but until recently thought that m
one was writing software for it.

I enjoyed the Foxfighter program (August 1983, p. 200)
but I did find a couple of glitches in it.

The program always presents one of seven predefined screei
displays for the air mines. This becomes routine after a littl<
while and encourages high scoring.

The changes shown in lines 10 and 25-34 in Progran
Listing 1 display the air mines in random patterns instead. Oc
casionally this results in an invisible air mine or two, adding tc
the challenge of the game.

Line 10 sets the RND function to one of 60 different starting
points based on the Model 100's built-in clock. Lines 25-3^
use the RND function to display the air mines in variou.'
screens instead of the seven predefined screens used in tht
original listing.

Also, line 150 of Foxfighter is supposed to provide an addi-
tional fighter plane when the score reaches 500, 1,000, anc
2,000. Actually, it only increments the number of fighters dis-
played by 1 at these three points. Lines 150-158 in Listing 1
change the number of fighters as well as the display.

Harold Shavei

509 Mulberry K

Suisun, CA 94585

10 DIMX(6) ,A(42) :V=3:SCR=0:

CLS:PRINT692, " <<FOXFIGHTER>>" :

PRINT : PRINT : FORT=lTOVAL ( RIGHT$ (TIMES , 2 ) )

:SEC=RND(1) :NEXT:INPUT"DO YOU NEED

INSTRUCTIONS (Y OR N) " ;AS:IFAS="Y"

THEN 390 ELSE 20

25 FORI=l TO 42:READA(I) : NEXT

30 FORM=l TO 6

32 Y=INT(41*RND(1) ) +l:FORI«l TO

6:IFX(I)«A(Y) THEN32

34 X(M) =A(Y) :NEXTM

150 IFSCR=500 AND

BN«0THENV=V+1:BN»1:GOTO155ELSEIFSCR=1000

AND BN»0THENV=V+1 : BN=1 : GOT0155ELSE IF
SCR=2000 AND BN=0THENV=V+1:BN=1:GOTO
155

155 IF SCRO 500 AND SCR O1000 AND SCR
<> 2000 THEN BN=0
158 PRINT@0,V

Program Listing I. Adjustments for Brad Dixon's "Foxfighter" program.

Calculator Program

The short calculator program in Program Listing 2 is one of
the first programs I wrote on my Model 100.

To run the program, input a value and press the enter key.
Then input either a plus (P), multiplication (.), subtraction
( — ), or division (/) sign.

Type in your next number and press the enter key. Now
press the equals key to get an answer, or key in another func-
tion and continue calculating. Once you have an answer, you
can start over, stop, or carry your balance forward.

By using P for addition and a period for multiplication, you
don't need to use the shift lever.

Mark Fox

774 Hazelwood Drive

North Wales, PA 19454

5 CLS

6 PRINT-CALCULATOR PROGRAM"

10 INPUT Y

11 CLS

15 PRINTY

20 Y$=INKEY$:IF Y$=""THEN GOTO20

21 IF Y$="="THEN100

25 PRINTY$

30 INPUT X

31 IF Y$="P"THEN Y-Y+X:GOTO20

32 IF Y$="-"THEN Y=Y-X:GOTO20

33 IF YS="."THEN Y=Y*X:GOTO20

34 IF Y$="/"THEN Y=Y/X:GOTO20

100 PRINT" "

200 PRINTY;" IS YOUR ANSWER"

210 PRINT

220 PRINT"ANOTHER EQUATION? OR BAL

FWD(Y,N,B) "

223 ZS-INKEYS

230 IF Z$=""GOTO 223

230 IF Z$="Y"THEN5

240 IF Z$="Y"THEN5

250 IFZ$="B"THEN15

260 END

Program Listing 2. Model 100 Calculator program.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 251

kCmiint A§

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L AII MOD III programs specific d I n this ad will ru n on the Model 4 (in the MOD III mode).

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By Continental Software

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252 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 253

NEWS

edited by Eric Grevstad

NEW

THI
MONTH

14,000 miles with a Model 100

Steve Roberts 9 bicycle odyssey.

Anyone who's bought a TRS-80
Model 100 will tell you that the por-
table lets you work without being chained
to a desk, but one owner is taking Tan-
dy's "Micro Executive Work Station"
idea far beyond an armchair or plane
ride. Steve Roberts, a Columbus, OH,
freelance writer, plans to conduct a
year's business with his Model 100,
without stepping into his office once.

In fact, most of the time he'll be lying
down — on a custom-designed recum-
bent bicycle, festooned with generators
and solar cells, which he'll pedal 14,000
miles across America.

On the road, Roberts will record his
various writing projects using a helmet-
mounted microphone and a portable
tape recorder. After setting up camp,
he'll transcribe his prose onto his 32K
Model 100 and upload it via telephone
to his main computer, a Micromax Sys-
tem 1000, in Columbus. Kacy Branstet-
ter, Roberts' manager and editor, will
be standing by to receive copy, forward
phone calls, and serve as what Roberts
calls his "interface with the universe."

Roberts' .DO files, he says, will make
a pit stop between bike and Branstetter:
The trip's primary sponsor, Compu-
Serve Information Service, is supplying
"essentially unlimited time and file-
space" for uploading. CIS members are
encouraged to chat with the rolling
writer (his user ID number is
70007,362), and his saga will be avail-
able as a regularly updated data base:
"I think you'll be able to just type GO
SKR and it'll be there as a display file,"
Roberts predicted.

An on-line travelogue isn't Roberts'
first high-tech writing assignment. A
former software and systems consul-

254 • RO Ulr.m Dnrxunhmr f O/M

F oberts: Til exist In a totally asynchronous fashion.'

tant, the 3l-year-< Id author turned to
freelancing in the l ite 1970s. As head of

Words' worth Inc., a business commun-
ications firm, he alternates magazine ar-

Not cheap programs but complete software systems. I believe most software is
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LYNN'S PAYROLL SYSTEM

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LYNN'S ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE SYSTEM

Single entry — open invoice system. Prints invoice and statements. Built in
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LYNN'S CHECK REGISTER SYSTEM

Prints checks. Register tor any month, reconciliation statement.

LYNN'S AMWAY SYSTEM

Includes group & individual performance levels of BV & PV Multiple sales tax
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>s 115

See list ot A&wtisen on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 2S5

NEWS

tides and books (Prentice-Hall's
Creative Design with Microcomputers
and Complete Guide to Microsystem
Management) with corporate technical
writing assignments. The former, he
told CompuServe's Today magazine
editor Carole Gerber, offer "fame and
glory," while the latter "[provide]
steady income."

His bicycle trip is a shot at both. In-
terviewed two weeks before his sched-
uled Sept. 28 departure, Roberts told 80
Micro he planned a 700-mile "shake-
down cruise" around Indianapolis, IN,
and Louisville, KY. Then, in early
November, he'll begin his journey with
a turn south from Washington, DC,
toward Florida to start a clockwise loop
of the U.S.

"I'm anticipating [the trip's taking]
about a year, finishing up around the
idea, of course, is to take advantage of
as much good weather as possible."

In preparation for the voyage, Rob-
erts said, he was wringing out both his
Model 100 and his legs: "I'm basically
living off the Model 100 now for
everything. Between the Model 100 and
CompuServe, my office is very light."

As for physical preparation, "The
obscene part of all this is that I've been
riding around central Ohio, which is
very flat and [where it's] very easy to get
cocky about your ability to go long dis-
tances. [But] unless there are physical
problems I don't see any trouble. I may
bust a knee and jettison all this high-
tech equipment."

He's already jettisoned an item that
would have spared him frequent visits
to phone booths. Technical problems
and the unit's weight aborted his plans
to carry a second computer, a home-
made CMOS CP/M system with VA-
inch microfloppies for mass storage;
that leaves him the stock Model 100, no
storage except RAM, and obligatory
stops to upload every 15 pages or so.

"I'm hoping to get something that'll
be useful for [bulk storage] fairly
soon," Roberts admitted. "I've looked
at wafertape drives, and I'm interested
in what people are doing with 3!/2-inch
floppies. If all else fails I have cassette,
though I'm not crazy about it.

"If anyone comes up with more
memory, I'm ready. I've talked a little
to Holmes Engineering about the 256K
bubble memory and it sounds like it's
not quite ready, but that would be a
worthwhile purchase if it comes out
256 • 80 Micro, December 1963

sometime during the trip."

Meanwhile, he estimates that his cy-
cle, camping gear, and electronics
equipment total about 110 pounds,
some taken up by a high-tech way to
save batteries: "A couple of solar
panels that were donated by Solarex
provide 15 volts in full sun," he said,
and another sponsor has contributed re-
chargeable Ni-Cad cells.

Besides relying on them, plus an ac
line when available, Roberts has a gen-
erator similar to those that run bicycle
headlights: "If I've got a good tailwind
or I'm flying downhill, it's a simple
matter to pop [the generator] against
the wheel and get power."

There's one item he doesn't expect to
use — a CB radio, carried in case of
emergency. "I've stripped it down
almost to just a PC board," Roberts
said. "It's not even near me when I'm
doing my regular writing, but if I'm
crashed in a ditch somewhere I'd like to
be able to call for help."

While the trip will challenge not only
Roberts' stamina but the Model 100's —
"how well it will do in the sun and vi-
bration and dirt and everything else" —
Radio Shack is keeping its distance
from the project. "They know about it
but seem kind of unresponsive," Rob-
erts said when asked about any contact
with Tandy. "I encountered such a
huge, faceless organization when I [ap-
proached them] for a sponsorship that I
went back to CompuServe."

That may be because Radio Shack is
unwilling to share other people's pub-
licity stunts. Roberts seems sincere and
enthusiastic about the trip and eager to
discuss it as an affirmation of new
technologies' ability to liberate desk-
bound workers, but the enterprise is not
exactly free of Madison Avenue-style
merchandising.

In addition to his CompuServe up-
dates, there's the matter of what Rob-
erts will write during his year on the
road. Besides freelance magazine arti-
cles and material for corporate clients,
he plans two books. One will be either a
"boring but easy to write" text about
on-line communications and engineer-
ing, or a computer science text which
Roberts calls "potentially a huge mon-
ey-maker but a lot of work."

Roberts' second and more important
effort will be a book tentatively titled
Computing Across America' A Bicycle
Odyssey, for which his agent is current-
ly negotiating with several publishers.

Suspicion of Roberts' making the trip
in order to write about it, rather than
making it and then writing about it,
lessens the credibility of his words to
Today's Gerber: "The whole trip offers
an opportunity to test the viability of
the information society. I want to see if
I can maintain a heavily interactive,
information-oriented professional prac-
tice involving a lot of clients [with] com-
plete freedom from the confines of an
office. I'll exist in a totally asynchro-
nous fashion."

Also, Roberts' point is to be free
from desks and papers, yet he'll be car-
rying generators and solar cells. Is that
practical? "I think it is practical," he
told 80 Micro, "and I've been doing it
on a very small scale recently as I've
been practicing.

"I find I get a lot more done when
I'm out on a beach or something with a
Model 100. This morning, in fact, I
wrote most of an article at a Wendy's
restaurant while having breakfast.
When I'm out of the office, there are
fewer distractions and I can get more
done."

This makes sense, but sounds more
like most users' appreciation of the 100
as a handy notepad than a defense of a
full-time career with one. Also, of
course, Roberts' job fits his thesis better
than most other professions would; the
freelance writer is the most insecure fi-
nancially, but the least place- and equip-
ment-bound, worker there is.

Nevertheless, Roberts insists, his trip
goes beyond both commercial aspects
and his point about the open office. "If
I wasn't writing for a living and had lots
of money I'd be doing it anyway," he
said. "The fact that I'm not indepen-
dently wealthy forces me to work while
I'm on the road, and [the 100's] a con-
venient way to do that.

"1 don't think it is [a publicity stunt].
I've thought about it a lot and won-
dered if it was, and it doesn't feel that
way. It's something I do privately as
well as publicly."

And, anyway, Roberts' tour is an ad-
venture. Computing Across America is
unlikely to rival de Tocqueville's De-
mocracy in America or William Least
Heat Moon's Blue Highways, but Rob-
erts' combination of gee-whiz Wood-
stock spirit and "Real People" PR
might produce a bestseller.

How about Zen and the Art of Model
100 Maintenance! ■

— E.G.

TOOLKIT

StewM SoMwaff 4 AERO0TNI RMMtt
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80 Micro, December 1983 • 257

NEWS

SOFTWARE

ROM is copyright

Apple wins; Franklin to appeal

Diving into a hazy maze of O's and
l's, a federal appeals court in Phila-
delphia has issued a ruling that makes
the question of software copyright one
step clearer, even as it blurs the distinc-
tion between software and hardware.

On August 30, a three-judge panel
upheld Apple Computer Inc.'s lawsuit
against Franklin Computer Corp., al-
lowing Apple to seek an injunction
against sates of Franklin's Apple-com-
patible Ace 1000. The key decision:
computer manufacturers can copyright
operating systems and programs in
ROM, as well as applications programs.

Writing that "the medium is not the
message," Circuit Court Judge Darcy
Slovher overturned a lower court's de-
nial of Apple's suit. Franklin admitted
copying 14 operating system programs
before the lower court, but argued that
such programs embodied in chips are
essential parts of the machine — hard-
ware — and, as such, ineligible for copy-
right.

The presiding federal district judge
agreed, finding that firmware was not
written "in a language of description"
and refusing to issue a temporary re-
straining order against Franklin. The
appeals court's decision lets Apple re-
turn to district court and seek the in-
junction, even as Franklin's lawyer,
James Shestack, announced plans to
ask for a rehearing — round 3 of the bat-
tle, so to speak — before the entire Court
of Appeals. Round 4 might take place
in the U.S. Supreme Court.

In upsetting Franklin's claim that the
programs were an uncopyrightable
"process, system, or method of opera-
tion," Sloviter and his colleagues said
that that approach "mistakenly focuses
on the physical characteristics of the in-
struction," like paying attention to a
book's ink and paper rather than its
contents. "Apple," the panel declared,
"does not seek to copyright the method
which instructs the computer to per-
form its operating functions but only
the instructions themselves.

"Franklin's attack on operating sys-
258 • 80 Micro, December 1983

tem programs as 'methods' or 'pro-
cesses' seems inconsistent with its con-
cession that application programs are
an appropriate subject of copyright,"
the court continued. "Both types of
programs instruct the computer to do
something.

"The statutory definition of a com-
puter program. .. makes no distinction
between application programs and op-
erating programs. We reaffirm that a
computer program in object code em-
bedded in a ROM chip is an appropriate
subject of copyright."

The decision makes an important dis-
tinction between the two legal means by
which people protect their ideas— copy-
right and patent. As the New York
Times' David E. Sanger wrote, "Under
U.S. law, copyrights protect the expres-
sion of an idea, such as a literary work.
Ideas themselves, in the form of novel
inventions, are protected by patents."

In Franklin's view, Apple's operating
programs were unpatented hardware,
and therefore free for copying. Com-
puter makers, Sanger pointed out,
"have shied away from using the patent
system to protect their programs," be-
cause patents take a long time to obtain
and because "it is not clear whether
most computer programs are sufficient-

ly novel and distinct from one another
to merit patent protection."

For example, Scripsit and Newscript,
both TRS-80 word processors, are alike
in many ways — generally, they're both
written in l's and O's; more specifically,
they use similar routines to perform
similar tasks such as opening and clos-
ing files. Like two novels written with
the same words, they are not different
enough to be patented. They are, how-
ever, copyrighted by Radio Shack and
Prosoft respectively.

As for Apple, the Cupertino, CA,
firm's vice president and general coun-
sel, Albert Eisentat, was naturally pleased
with the ruling, telling Computerworld,
"I think it's one of the most definitive
statements of the law that's been done
yet."

Whatever the odds, however, Frank-
lin vowed to continue the fight. The
Cherry Hill, NJ, company's executive
vice president and chief operating of-
ficer, Avram Miller, told reporters,
"Our plans right now are to go back to
the court for redress. We believe we'll
prevail and the injunction will be
denied."

Added attorney Shestack, "We still
contend that Apple was abusing the
copyright laws to gain a monopoly on

As this issue went to press, Osborne Computer Corp. stopped production
of its portable computers, laid off 300 of its 400 remaining workers, and filed
for protection from creditors under Chapter 1 1 federal bankruptcy laws.

The Hayward, CA, firm employed 1,000 people before closing its New
Jersey plant and beginning California layoffs last summer, plagued by more
powerful and less expensive competitors to its Osborne 1 and delays in ship-
ping its successor, the Osborne Executive.

On Sept. 12, two San Jose component suppliers filed a lawsuit claiming
Osborne owed them more than $4.5 million for circuit boards, disk drives,
and other parts. The portable pioneer filed for Chapter 1 1 protection in U.S.
Bankruptcy Court in Oakland on Sept. 13.

James Lopes, attorney for Osborne, told the Associated Press that three
banks had agreed to loan the company $600,000 while Osborne sought possi-
ble buyers or investors.

-fit

■&

JbL

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NEWS

equipment compatible with its machine."
Ekos Inc., a Franklin distributor, is-
sued a press release affirming its sup-
port of the Ace manufacturer. Ekos
President Steven R. Gerbsman de-
clared, "There are other alternatives
not yet explored, including royalty pay-
ments, that cause us to believe we'll be
marketing Franklin computers for some
time to come."

The mention of royalty payments in-
dicates a possible direction for settle-
ment, though no one's talking at pres-

ent; all Miller would tell ISO World
was, "We have contingency plans if we
fail."

One of Franklin's contingency plans
is probably its IBM PC-compatible
micro, being prepared under the direc-
tion of engineer William Sydnes, who
designed the original PC and reportedly
was working on IBM's Peanut when he
moved to Franklin in April.

The Philadelphia ruling does not af-
fect makers of IBM clones, because
IBM's "open architecture" policy

makes details of its PC system readily
available.

Nevertheless, the Apple/Franklin de-
cision means that computer companies
can protect all software — whether on a
disk, a listing, or a chip, and in source
or object code — by copyright. Manu-
facturers continue to worry about
small-scale piracy and product backups,
but system pirates have apparently been
sunk.B

—E.G.

BUSINESS

Waiting for Santa

The micro industry looks to the Christmas market.

After a summer of rollercoaster
stock prices and grim predictions
for TI and Atari, the microcomputer in-
dustry tried to pull itself into shape for
the Christmas buying season. By
September, some companies had
asserted themselves as movers and
shakers, some were on the move, and
others were merely shaking.

Taking the latter first, Texas Instru-
ments moved swiftly to reduce towering
TI 99/4A inventories. A price cut to $99
helped move the overstocked machine,
and a peripheral package consisting of a
disk drive and controller, 32K RAM ex-
pansion, and rack mount, was slashed
from $1,200 to $550. In addition, stores
received a free $100 software package
for every system ordered.

According to Electronic News,
dealers immediately started selling the
expansion package and software for as
little as $449, with industry observers
predicting $399 before long. Such a
price, bringing a 48K disk system to
around $500, would be competitive,
though other questions remained
unanswered: whether buyers would be
attracted to the software-scarce micro,
and whether TI could survive at such a
low (perhaps negative) profit margin.

Turning the knife in TI's wound,
Montgomery Ward issued its 1983
Christmas catalog on September
9 — and bumped the 99/4A to give space
to Coleco's Adam.

Timex dealers had even less to smile
about. Ken Coach, marketing and sales

director of Softsync, told Info World,
"The Timex-Sinclair 1000 has petered
right out." Coach hoped that the forth-
coming TS 2068, the U.S. version of the
Sinclair Spectrum color machine, might
share the under-$200 market with Com-
modore, but saw no prospects for the
black-and-white TS 1500: "I'm not put-
ting any hopes on it at all."

Following TI's lead, meanwhile,
Atari cut prices for most of its lineup,
from the 2600 VCS game console (ef-
fectively trimmed to $59 after a rebate)
to the new 600XL and 800XL home
computers, given wholesale tags of $140
and $240 respectively. Even so, Atari's
retail prices were some $60 above the
competition's — the 600XL versus the
99/4A in the 16K arena, and the 800XL
versus the Commodore 64. Just as TI
disappeared from Montgomery Ward
shelves, the 203-store Target chain add-
ed Coleco and dropped Atari.

The Warner Communications sub-
sidiary seemed to be pinning its hopes
on its AtariSoft line of programs for
non-Atari micros, announcing 12
games for the 99/4A and eight for
Commodore, IBM, and Apple. In addi-
tion to computer versions (expected to
retail for $38 to $50 apiece), Atari
launched several titles for rival Intellivi-
sion and Coleco Vision game machines.

While VIC-20 sales slowed to a crawl,
Commodore 64' s were jumping off the
shelves. While $199 prices gave only a
$5 margin over wholesale cost, vendors
relied on peripherals and software for

profit. For instance, 90 percent of C64
buyers also choose the 1541 disk
drive — supplies of which nearly ran out
in late summer, obliging Commodore
to schedule an emergency airlift from
Japan.

Spinnaker Software President Bill
Bowman echoed the industry consensus
when he told Info World, "If the low
end is going to have a savior, it will be
the Commodore 64." The only machine
that seemed competitive was Radio
Shack's white-cased 64K Color Com-
puter, which debuted at $399.95— well
under the C64's original $595, but twice
Commodore's current price. (The com-
pact new Color Computer 2 with 64K
RAM and Extended Basic lists for
$468.95, plus upgrade installation.)

How low will Commodore go? In its
July 25 issue, ISO World claimed that
building a C64 costs Commodore less
than $60 and that the firm could "ap-
parently sell the 64 for $99 wholesale
and still make a profit."

While no one seemed ready to tackle
Commodore in the trenches, many
manufacturers were comfortable in the
higher levels of the market. Kaypro was
making about 12,000 machines a
month, while Apple and IBM each pro-
duced perhaps 70,000 lie's and PC's re-
spectively. Compaq predicted $100
million in revenues for its first year, sell-
ing 50,000 copies of its portable PC
clone.

There were rumors of more middle-
range micros to compete with Adam
80 Micro, December 1983 • 261

NEWS

and Peanut— a $500, 16-bit, 256K
Commodore; an under-$ 1,000 TI with
concurrent CP/M in ROM. Steve Woz-
niak told the San Jose Mercury News
that Apple's Mcintosh, due in Novem-
ber or December for $1,200 or so,
would "just [boggle] everyone. It's just
totally unbelievable and unexpected,
not just a better version of something
that is already around."

Coleco rebounded from pessimists'
gossip to show production units of
Adam (though a press release said "less
than $700" instead of the usual $600
cost figure), and Child World, Mark-
line, and Diners Club joined Wards and
Target in placing orders for fall
delivery. In mid-September, though, the
press reported that Adam's FCC ap-
proval would be a month behind

schedule.

Coleco also joined AT&T in plans for
"an interactive game and entertainment
service," bringing Zaxxon and com-
pany to anyone with a home computer
or game console. The service will use
standard phone lines and an AT&T/
Coleco modem; subscribers will pay a
monthly charge plus user fees to play a
game. The announcement upstaged
Mattel, which developed the Playcable
service now offered by 20 cable TV
companies.

And IBM prepared to upstage every-
body, with 100,000 Peanuts sold by
Christmas. There was talk of still other
news from Big Blue — a portable PC by
year's end, a $10,000, 32-bit challenger
to Lisa by spring 1984 — but IBM's
home computer continued to rule the

gossip world.

Analysts couldn't agree on specifica-
tions, Datamation reported, but they
agreed on one thing: Whether it cost
$700 or $900, had 64K or 90K, and used
a tape drive or a standard 5 V* -inch disk
or IBM's orphan 3.9-inch disk or
CP/M or MS-DOS on a ROM chip,
Peanut would use the IBM name to be-
come the dominant force in home com-
puting.

In the words of Peter Cunningham,
president of Input, a Mountain View,
CA, research firm: "Coleco's Adam
might be state of the art for the home
market and have the lowest retail price,
but it will probably be IBM that makes
all the money." ■

-E.G.

PULSETRAirUT-n-TLTLT

Magic/L

challenges

Basic

Loki, in Norse mythology,
is a malevolent, mischievous
god, always making trouble
around the gods' home of
Asgard and (in Marvel Com-
ics' version) trying to defeat
the mighty Thor. If Basic is
the Thor of microcomputer
languages, Loki Engineering
of Cambridge, MA, is hop-
ing to raise a little mischief of
its own with a syntax called
Magic/L.

According to Mass High
Tech, Magic/L is "a Forth
equivalent with simpler syn-
tax and a high level of inter-
activity with the user." Its
authors, Loki's Jeff Epstein
and Arnold Morris, compare
it to C and Pascal in terms of
structure, but claim it's more
powerful and more interac-
tive.

"Magic/L is much faster
than Bask, and can be learned
in hours," Morris said.

262 • 80 Micro, December 1983

WorfcSlate Designed to do one thing well.

"[It's] the ultimate in user
friendly, and once you get
good, it allows you to do
things like access Assembly
language directly."

While working on satellite
data display systems at the
Smithsonian Astrophysical
Laboratory, Epstein recalled,

he and Morris became "frus-
trated because [Forth] was so
hard to read. Forth is what
some people call a write-only
language." In other words,
what looks fine to a Forth
programmer might prove
baffling to someone who
wants to modify the program

later.

In addition, Epstein claims,
Forth and other languages
"have their roots in prehis-
tory. Basic, for heaven's
sake, was written on an IBM
1 130, much less of a machine
than an Apple."

To overcome these short-

PULSETRAIKJUULTLr

comings, the two program-
mers developed Magic/L,
working on a Data General
Nova in Epstein's basement
in early 1981. Today, Mass
High Tech says, Loki "is bet-
ting its future that Magic/L
will become a standard lan-
guage of the 1980s — perhaps
even competing head-to-head
with Basic in the personal
computer market."

After selling it as a develop-
ment tool for minicomputers,
Marketing Manager Barry
Unger said, Loki planned to
launch CP/M-86 and MS-
DOS versions of the new
language at Boston's CP/M
East show in October, and
hoped to make Magic/L a
household word before long.

"New languages are usu-
ally developed by large teams
at universities," Unger said,

"but we believe we have
something that is way ahead
of anything else, and we see a
tremendous growth poten-
tial."

Who knows? If Magic/L
proves a threat to Microsoft
and Digital Research, Loki
Engineering may incur the
wrath of the gods.

Non-pro-
grammable
portable

While Tandy's Model 100
and its rivals are lap-sized
workstations suitable for al-
most any computing task,
Convergent Technologies Inc.,
of Santa Clara, CA, has
taken a different approach.
Its WorkSlate is designed for

specific applications, giving
executives a spreadsheet, cal-
culator, terminal, and tele-
phone in an 8 l A- by 11-inch
package.

The 3 '/i -pound portable,
introduced in Computer-
Land and Businessland stores
and in the American Express
catalog, has a 16-line, 46-
character LCD display, an 8-
bit CMOS 6800 CPU, a 300-
baud modem, and a built-in
microcassette recorder. Its
16K RAM is expandable to
32K, but its strength is its 64K
ROM — which includes an
advanced spreadsheet and
windowing capabilities.

For instance, users can put
a spreadsheet at the top of the
display and a financial calcu-
lator at the bottom, moving
data back and forth between
the windows.

WorkSlate's audio record-
er lets it serve as a speaker-
phone and phone-answering
machine; spreadsheet tem-
plates, called Taskware, are
available on special data/
voice tapes. Its maker, Con-
vergent^ new Advanced In-
formation Systems division,
claims users can use the tape
recorder to make vocal anno-
tations to spreadsheets, up to
10 of which can be stored on
a microcassette.

The firm plans communi-
cations, financial-modeling,
and memo-writing software —
not full-featured programs,
but patches or templates to
WorkSlate's spreadsheet en-
vironment. There may also
be different machines for
writers and students; Con-
vergent marketing manager
Karen Toland admits Work-

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80 Micro, December 1983 • 263

PULSETRAirUTJLTLnjr

Slate's circular keys dis-
courage typing, but says,
"Executives don't type. They
do word processing with their
mouths.

"WorkSlate is designed to
replace the calculator, pencil,
paper, and eraser," Toland
told InfoWorkfs John Mark-
off and David Needle. "It
will not compete directly with
the Tandy Model 100."

The unit costs $895, with
Taskware tapes selling for
$19.95 to $49.95 and a printer
for $250.

Small is
profitable

Most office automation
firms such as DEC, Wang,
and IBM hope to place their
products with the prestigious
Fortune 1 ,000 companies,
whose business totals over
$1.8 trillion in annual reven-
ues. However, according to
Focus Research Systems of
West Hartford, CT, there's
an even bigger market among
small businesses. U.S. com-
panies with annual sales of
under $25 million apiece
combine for over $2 trillion a
year — and the advent of of-
fice micros has made them
prime candidates for auto-
mation.

American business, Focus
points out, consists "of a
handful of large companies
and a gigantic number of
small businesses": of an
estimated 3.56 million non-
agricultural companies, 3.55
million — 99.7 percent — have
under 500 employees. Per-
haps 3.1 million, or 88 per-
cent of all U.S. businesses,
have fewer than 20 people on
their payrolls.

Except for a copier (most
firms with eight or more
employees have a copy ma-
chine), these offices stayed
unautomated while main-
frame and mini salesmen
264 • 80 Micro, December 1983

made their rounds. "A small
company with $200,000 in
annual sales may allocate
$4,000 annually for automa-
tion, and such a sum hardly
warrants a major sales effort
by any vendor," Focus' sur-
vey, "Small Business Auto-
mation," admits.

The microcomputer era
changed that. From 1979 to
1982, Focus' survey states,
254,000 small firms bought
computers. Of those buyers,
80 percent had 1-19
employees; while only 78,000
firms that size had a com-
puter in 1979, over 278,000
had one three years later.

Looking ahead, Focus pre-
dicts over 900,000 small busi-
nesses will buy their first
computer within the next
three years. By 1984-85, the
researchers claim, the com-
puter market among com-
panies with under 450
workers will total $8 billion,
with more than half of that
coming from firms with
under 20.

"Computer vendors with
low-cost products and distri-
bution systems capable of
selling in volume are well po-
sitioned to reap the benefits
of this massive market,"
Focus concludes.

Say it with
paper

In a recent "Side Tracks"
column (November 1983, p.
6), 80 Micro's editor-in-chief
Eric Maloney remarked that
the magazine prefers submis-
sions and queries on paper to
messages on CompuServe. The
market researchers at Interna-
tional Resource Development
Inc. see broader implications,
describing an anti-videotex
backlash that illustrates Hege-
lian philosophy.

Proclaiming, "The 'Paper-
less' Home? According to
Hegel, No Way!", IRD

claims that the telecommuni-
cations boom will actually in-
crease the consumption of
certain kinds of paper— that,
with "uniformity, mechaniza-
tion, and depersonalization"
as the thesis, people will long
for its antithesis.

"People don't need paper
just for business reasons,"
says IRD researcher Ken Bo-
somworth. "They need paper
for personal reasons, too. A
letter written on personalized
stationery will be far more
meaningful than the same
words appearing on a CRT —
and, for that matter, more
meaningful than the same
words printed out on com-
puter paper."

Thus, the Norwalk, CT,
analysts predict, the future
will bring not one big happy
Network Nation but "a re-
surgence in demand for"
high-quality stationery, busi-
ness forms, and greeting
cards, as people seek more
sincere correspondence. "And
tfie Hegelian synthesis," IRD
concludes, "shall be a world
in which the old and new me-
dia are each appreciated for
the respective strengths they
bring to communications."

While rejecting the idea of
videotex Valentines, Bosom-
worth admits that telecom-
munications will prevail over
printed catalogs, directories,
and Yellow Pages. "The syn-
thesis-antithesis concept only
applies in situations where
deeply felt human needs are
involved," he says. "If it's a
question of efficiencies on the
one hand and no emotional
need on the other, the effi-
ciencies will win out every
time."

CRT users
see pink

It seems the debate over
possible health effects of

CRT displays will never end.
A National Academy of Sci-
ences panel concluded in July
that terminal use has no ad-
verse effects on operators'
vision, but the National Insti-
tute of Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) vowed
to continue research on
health-related CRT prob-
lems, including a study focus-
ing on CRTs and pregnancy
(see 80 Micro, October 1983,
p. 294).

Now three IBM PC users
have discovered that gazing
into a computer monitor does
indeed have an effect on vi-
sion, if not exactly an adverse
one. Look at a CRT long
enough, and white figures on
a black background turn
pink.

Susan Green wald, an Evans-
ton, IL, architect, noticed the
color distortion after a ses-
sion of PC word processing.
Greenwald's husband Mark,
an ophthalmologist, contacted
Randolph Blake, a North-
western University psychol-
ogist who specializes in visual
perception. Blake took one
look at the CRT and gave a
rosy diagnosis: the McCol-
lough effect, a minor optic
maladjustment that can last
from several minutes to sev-
eral weeks.

"I routinely explain the
IvJcCollough effect in my lec-
ture courses," Blake told
Computer-world. "The con-
ditions under which the effect
is produced have to be fairly
constrained. But it just so
happens that the green letters
on the black terminal gener-
ate just this aftereffect.

"The most interesting thing
is that the pattern of the color
distortion conforms to the
pattern and contour of the
letters on the screen. That is,
if you stare for a long time at
a CRT, then see white letters
on a black background that
are of similar size and shape,
you'll get the pinkish tint."

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While the effect is physio-
logically harmless, Blake told
CWs Katherine Hafner,
physicians should be aware
of it in case computer-owning

patients call, worrying that
they've suddenly been struck
color-blind.

To former typists or
scriveners, the McCollough

effect may be a small price to
pay for the convenience of
word processing ("There
aren't really a lot of instances
where we read white letters

on black," Blake admitted).
If you'd rather see straight,
time away from the CRT and
keyboard will restore normal
color perception. ■

Uncle Sam
goes micro

• News flash: The FEDERAL GOVERNMENT has dis-
covered that microcomputers are powerful tools, if people
I — v know how to use them. Halfway

I QJ through a six-month study designed

- y to develop policies and plans for

federal micro use, the General Ser-
vices Administration told Computer-
world that employees find micros

iW[

help them make decisions faster and complete their work
more quickly and accurately.

"In-depth, hands-on training and ongoing availability of
technical assistance are essential," the GSA's preliminary
findings declare. "Also, formal instruction in software selec-
tion and application are essential in managing the successful
transition to microcomputer use."

• Radio Shack, continuing its new policy of COOPER-
ATION with outside software marketers, has swapped con-
version rights with CBS Inc. Tandy earns worldwide rights to
market TRS-80 versions of selected CBS programs, while
CBS will sell some Radio Shack software for non-Radio
Shack micros. The agreement marks the first time Tandy has
allowed its software to be converted to other formats.

• As reported in October's End Bytes (p. 300), Tano
Corp. of New Orleans, LA, has brought the DRAGON to
the U.S., one year after its debut in the U.K. — where it's
ceased to impress the British magazine Computer Dealer.
"The Dragon is beginning to look distinctly archaic," writes
CD's Peter Craig. "Sales figures prove the value of good
marketing and distribution over a good product."

Assessing the low-end micro market in Britain, Craig
comments that Apple's lie "still suffers from having the dec-
imal point in its price in the wrong place" and that its "spec-
ification is also beginning to look a bit dated," while "the
soon-to-be-released Atari models are disappointing evolu-
tions of the old models." Commodore, Craig concludes, is
"arrogant in knowing that the 64 is a world beater. The
machine is so cheap to manufacture and so superior in per-
formance that Commodore could quite easily zap their com-
petition from a vast altitude."

• From distributing printers and disk boxes, LEADING
EDGE PRODUCTS has moved into the IBM PC market.
The Canton, MA, firm has followed its much-ballyhooed
PC word processor with its own MS-DOS micro, an 8088-
based system said to run 70 percent faster than the PC and
cost 40 percent less. The 128K machine, assembled by a num-

ber of overseas contractors, will be the first hardware prod-
uct marketed under the Leading Edge name.

• 1983 was the year that computer prices fell through the
floor; 1984 may be the year that SOFTWARE PRICES fol-
low. Microsoft Vice-President Jim Spillars told ISO World
in July, "I think you are going to see products in the $100 to
$150 range by Christmas that have been selling in the $250 to
$350 price range."

By September, Spillars' prediction seemed on target, with
Commodore cutting some C64 software prices 50 percent.
Silicon Valley Systems of Belmont, CA, slashed its popular
Apple word processor, Word Handler, from $199 to $59.95,
and offered a package of Word Handler and List Handler,
formerly $298, for $89.95. It's clear that buyers of the new
sub-$l,000 micros are unwilling to pay $250 apiece for pro-
grams.

• Despite extra courses and upgraded facilities, The Wall
Street Journal reports, America's COLLEGES are falling
behind the demand for computer classes. Georgia Tech has
had to impose quotas on computer science majors, and the
University of Wisconsin at Madison turns away 1,000
would-be computer science students a semester. Those who
get in may have to use a terminal located in a hallway outside
a crowded classroom, with terminal time available only after
midnight.

• The Model 100 is only the beginning: The market
researchers at International Resource Development Inc. see
PORTABLES as accounting for one-quarter of all personal
business computers and office workstations by 1987. More
and more portables will have integrated voice/data functions
like Convergent Technologies' WorkSlate's, that can answer
the phone and digitize users' spoken notes as addenda to files
or programs; by the late 1980s, "pocket consultants" with
optical-card memory should replace "whole shelves of med-
ical or law books" for professionals in those fields.

• The Boston-based analysts of the Yankee Group,
meanwhile, see TELECOMMUNICATIONS as achieving
"mass market status in the fourth quarter of 1985." By then,
a Yankee study predicts, 20 percent of home computers and
up to 12 percent of video game consoles will have modems,
and an additional 1.5 million telephones will sport terminal
capabilities and built-in displays.

• And, if all those on-line homes grow tired of talking to
each other, they can turn to The Source and do CROSS-
WORD PUZZLES. The McLean, VA, data base now offers
a weekly British-style (cryptic clues) puzzle, created by New
York attorney J. Baxter Newgate. Besides having "instant
access to the answers" and being able to challenge or compli-
ment the author, Source puzzlers will soon have the option
of choosing different levels of difficulty. ■

266 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Learn to Program Like a Professional!

THE COMPLETE BOOK OF RANDOM ACCESS
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Although random access file handling is a matter of some complexity, the subject has been treated in a simple and down-to-earth fashion, so that
anyone with some small familiarity with programming in Microsoft BASIC will be able to cope with the material Each stage of learning uses a
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handling and record manipulation. An extensive effort has been made to keep the material coherent and every program line is explained in detail

Volume I
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• The LPRINT capability from disk using three different formats

• Sorting the random file

• Searching by name or key field

• Search in "next" or "prior" fashion

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• Date setting, printer on-line and many other routines to make a pro-
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The GAMER'S CAFE

by Rodney Gambicus

Notes

from New

England

(Editor's note: With regret and some
embarrassment, we must report that the
Gamer's Cafe did not submit a column
this month. We're not exactly sure why,
since Rodney and Mad Max were right
here in New Hampshire under our
watchful eye. They disappeared myste-
riously one day without even a good-
bye, leaving behind only a photo of
some guy smashing a computer and a
disk marked "Misc. " That disk con-
tained, among the clutter of half-
finished programs and bizarre bits of
prose signed "T. DeQuincey" (we
suspect that Max wrote them, owing to
the many references to the Woodstock
Nation and Studebakers), a Scripsit file
entitled "Notes, " which we suspect
comprised the core of the December

column. Those scrawls (and it's not
easy to scrawl in Scripsit) are presented
here, minus, of course, the many spelling
errors and coffee stains.)

Whine, whine, whine! It seems like
everybody is accusing everybody else of
cheating on Big Board games. We're
going to need the Magnificent Seven to

clean up the mess. "It's no fun reading
the Big Board mail anymore," says
Max.

For starters, Scott Trent challenges
Jer McLanahan's 261 in Space Warp.
"If you have ever played that game one
of the first things you will notice is that
the highest possible score is 255," he
claims. "The other thing is that it is very

The Big Board

Jungle Boy

851,900

Zagros Sadjadi. Petaluma, CA

Killer Gorilla

28.312

Alex Poon, Baton Rouge, LA

Apple Panic

287,620

Mary Phinney, Stockbridge, MI

Laserball

72.530

Neil Matson, Panama City, FL

Area

H8.780

Rob Mitchell, Peterborough, NH

Laser Defense

1,504,610

Greg Samson. Loudonville. NY

Assault

97.457

Zagros Sadjadi, Petaluma. CA

I. caper

144,500

Tommy Seniuk. Vegreville. Alta.

Astroball

317.240

Stefan Kunze, Moers, W. Germany

Lunar Lander

15,100

Brent Lewis, Long Valley, NJ

Attack Force

1.732,820

Dave Smith. Raleigh. NC

Mad Mines

10,220

Gorman Miller, Tilusville, FL

Bable Tenor

8,857

Mad Max

Martian Patrol

30,496

David Schwartz, San Jose, CA

Barricade

17.520

Troy Scrapchansky, Uncasville. CT

Meteor Mission 2

119,750

Bob Brown, Dallas, TX

Caterpillar

362.883

Alvah Werner, New Albany. OH

Missile Attack

44.000

Raimo Hansen, Mesa, AZ

Centipedes

94.836

Belinda Chron, Tempe, AZ

Monster Invaders

32.620

Troy Scrapchansky, Uncasville. CT

Chicken

12.035

Noble Chowchuvech, Demarest, NJ

Olympic Decathlon

10.278

Adrie van Geffen. Rotterdam. Netherlands

Clash

174.300

Zagros Sadjadi, Petaluma, CA

Outhouse

1,000,000

Kyle Hoyt. Tilusville. FL

Convoy

34.-7(1

Rick Sayre. Stockton. CA

Panik

85.075

Mark Owens. Houston, TX

Cosmic Fighter

806.280

Robert Newman, Stoncy Creek, Ont.

Penetrator

585.460

David Schwartz, San Jose, CA

Crazy Painter

1.087,000

Mike Beebe, Sacramento, CA

Planetoids

56.450

Carl Pflanzer, Gillette, NJ

Cyborg

317.000

Robert Cavin. Laredo. TX

Rear Guard

195,240

John Hope, Kingston, Ont.

Danger in Orbit

69.640

Steve Sustacek, Danube, MN

Robot Attack

143,250

Mark Fertig, Northville. Ml

Defense Command

128,230

Bene Dufraine. Bolton, CT

Sea Dragon

610,180*

Robert Fitzwilliam, Houston, TX

Demise/ Defend

165.000

David Russell, Ardrossan. Scotland

Sky Sweep

1,000,540

Tommy Seniuk, Vegreville, Alta.

Demon Seed

103.160

Markus Blum. Ludwigshafen, W. Germany

Space Castle

69.750

Rick Sayre, Stockton, CA

Desert Peril

84,400

Jay McLain, Clatskanie, OR

Space Intruders

14,030

Ron Johnston, Emporia, KS

Devil's Tower

25,700

Rick Sayre, Stockton, CA

Space Warp (Level 8)

261

Jer McLanahan. New Canaan, CT

Dungeon E scape

6,531

Donald Tindall, Littleton. CO

Stellar Escort

625,000

Kevin Josephson, Chilliwack, B.C.

Hying Saucers

2,186

Stuart Lory, Victoria, B.C.

Super Nova

2,138,710

Mark Fertig, Northville, MI

Fortress

515.925

Greg Samson, Loudonville, NY

Swamp Wars

59,130

Farhad Abrishami, Silver Spring, MD

Frogger

400,900

Shawn Roberts, Oklahoma City, OK

Temple of Apshai

390

Carl Pflanzer, Gillette, NJ

Galactic Empire

1,850

David Russell, Ardrossan, Scotland

Time Runner

89,479

Mad Max

Galaxy Invasion Plus

1,600,058

Shawn Lipman, Nelspruit, S. Africa

Venture

58,550

Darren Cotter, Oceanside, CA

Gauntlet

58,360

David Schwartz, San Jose. CA

Voyager 1

833

Farhad Abrishami, Silver Spring, MD

Ghost Hunter

41,190

John Kane, Nelson, N.Z.

Weerd

61.180

Tommy Seniuk, Vegreville, Alta.

Insect Frenzy

691,156

Tommy Seniuk, Vegreville, Aha.

Wild West

15,400

Gorman Miller, Tilusville, FL

Invaders from Space

655,360

Darren Cotter, Oceanside, CA

Jovian

148,300

Greg Samson, Loudonville, NY

•Expert mode: 339,080 (David Smilh, Kingwood, TX).

268 • 80 Micro. December 1983

CQMPIJTRQNICS

• • EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS^O™ • ATART" • APPLE" • PET" • CP/M T " • XEROX" • IBM™ • OSBORNE'

• TRS80 is a trademark of the Radio Stuck Division of Tandy Co«p. • * ATARI is a trademark of Atari Inc. ■ 'APPLE is a trademark of Apple Corp. • • PET is a trademark of Commodore
' CP/M it a trademark of Digital Research 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp * KM is a trademark of «M Corp * OSBORME is a trademark of Osborne Corp

BUSINESS PAC 100

+ 30-Doy money

100 Ready-To-Run
Business Programs

(ON CASSETTE OR DISKETTE) Includes 128 Page Users Manual

Inventory Control... ..Payroll .Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.

Checkbook Maintenance.... Accounts Receivable.. ..Accounts Payable.....

BUSINESS 100 PROGRAM LIST

NAME DESCRIPTION

1 RCJLE78 Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78*

2 AMfiCI 1 Annuity computation p rogr a m

3 DATE Time between dates

4 DAYYEAR Day of yew a particular dole fait on

5 LEASBNT iiterest rate on lease

6 BREAKEVM Breakeven analysis

7 DEPRSL Straighdrne depreciation

8 DEPRSY Sum of the digits depreciation

9 DEPRDB Declining balance depreciation

tO DEPRDDB Double declining balance depreciation

1 1 TAXDEP Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

12 CHECK2 Prints NEBS checks along with daily register

13 CHECKBK1 Checkbook mainten a nc e program

14 MORTGAGE/A Mortgage amortiiation table

15 MULTMOM Computes time needed for money to double, triple.

16 SALVAGE Determine s salvage value of an investment

17 RRVAPJM Rate of return on i n ve stm e nt with variable inflows

18 RRCO NST Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

19 EFFECT Effective interest rate of a loan

20 FVAL Future value of an investment (compound interest)

21 PVAL Present value of a future amount

22 LOANPAY Amount of payment on a loan

23 REGWTTH Equal withdrawals from investment to leave over

24 SiMPDISK Simple discount analysis

25 DATEVAL Equivalent & rwnequivaient dated values for oWkj.

26 AWtlDEF Present value of deferred annuities

27 MARKOP % Markup analysis for Items

28 SINKFUND Sinking fund amortization program

29 BONOVAL Value of a bond

30 DEPLETE Depletion analysis

31 BLACKSH Black Schoies options analysis

32 STOCVALl Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

33 WARVAL Value of a warrant

34 BON0VAL2 Vak* of a bond

35 EPSEST Estimate of future earnings per share for company

36 BETAALPH Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

37 SHARPE1 Portfolio selection modeli.e. what stocks to hold

38 OPTWRTTE Option writing computations

39 RTVAL Value of a right

40 EXPVAL Expected value analysis

41 BAYES Bayesian decisions

42 VALPRIMF Value of perfect information

43 VALADINF Value of additional Mormatton

44 OTLITY Oenvw utility function

45 SIMPLEX Linear programming solution by simplex method
4b TRAMS Transportation method for linear programming

47 EOQ Economic order quantity inventory model

48 QUEUE I Single server queueing (waiting Kne) model

49 CVP Cost-vdume-proflt analysis
90 CONDPROF Conditional profit tables

51 OPTLOSS Opportunity loss tables

52 FQfJOQ Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

53 FQEOWSH As above but with shortages permitted

54 FQEOQPB As above but with quantity price breaks

55 QUEUECB Cost benefit waiting line analysis

56 NCFANAL Net cash-flow analysis for simple investment

57 PROFIND Profitability index of a project

56 CAP! Cap Asset Pr Model analysis of protect

59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital

60 COMPBAL True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

61 DtSCBAL True rate on discounted ban

62 MERGANAL M erger an alys is computations

63 F1NRAT Financial ratios for a firm

64 NPV Met present value of project

65 PRUDLAS Laspeyres price index

66 PRBHDPA Paasche price index

67 SEASIND Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68 TIMETR Time series analysis Inear trend

69 T1MEMOV Time series analysis moving a v eia ga trend

70 FUPRMF Future price estimation with inflation

71 MALPAC Maiing list system

72 LETWRT Letter writing system-Inks with MAILPAC

73 SORT3 Sorts list of names

74 LABEL 1 Shipping label maker

75 LABEL2 Name label maker

76 BUSBUD DOME business bookkeeping system

77 TIMECLCK Computes weeks total hours from B m ectock info.

78 ACCTPAY In memory accounts payable system-storage permitted

79 INVOICE Gener a t e invoice on screen and print on printer
BO INVENT2 In memory inventory control system

81 TELDiR Computerized telephone directory

82 TIMUSAN Time use analysis

83 ASSIGN Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

84 ACCTREC In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok

85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86 PAYNET Computes gross pay required for given net

87 SELLPR Computes selling price for given after tax amount

88 ARBCOMP Arbitrage computations

89 DEPRSF Sinking fund depreciation

90 UPSZONE Finds UPS zones from rip code

91 ENVELOPE Types envelope including return addwi

92 AUTOEXP Automobile expense analysis

93 INSFLE Insurance pokey file

94 PAYROLL2 In memory payroll system

95 DILAMAL Dilution analysis

96 LOAMAFFD Loan amount a borrower can afford

97 RENTPRCH Purchase price for rental property

98 SALELEAS Saleteaseback analysis

99 RRCONVBD Investor's rate of return on convertable bond
100 PORTVAL9 Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

D TRS-80 Cassette Version $99.95

D TRS-80 (Mod-I or III), Pet, Apple

or Atari Versions $99.95

D TRS-80 Mod-ll, IBM, Osborne

and CP/M Versions $149.95

AOO »3 00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS

ADO MOO FOR C.O.D. OR NON-UPS AREAS

ADD IS.00 TO CANAOA ANO MEXICO

ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSrOE OF U.S.. CANADA AND MEXICO

•CQIHRHrKMCS!

MATV^sMAT-CAl

0\G Se»*-flC£

50 N. PASCACK ROAD
SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

HOUR
O A ORDER

* H Line

ASK FOR OUR 64-PAGE CATALOG |

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

^P\ 9 14) 425-1535

ALL PRICES * SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE
DELIVERY SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY

»» See List ot AttmMsers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 289

The GAMER'S CAFE

hard to play Space Warp if you have
other games." Maybe that's why 261
has stood for so long.

Then there's this cranky letter from
Greg Samson of Loudonville, NY. He
doesn't trust anybody, including the
high-score holders for Martian Patrol,
Cosmic Fighter, and Robot Attack.
And he openly accuses Venture king
Darren Cotter's 58,550 of being phony,
charging that you can't get any more
than 57,500. That Samson is going to be
a real popular guy; I hope he can keep
his kneecaps intact.

Max says all this cynicism concerning
high scores is because of the 1968 Dem-
ocratic Convention. He walks around
the 80 Micro offices shouting, "The
whole world is watching! The whole
world is watching!"

I was hoping this vacation would do
him some good, but I don't know.

*****

The one-line games keep trickling in.
Most of them come from Australia,

where the magazine seems to arrive
three to five years late. I think I could
swim there with a copy in my teeth and
beat- the overseas mail.

*****

The van finally broke. We've got it
down at Roland's Exxon for a tune-up.
Max wanted to replace the plugs with
pennies, but I think that only works in
fuse boxes.

*****

I tore Max away from Convoy long
enough to get his opinion on dropping
some more scores from the Big Board.

"PURGE," he grunted.

"Dig Out (Y/N/Q)," 1 said. "Y."
"Paddle Pinball (Y/N/Q)." "Y."
"Scarfman (Y/N/Q)." "Y."

You have to know how to speak
Max's language if you want to get
through to him.

SHIM rilNTEl
upper.lower case 4. graphics caoabillty
bidirectional. 132 character line
RS232. I 20 cps. ASCII. 7 x 9 dot matrix
built in self test

sprocket (eed. IW to I 5" width
I 10. 300. 1200 bps

keyboards available (limited quantity) J75 00
shipping wt 80 lbs
JSOO.OO I ob our warehouse

CENTRONICS 101 A

164 cps ASCII 9x7 dot matrix

tractor feed (ad|ustable to I 5")

Centronics parallel

Interfaces available (call for prices)
i shipping wt. I 20 lbs.
1 S225 00 upper case only
i S350.00 ul case &. graphics
' all prices fob our warehouse

CONftAC MONITOI

I 9 Inch. P4 phos

■ 80 x 24 characters

' composite video In (RCA phono)

i controls In front panel

1 shipping wt 30 lbs.

' S4S.00 fob. our warehouse

$£lfCT#0A//C$

I 229 S. Napa St. Philadelphia PA 1 9 1 46
Phone: (2 1 5) 468-4645«(2 I 5) 468-789 1

^sr

SHUGART 8" DISK DRIVE
SS-DO

Model 800 2

requires I I 5 VAC (24VDC ♦ 5VDC - 5VDC)
$ I 40 00 (new)

$ 1 00 00 (used) limited useage
shipping wt I 6 lbs
all prices f o b our warehouse

Pa. residents add o°e sales tax All prices
f.o.b. our warehouse All products carry a
replacement warranty All merchandise ac
curate as to decrlptlon to the best of our
knowledge

Confessions of an Honest Gamer:
Jack Martin of Somis, CA, sent in a
score of 999,970 in Scarfman with the
comment, "I feel honor bound to men-
tion that there is a weird mode in Scarf-
man which enables one to obtain an un-
limited number of additional men and
that is the way in which these high
scores are obtained. Playing with the
customary number of men, the highest
score obtainable is probably less than
400,000."

Confessions of a Sneaky Kind of
Guy: James Griffith of Searcy, AR, re-
ports 910,980 and says, "This score was
achieved by a secondary methodology
which I prefer not to disclose yet."

"Well, nah-nah to you, too," Max
commented snidely.

*****

Today, I found a blueberry on
Mount Monadnock the size of a volley-
ball.

*****

Max is nuts about Computer Shack's
Convoy. He particularly likes the sui-
cidal paratroopers. They run back-
wards into your truck and then explode.

"This is almost as good as a George
Romero movie," he keeps saying.

*****

Maybe we should retire Lunar Land-
er, too.

"In the [September] Gamer's Cafe
you stated that the final disgrace will be
in the cheating of Lunar Lander,"
writes Seth Eliot of Brooklyn, NY.
Then he proceeds to give instructions on
refueling:

On the Model I, exit the game by
pressing Break and Reset, hit Enter at
the memory size prompt, type in SYS-
TEM, and then type in /33767.

"It seems that this memory location
refuels you without any damage to the
game," writes Seth. "Sorry, Max."

"Not half as sorry as I am," Max
grunted.

*****

"It's obvious to me that you have a
severe problem with very high scores in
the Gamer's Cafe," writes Mark
Schmidt. "Why don't you print the
scores players get by just using one
man?"

270 • 80 Micro, December 1983

The GAMERS CAFE

I thought it was an interesting sugges-
tion, but Max was less than excited.

"Sure," he said. "Credibility? Veri-
fication? No problems."

*****

Shawn Lipman's father called Peter-
borough twice in one day to report
Shawn's Galaxy Invasion Plus score.
We don't take high scores over the
phone too often (partly because the van
doesn't have a phone), but the Lipmans
live in Nelspruit, South Africa. Wonder
how long it takes the mail to get there?

*****

Max is depressed. First it was the Big
Board mail. Then Mary Schmidt of
Stockbridge, MI, wrote, "Tell Mad
Max to watch out; I'm within a few
points of knocking him off his Bable
Terror perch."

"Oh, yeah?" Max shouted. "Oh,
yeahr

Finally, to end the week, we were

about to post Max's high score in Con-
voy when Rick Sayre of Stockton, CA,
blew him out with 34,770.

"Oh, yeah?" Max mumbled meekly
as he slumped over the keyboard.

*****

The guys at Wally's Hardware in
Spencer, MA, sure know how to have a
good time.

"These people are strange," Max
marveled as he looked at a photo of
some fellow smashing a Model III with
a large hammer.

"When it comes to serious gaming,
we employees at Wally's Hardware are
real hard-core players," said Bob
Noonan in the accompanying letter.
"We wring out every point we can get,
until the computer screams for mercy."

If they're not playing games, Bob
and Dave (the goofy stockboy) are re-
formatting all of Wally's disks or copy-
ing Galaxy Invasion on top of his ac-
counts receivable program.

"Don't tell Wally that Dave cut the
cord off the plotter to fix Mrs. Archam-
beault's lamp, 'cause he didn't feel like
wiring in a new cord cap from stock,"
Bob added, "or that I chopped up his
IBM/360 Assembly language textbook
to show a customer how a gasoline-
powered Weed-Wholloper worked."

"These people are really strange,"
Max repeated.

*****

Max is restless. He wants to hit the
road again. I've suggested that we go
down to Boston to visit Mercedes while
she works on her top-secret project at
MIT.

The van is fixed. The guy at Roland's
called it a miracle. He suggested that we
change the oil at least once every 50,000
miles.

I don't know if I'm going to have
time to write the December column.
Oh, well — I'm sure the people at 80
Micro will figure something out. ■

80 Micro, December 1983 • 271

Aerocomp's
Proven
Best-By Test!
The

Double Density Controller

• Technical Superiority

At last! A double density controller for Model I with higher probability of jata recovery than with any other
DOUBLE density CONTROLLER ON the market TODAY! The DDC" from Aerocomp. No need to worry about the pro-
blems that keep cropping up on existing products, aerocomp s new analog design phase lock loop data separator
has a wider capture window than the digital types currently on the market. This allows high resolution data center-
ing. The finest resolution available with digital circuitry is 125 ns (nano seconds). The "DDC analog circuit allows in-
finately variable tuning. Attack and settling times are optimum for 5-1/4 inch diskettes.
The units presently on the market use a write precompensation circuit that is very "sloppy". Board to board
tolerance is extremely wide - in the order of + 100 ns. The DDC is accurate to within + 20 ns.
The bottom line is state of the art reliability!

• Test Proven

Tests were conducted on AEROCOMPS "DOC". Percom's Doubler A"* and "Doubler ir* and LNWs "LNDoubler"** using
a Radio Shack TRS80* * * Model l, Level 2, 48 K with TRS80 Expansion interface and a Percom TFD100 * disk drive
(Siemens Model 82). Diskette was Memorex 3401. The test diskette chosen was a well used piece of media to deter-
mine performance under adverse conditions. The various double density adapters were installed sequentially in the
expansion interface.

The test consisted of formatting 40 tracks on the diskette and writing a 6DB6 data pattern on ail tracks. The 6DB6
pattern was chosen because it is recommended as a "worst case' test by manufacturers of drives and diskettes. An
attempt was then made to read each sector on the disk once - no retrys. Operating system was Newdos/80, version
1.0, with Double zap, version 2.0. Unreadable sectors were totalled and recorded. The test was run ten times with
each double density controller and the data averaged. Test results are shown in the table.

• Features

TRS80 Model I owners who are ready for reliable double
density operation will get (1) 80% more storage per
diskette. (2) single and double density data separation
with far fewer disk I/O errors, (3) single density com-
patibility and (4) simple plug-in installation. Compatible
with all existing double density software.

• TEST RESULTS *

SUMMER SPECIAL $99.00

for the Best DD Controller on the market.

MFR & PRODUCT

SECTORS LOCKED OUTiavo

AEROCOMP "DDC

PERCOM "DOUBLER II

PERCOM DOUBLER A"

250

LNW "LNDOUBLER"

202

Note: test results available upon written request. All tests conducted prior to 8-25-81

"DDC" and LDOS
"DDC" and Newdos 80

*&13Q 95 Aerocomp's 14 day money back guarantee applies to hardware only.

T" * T^jL Specialswlll be prorated. Shipping $2. 00 in Cont. U.S. See opposite page for details.

$ | 7Q.95 Add S40 ° "hipping & handling for DDC & DOS.

Data separators

The advances that make the "DDC" great are incorporated in the new AEROCOMP Single Density Data Separator ("SDS")
and Double Density Data Separator (' DDS ").

• Has your original manufac-
turer left you holding the bag?

If you already own a Percom "Doubler A", "Doubler II" or LNW
"LNDoubler" or Superbrain, the AEROCOMP "DDS" will make it right.
Look at the test results:

MFR. & PRODUCT

SECTORS LOCKED OUT

WITHOUT DDS

WITH "DDS"

PERCOM "DOUBLER II"

PERCOM DOUBLER A

250

LNW "LNDOUBLER"

202

• "DDS" $49.95

(Use 1791 chip from your DO Con-
troller)

"A" DDS with disk controller

chip included $79.95

• Disk controller

chip $34.95

(Shipping $2 00 Cont US - see opposite
page for details)

Note: Same test procedures as DDC".

• Trademark of Percom Data Co.
•* Trademark of LNW

* * * Trademark of Tandy Corporation

Plugs directly Into your existing
Double Density Controller.

do you need a
Single Density Data
separator?

The internal data separator in the
WD1771 chip (R/S Expansion interface)
is NOT recommended Dy WD for
reliaoie data transfer. Do you have any
of these problems Lost data, tracks
locked out. CRC errors, disk retry? YOU
NEED ONEI

• "SDS" $29.95

(For Mod. I; shipping $2.00)

See opposite
page******

272 • 80 Micro, December 1983

^ DISK DRIVES

40 & 80 TRACK

SINGLE & DOUBLE SIDED

$169

PACESETTERS

Aerocomp leads the way to the BEST value in
disk drives on the market Quality, performance,
reliability, warranty, service plus free trial -
thaf s what you get from the leader.
AEROCOMP

BEST FEATURES

* Fast 5 ms. track- track access

* Single or double density

* Easy entry door

* "Flippy" feature allows read- write to the
back of the diskette to cut media cost in
half (MPI)

* Disk ejector (MPI)

* External drive cable connection

(no need to remove the cover to hook up
the cable)

NEW!

MODEL
III & 4

CONTROLLER

and

DRIVES

Convert cassette Model III or 4 to disk Complete
internal drive kits with 40 track SS drives
(Tandon), Aerocomp disk controller board (will
take up to 4 drives), power supply, mounting
towers, all hardware & cables

• DRIVE KIT (no drives) $199

• ONE DRIVE SYSTEM $369

• TWO DRIVE SYSTEM $539

Sniping 4 handling $8 00 pet system

• AEROCOMP DISK CONTROLLER ... $119

Sttppng & handling S2 00 per conlroflei

• MOUNTING KIT w/o Drives & Controller , . $99

Shipping & handling $4 00 per kit

as low as

COMPLETE DRIVES

TRS80 Mod I & III, IBM PC & Tl 99/4 A Power
supply & enclosure. Specify silver or almond.
5.25 inch

• 40 track single side (Tandon) $199

• 40 track SS "Flippy" (MPI) $239

• 40 track Dual Head (either) $279

• 80 track SS (MPI) $299

• 80 track SS "Flippy" (MPI) $329

• 80 track Dual Head (Tandon) $379

Shipping & Handling 15 00 per drive

BARE DRIVES

Internal drives for TRS80 Mod. Ill, IBM PC. Tl
99/4A, 5 25 in (controller required)

• 40 track Single Side (Tandon) S169

• 40 track Dual Head (either) S249

• 80 track SS (MPI) S269

• 80 track Dual Head (Tandon) S339

Shipping & handling $4 00 Per Drive

8 INCH DRIVES

Drive expansion box complete with power supply
and faa Tandon Slimline.

• Two (2) 8" Single Side $699

• Two (2) 8" Double Side $849

• 8" Bare Slimline, SS $260

• 8" Bare Slimline, DS $375

Shippnq & Handing $5 00 Per Dnve

MODEL I STARTER PACKAGE

One 40 track SS drive, 2-drive cable,
TRSDOS 2.3 disk & manual, freight &
insurance (Tandon).

$249

MISCELLANEOUS GOODIES

• TRSDOS 2 3 disk & manual $20

• LD0S(Mod I or III) $119

• NEWDOS/80, 2.0 (Mod I or III) $129

• Diskettes (10 in library box) $23

• 5.25" Drive Power Supply & case . $59

• 2-Dnve Cable $24

• 4-Dnve Cable $34

• Extender Cable $13

Srupomrj & Handhnu $2 00

PERSONAL CHECKS
WELCOME

We'll be happy to accept your personal check with
any mail order without any shipping delay

FREE TRIAL OFFER

Use your AEROCOMP drive for up to 1 4 days. If you
are not satisfied for ANY REASON (except misuse
or improper handling), return in the original shipping
container for a full purchase price refund. Applies to
hardware only Sorry, we cannot refund on software
We have confidence in our products and we know
you will be satisfied.

WARRANTY

We offer a six months warranty on parts and labor
against defects in materials and workmanship In
the event service becomes necessary for any
reason, our service department is fast friendly and
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warranty or repair drives!

100% TESTED

AEROCOMP disk drives are 100% subjected to
burn- in and bench test We even enclose a copy of
the test check list, signed by the test technician,
with each drive AEROCOMP means reliability!

ORDER NOW!

Order by mail or call TOLL FREE TO THE NUMBERS
BELOW Please note toll free lines will accept orders
only We accept VISA or MASTERCARD Be sure to
include card number and expiration date. We will not
charge your card until the day we ship Order by mail
with credit card or send check or money order.
Personal checks welcome No delay Order COD No
deposit required but all COD's will arrive cash,
certified check or money order only. We'll send a
card showing the exact COD amount before your
shipment arrives Shipping is not included in the
prices shown Texas residents add 5% sales tax

CALL TOLL FREE FOR FAST SERVICE
(800) 824-7888, OPERATOR 24

FOR VISA/MASTERCHARGE/C.O.D. ORDERS

CaMoima dial (800) 852 7777 Operator 24 Alaska
and Howoli dial (800) 824 7919 Operator 24
TOLL FREE LINES WILL ACCEPT OROERS ONLYI

Fa information only call (214) 339-8324
For TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE call (214) 337-4346

Dealer inquiries invited

AE3G€Gnp

Redbird Airport, Bldg. 8
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• See List ol Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 273

The Christmas Pageant

by Richard Ramella

The best Christmas pageant I
ever saw was in the third
grade. Icky Vannoy played
Santa Claus. A serious actor, he
insisted on filling his pillow case
sack with real toys. He could
hardly lift it.

All he had to do was come

running out when the kids on
stage yelled, "Santa is here!"
Out he ran from stage left, and
the weight of his sack propelled
him straight ahead for a quick
exit off stage right. He kept
going.
Icky went home and didn't

100 REM * YULE GREETING * TRS-80 LEVEL II BASIC

110 REM * FUN HOUSE * DEC. '83 * RICHARD RAMELLA

120 CLS

130 A=RND(1022)

140 IF A>133 AND A<138 OR A-142 OR A=143 OR A=198 OR A=199 OR A=20

1 OR A=202 OR A=206 OR A=207 OR A-262 OR A-263 GOTO 130

150 IF A=266 OR A-267 OR A=270 OR A-271 OR A>273 AND A<284 OR A-32

6 OR A=327 OR A=331 OR A=332 OR A-334 OR A=335 GOTO 130

160 IF A=338 OR A»339 OR A=346 OR A=347 OR A=390 OR A=391 OR A>395

AND A<400 OR A=402 OR A=403 OR A-410 OR A=411 GOTO 130
170 IF A>413 AND A<424 OR A=466 OR A=467 OR A-474 OR A=475 OR A=47
8 OR A=479 OR A>529 AND A<540 OR A>541 AND A<548 GOTO 130
180 IF A-554 OR A=555 OR A=606 OR A-607 OR A-618 OR A=619 OR A>669

AND A<680 OR A=682 OR A«683 OR A=746 OR A=747 OR A>809 AND A<820
GOTO 130

190 PRINT £ A,CHR$(191);
200 GOTO 130
210 END

Yule Greeting— Level II.

100 REM * YULE GREETING * TRS-80 COLOR BASIC 4K

110 REM * FUN HOUSE * DEC. '83 * RICHARD RAMELLA

120 CLS(0)

123 GOTO 130

125 PRINT @ A,CHR$(143 + 48) ;

130 A=RND(510)

140 IF A=67 OR A=68 OR A-72 OR A-99 OR A=101 OR A=104 OR A=131

R A=134 OR A=136 OR A>137 AND A<144 GOTO 125

150 IF A=163 OR A-167 OR A=168 OR A=170 OR A-175 OR A=195 OR A=2

00 OR A=202 OR A=207 OR A>208 AND A<215 GOTO 125

160 IF A=234 OR A=239 OR A-241 OR A>265 AND A<272 OR A>272 AND A

<276 OR A=280 OR A=305 OR A=312 GOTO 125

170 IF A>336 AND A<343 OR A=344 OR A=376 OR A>407 AND A<414 GOTO
125

180 PRINT § A,CHRS{207) >

190 GOTO 130

200 END

Yule Greeting— Color Basic.

come back to school. Ever. I
think he moved to another state
during Christmas vacation.

But you're not here to listen
to old third grade stories. You
want to be in the Fun House
Christmas Pageant.

This month I have a secret
Yule Greeting program and A
Talk with Santa, each with sep-
arate Level II and Color
listings.

I also have something else.
Like Santa, I've been getting let-
ters. Some Fun House visitors
don't believe I know how to
program in Extended Color Ba-
sic. Well, it's not true. I learned
how last night and I wrote St.
Nick Portrait to prove it.

So far, I've tried to make as
many Fun House programs as
possible available for as many
TRS-80 models as possible.
With the introductions of the
Model 100 and the Micro Color

The Key Box

Model I and III
Color Computer
4KRAM
Level II Basic
Color Basic
Extended Basic

274 • 80 Micro, December 1983

DISK DRIVE

ANALYSIS PROGRAM

. . . A UNIQUE APPROACH TO DISK RELIABILITY!

Select any one of seven tests to perform
preventive maintenance or to isolate problems.
Simple, single-letter commands make DDA easy
to use! Use DDA to align the head, adjust the
index hole detector, or adjust the speed.

Use the DDA Radial Alignment Test to check the
head alignment of your drives. No need for an
oscilloscope or other expensive test equipment!

Check the motor speed of your drives. Or, you
can even use the Speed Test to adjust the drive
speed. No need for any test equipment!

PROTECT YOUR DATA.

Now you can make sure your data is
being recorded properly by the use of
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See List 0/ Advertisers on Page 307

80 Micro, December 1983 • 275

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276 • 80 Micro, December 1983

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Do you have a lot of time and money invested
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convert Model l/lll BASIC programs to Model 4
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CONVERTR will eliminate unnecessary spaces
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programs. CONVERTR will identify lines
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keywords which the Model 4 handles differently.
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8

100

REM * A TALK WITH SANTA * TRS-80 LEVEL II BASIC

110

REM * FUN HOUSE * DEC. '83 * RICHARD RAMELLA

120

CLS

130

CLEAR 1000

140

N-0

150

FOR A=l TO 3

160

PRINT "R";

170

FOR B=l TO RND(30)

180

PRINT "-I";

190

NEXT B

200

PRINT "NG"

210

FOR T=l TO RND(1000)

220

NEXT T

230

NEXT A •

240

PRINT STRINGS (60,"*")

250

PRINT "HELLO... THIS IS THE NORTH POLE: LEON THE ELF HERE..."

260

270

INPUT "TO WHOM DO YOU WISH TO SPEAK" ;A$

280

IF LEFTS (A$, 5 )»" SANTA" GOTO 380

290

N«N+1

300

IF N-5 GOTO 350

310

PRINT A$" IS NOT HERE"}

320

IF N>1 THEN PRINT " EITHER." ELSE PRINT "."

330

INPUT "ANYONE ELSE YOU MIGHT WANT";A$

340

GOTO 280

350

INPUT "THERE'S A GUY NAMED SANTA CLAUS HERE. WANT TO TALK TO H

IM"

360

IF LEFT$(A$,1)-"Y" GOTO 380

370

PRINT "THEN YOU MUST HAVE A WRONG NUMBER. TOO BAD... IT'S SO N

EAR

+STRING$(6," ")+"CHRISTMAS...": END

380

CLS

390

PRINT "HANG ON. I'LL GO GET HIM."

400

GOSUB 810

410

CLS

420

PRINT £ 480, "HEY SANTA, IT'S FOR YOU."

430

GOSUB 810

440

CLS

450

PRINT "HE WILL BE RIGHT HERE."

460

GOSUB 810

470

CLS

480

GOSUB 810.

490

PRINT "HELLO .— HO-HO-HO — THIS IS SANTA CLAUS SPEAKING."

500

INPUT "WHO IS CALLING ME";A$

510

CLS

520

PRINT "GOOD TO HEAR FROM YOU, "A$". WHERE DO YOU LIVE?"

530

INPUT B$

540

CLS

550

PRINT "MY MY! CALLING ALL THE WAY FROM "B$"l"

560

570

PRINT A$;", HOW OLD ARE YOU?"

580

INPUT Z

590

IF Z>12 THEN PRINT "AND YOU... ER. . . STILL BELIEVE IN ME. I'M

HAPPY TO HEAR THAT."

600

PRINT "I SUPPOSE YOU WANT TO TELL ME WHAT YOU WANT FOR CHRISTM

AS.

610

620

N-l

630

INPUT "WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE";CS(N)

640

D-RND(5)

650

IF D»l PRINT "HMMM... "; ELSE IF D-2 PRINT "I SEE... " ELSE IF

D«

i PRINT "SO... "; ELSE IF D-4 PRINT "INTERESTING... "; ELSE PRI

•WELL WELL... ";

660

PRINT C$(N)

670

680

N-N+l

690

IF N<6 THEN PRINT "AND NOW... ": GOTO 630

700

CLS

710
T."
720

PRINT "I MUST GET BACK TO WORK NOW, BUT LET ME RECORD YOUR LIS

GOSUB 810

730

740

FOR X=l TO N-l

750

PRINT C$(X)

760

770

780

PRINT "SANTA CLAUS CANNOT EVER PROMISE, BUT I WILL SEE WHAT I

CAN

DO. GOODBYE TO YOU, "AS?."

790

PRINT "AND VERY HAPPY HOLIDAYS I"

800

END

810

FOR T-l TO 1000

820

NEXT T

830

RETURN

840

END

A Talk with Santa— Level II.

Computer (MC-10), I see it's a
losing battle.

As 80 Micro phases out cov-
erage of the Color Computer, I
must do the same. And as 80
Micro invites CoCo owners to
make the switch to sister
publication HOT CoCo, I'm
happy to do the same. For
HOT CoCo I write a column
called Elmer's Arcade, and its
arcade games are a mix of Ex-
tended Color Basic, Color
Basic, and Micro Color Basic.

Now let's go to the audito-
rium for the Christmas
pageant.

Yule Greeting

This greeting has separate
listings for Level II and Color
Basic. What is the Yule Greet-
ing? It's one word, and that's
all I'm saying.

The only instructions for this
program are to type RUN and
tap the enter key. Then you
watch. The secret greeting
forms slowly.

If you want to trim the tree
while you wait, you have plenty
o,f time. If you want to make
this into a game, a group of
people can watch. The winner is
the first to recognize the
greeting.

In Level II Basic, the word is
black on a white background.
In Color Basic, it's red on a
white background.

A Talk with Santa

Again, I have separate Level
II and Color Basic listings.
Look closely at line 100 to make
sure you're entering the one for
your computer.

In both versions, the pro-
gram starts with a ringing
telephone. In Color Basic you

80 Micro, December 1983 • 277

A Talk with Santa— Color Basic.

100

REM * A TALK WITH SANTA * TRS-80 COLOR

BASIC

110

REM * FUN HOUSE * DEC. '83 * RICHARD RAMELLA

120

CLS(0)

130

CLEAR 250

140

DIM B(22)

150

DATA 193,3,193,3,193,6,193,3,193,3,193

6,193

,3,204

3,176,3,1

85,2,193,10

160

FOR A=l TO 22

170

READ B(A)

180

NEXT A

190

N-0

200

FOR A«=l TO 3

210

FOR B»l TO RND(15)+10

220

SOUND 215,1

230

NEXT B

240

FOR T«l TO RND(1000)

250

NEXT T

260

NEXT A

270

CLS

280

PRINT "HELLO, THIS IS THE NORTH POLE.

LEON

THE ELF HERE."

290

300

PRINT "TO WHOM DO YOU WISH TO SPEAK?"

310

INPUT A$

320

IF A$="SANTA" OR A$»"SANTA CLAUS" THEN

440

330

N«N+1

340

IF N-5 GOTO 400

350

PRINT A$" IS NOT HERE";

360

IF N>1 THEN PRINT " EITHER." ELSE PRINT "."

370

PRINT "ANYONE ELSE YOU MIGHT WANT?"

380

INPUT A$

390

GOTO 320

400

PRINT "THERE'S A GUY NAMED SANTA CLAUS

HERE.

WANT

ro TALK TO

HIM?"

410

INPUT A$

420

IF LEFT$(A$,1)="Y" GOTO 440

430

PRINT "THEN YOU MUST HAVE A WRONG

NUMBER. TOO

BAD... IT

50 NEAR CHRISTMAS...": END

440

CLS

450

PRINT "HANG ON. I'LL GO GET HIM."

460

GOSUB 920

470

CLS

480

PRINT 3 480, "HEY SANTA, IT'S FOR Y0U1"

490

GOSUB 920

500

CLS

510

PRINT "HE WILL BE RIGHT HERE."

520

GOSUB 920

530

FOR A-l TO 21 STEP 2

540

SOUND B(A) ,B(A+1)

550

NEXT A

560

CLS

570

GOSUB 920

580

■

PRINT "HELLO ~ HO-HO-HO — THIS IS

SANTA

CLAUS

SPEAKING.

590

INPUT "WHO IS CALLING ME"jA$

600

CLS

610

PRINT "GOOD TO HEAR FROM YOU,"

620

PRINT A$". WHERE DO YOU LIVE?"

630

INPUT B$

640

CLS

650

PRINT "MY MY1 CALLING ALL THE WAY"

660

PRINT "FROM ")B$

670

PRINT .

680

PRINT A$", HOW OLD ARE YOU?"

690

INPUT' Z

700

IF Z>16 THEN PRINT "AND YOU... ER. . . STILL BELIEVE

IN ME. I

'M VERY HAPPY TO HEAR THAT."

710

PRINT "I SUPPOSE YOU WANT TO TELL ME

WHAT

YOU WISH FOR CHR

ISTMAS."

720

730

N-l

740

INPUT "WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE";C$(N)

750

D=RND(5)

760

IF D-l THEN PRINT "HMMM "; ELSE IF D=2

THEN

■I SEE...

"; ELSE IF D=3 THEN PRINT "SO... "; ELSE IF D-4

THEN PRINT "INTE

RESTING... "; ELSE IF D-5 THEN PRINT "WELL

• • ";

770

PRINT C$(N)

780

790

N-N+l

800

IF N<6 THEN PRINT "AND NOW... ": GOTO 740

810

CLS

820

PRINT "I MUST GET BACK TO WORK NOW, BUT LET

ME RECORD YOUR L

1ST

830

GOSUB 920

l.LMtnR continued

hear the ring, but in Level II
Basic you see the word R-I-I-I-
ING! a few times. Then an elf
named Leon answers the phone
at the North Pole and asks you
to whom you wish to speak.

If you don't know who to ask
for after spending all that
money on a long-distance call
to the North Pole at Christmas
time, I'm afraid this program
ends.

If you reach the right North
Pole personality (S***a C***s),
you get to tell him your
Christmas wish list.

St. Nick Portrait

This part of the big yule show
is only for people with Extend-
ed Color Basic machines. It
draws a picture of Santa Claus.
It's a fairly good likeness, al-
though I can't draw hands.

And there's more. You see
Santa drawn on the screen and
you have a few moments to ad-
mire his pudgy form. Then a
green text screen appears that
asks you to wait a moment.

Behold, on comes a picture
of Leon, who had a brief speak-
ing part in A Talk with Santa.
In this program he gets a nice
closeup but has no lines to
speak.

278 • 80 Micro, December 1983

listing continued

PT TXT

840 PRINT

r* 1 I IXI

850 FOR X=l TO N-l

1 1^7 1 ^1

860 PRINT CS(X)

ML ^^ JL ▼

870 NEXT

880 PRINT

^aaa> «bW .^bbbbs. ^a» ^v ^imtL "^m^mm

890 PRINT "SANTA CANNOT EVER PROMISE, BUT IWILL SEE WHAT I CAN D

T T^^X Tf Tz*

0. GOODBYE TO YOU, "A$"."

1— If 11 1 ^^ r^

900 PRINT "AND VERY HAPPY HOLIDAYS I"

n i II i r^ i ,

910 END

JL JL^«/ \^ J ts_* *- J

920 FOR T=l TO 1000

930 NEXT T

940 RETURN
950 END

If you want to see only Santa
arid not Leon, put a new line (655

GOTO 655) into the program.

100 REM * ST. NICK PORTRAIT * TRS-80 EXTENDED COLOR BASIC
110 REM * FUN HOUSE * DEC. '83 * RICHARD RAMELLA

Next month is 1984. I wonder

120 PCLS
130 PM0DE1,1

how many days each of us has

140 SCREEN 2,1

been alive. We'll try to figure

150 CIRCLE(128,96) ,40, ,1.5
160 CIRCLE (141,155) ,15, ,1.5

that out an easy way. Next

170 CIRCLE(116,155) ,15, ,1.5
180 CIRCLE(160,60) ,30, ,.4

month's programs will work on

190 CIRCLE(100,60) ,30, ,.4

any TRS-80 model. ■

200 LINE(110,134)-(135,164) , PRESET

210 LINE(135,164)-(135,100) .PRESET

220 LINE{80, 60)-(166, 60) , PRESET

Do you have a question about a Fun

230 PAINT(129,96) ,4,4
240 CIRCLE(129, 60) ,20,3,2

House program? Write me, Richard

250 PAINT(128,60) ,1,3

Ramella, 1493 Mt. View Ave., Chico,

260 FOR Y=20 TO 48

CA 95926. You must include a 20-cent

270 LINE(112,Y)-(146,Y) , PRESET
280 NEXT Y

stamped, self-addressed envelope.

290 CIRCLE(128,35) ,25,3, .8

From other countries, send a self-

300 FOR X-112 TO 145 STEP 4
310 LINE(X, 40)-(X, 60) , PRESET

addressed envelope and your nation's

320 NEXT X

coin equal to postage.

330 CIRCLE(128,56) ,6,6,.5,.0,.5
340 LINE(126,40)-(130,46) ,PSET,BF

350 LINE(110,22)-(150,27) ,PSET
360 LINE(160,0)-(110,22),PSET
370 LINE(160,0)-(150,27) ,PSET

TIME SAVING MONEY SAVING

380 PAINT(125,20) ,4,4

PRINTER BUFFER

390 CIRCLE(122,34) ,6, ,.6, .5,1

400 FOR X=122 TO 124
410 PSET(X,36,3)

420 PSET(X+11,36,3)

_~-^^Baaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa^__£~

430 NEXT X

|"""~ ^^^^^^Hai ^^^aj

440 CIRCLE(135,34) ,6, ,.6, .5,1

laaafl

450 CIRCLE(72,60) ,8,3

L«- \ ^P

460 CIRCLE(188,60) ,8,3

470 PAINT(74,60) ,5,3

480 PAINT(188,60) ,5,3

~~ - — —~^^^^^^

490 FOR Y=108 TO 116

500 CIRCLE(128,Y) ,40 ,3 , .5,1 , . 5

510 NEXT Y

SPOOL -Z-Q

520 FOR Y-lll TO 115.

Spool-Z-Q j. >epi- . h.ii.i.cer* .it computet -rr<-J and feed* them

530 CIRCLE(128,Y),38,5,.5,1,.5

BO vour printer at ir« much slower speed. This elim.tiates the time

540 NEXT

yOU waste waiting lor vour printer to lmi»h before you can use

550 FOR Y=170 TO 190

v,>ur computer.

560 CIRCLE(114,Y) ,8,3

FEATURES

570 CIRCLE(142,Y) ,8,3

>;\k>; ■/ i* perfect lor use with ail parallel (Centronics stan-

580 NEXT

dard) printers including Radio Shack primers. Spool-Z-Q, H

590 FOR X=95 TO 112

stand-alone, it doesn'r ste the .omputet .'i printer.

600 CIRCLE(X,190) ,7,3

The manv advanced ftKum Include wnmatK Internal space

610 CIRCLE(X+48,Y) ,7,3

, copy and sell-test functions, and a special

6 20 NEXT X

"I'juxr 'ti-Formteed" mode.

630 CIRCLE(163,3) ,4,3

SIZES AND EXPANSION

640 FOR T=l TO 5000

Spool-Z-Q. coma n UK. MK. and I28K characici una Am

6 50 NEXT T

Spool / •■>'■' !H " ■»■ aapandad to c-* oi i2sk hv just plugging m

660 CLS

chips — the sockets ate ahead) installed There are no jumpers ro

670 PMODE 4,1

fool with either. Spool-Z-Q knows rMM much memory IS inst.ilU-J

without being gold

6 80 PRINT "WAIT JUST A MOMENT MORE AND YOU WILL SEE ONE OF SANTA

15 DAY TRIAL PERIOD

'S ELVES... LEON."

You may tr>' Spool ZQ with vour mcam and. if sou aren't

690 LINE(0,96)-(255,19i) ,PSET,BF

completely satisfied, ret^tn it within 15 davs for a no-hassle full

700 FOR T=fl TO 1000

refund

710 NEXT T
720 SCREENI, 1
730 GOTO 730

FACTORY DIRECT PRICES
(Shipping included)
32K - *219

JVB ELECTRONICS
1601 Fulton Av«. Suite 1

7 40 END

MK - $249
128K - $309

Sacramento. CA 96825
19161 483 0709

.-121

St. Nick Portrait.

Cable to printer - »27

California resident* include 6% sales tax We accept

[MasterCard. Visa AMEX and COD.

* See Usl of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 279

FEEDBACK LOOP

by Terry Kepner

Send any questions or problems deal-
ing wifh any area of TRS-80 microcom-
puting to Feedback Loop, 80 Micro, 80
Pine St., Peterborough, NH 03458.

J' he July 1983 column had three let-
ters concerning problems with the
Smith-Corona TP1 and Superscript. I,
too, have a TP1 printer, as well as a
DMP-2100.

I tried the DW2 driver and had the
same difficulties as the other people.
Using your ideas, I located the place in
the DW2 driver program where initiali-
zation occurs, address BEOF hex-
adecimal (hex).

Instead of using an editor/assembler
to change the code, I used the F func-
tion (file patch utility) of Debug on my
Model III disk system. The procedure
is: Enter Debug at the TRSDOS READY
prompt, press the F key, enter
DW2/CTL for the file specification,
page through the file until line number
3F00 appears on the screen, press the M
key, place the cursor over the byte at
3F03 (19), enter 00 and press the enter
key, and exit Debug.

I enjoy 80 Micro very much. I am a
relative newcomer to computing and
appreciate the hints and advice in your
column.

W. C.
Tampa, FL

Thanks for the modification instruc-
tions and your kind comments. For a
"relative newcomer" you sound as if
you're doing pretty well.

First, I would like to add CP/M to
my 48K single-disk Model I. Where can
I get the hardware and software to do
this, and how hard is it to do?

Second, I want to add a modem to
my computer. Since I don't have an
RS-232 board, where can I get one? Or
should I buy a modem with a built-in
RS-232? And could fuse the RS-232 for
other purposes if I did this? Is there a lo-
cal CompuServe number in the Cham-
paign/Urbana, IL area?
280 • 80 Micro, December 1983

And finally, what have you heard
about the new Banana printer from
Leading Edge Products? At $249.95 it
sounds like a good buy.

T.D.
Mascoutah, IL

Several dealers sell CP/M upgrades
for the Model I computer. For a list of
them, see last month's column. All are
fairly simple to install.

If you want a Radio Shack RS-232
board for your computer, you can still
buy one from Radio Shack. If your lo-
cal R/S doesn't have any in stock, you
can buy one from Rider Radio in Peter-
borough, NH 03458. The problem with
the Radio Shack unit is that it tends to
make poor contact with the expansion
interface (EI) main circuit board and is
prone to glitching while in use. Several
weeks ago mine started having prob-
lems and ended up getting me thrown
off the CompuServe network three
times in IS minutes. The only real solu-
tion to the poor contact problem is to
solder the RS-232 to the EI connection
(not a job for amateurs).

Getting a combination RS-232/mo-
dem unit for your computer would
make it easier to use and would elimi-
nate most of the contact problems (es-
pecially if you use Gold-Plug 80s on the
EI extension port). The disadvantage is
that the RS-232 ends up being dedicated
to the purpose, although at least one
manufacturer gives you an extra edge
connection for the RS-232.

Your final choice is to buy an exter-
nal RS-232 board that plugs into the ex-
pansion port of the RS-232. This is the
most common approach used by people
unwilling to put up with the Radio
Shack RS-232.

Both of the last two choices have one
problem; they don't use the same ad-
dress ports as the R/S board and this
causes some difficulties finding soft-
ware. If you decide to buy an outside

RS-232 board, check with the manufac-
turer about which software will or
won't work with their board.

I've heard nothing about Leading
Edge's Banana printer except that it's
available. The September 80 Micro has
some information in the New Products
section (p. 349).

What jumper changes are required
when upgrading a Model III or 4 with
64Ktol28K?

T.K.
Julian, CA

You don't need any jumpers. You
must replace the DIP (dual inline pack-
age) shunt in socket U72 with a Pro-
grammable Logic Array (PLA). The
ones used by Radio Shack are made by
Monolithic Memories Inc., and are
called PALs (a registered trademark).

The PLA used with the Model 4
comes with the 128K upgrade kit. I have
no information on the serial number or
specifications of Radio Shack's PAL.

We just purchased a new Model 4,
and I want to know if anyone has writ-
ten any drivers to use the 80<olumn
screen and 4 MHz clock speed with
Model III programs? I currently have
DOSPL US 3.5 for the Model III but am
unaware of any drivers or patches to use
the Model 4 features.

Second, I'm going to be writing some
estimating programs on the Model 4 re-
quiring continuous calculations and
comparisons with large indexed numer-
ic data files. I want to know what lan-
guages you feel best suit my needs. I'm
using Basic, but it's time-consuming
and the file handling is too complex.

J.R.F.
Huntington Beach, CA

No one has as yet written a driver to
use the Model 4 features in the Model
III mode, but it won't be long before
the DOS manufacturers have fixed their
DOSes to optionally use those features.

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FEEDBACK LOOP

I know it's possible because Holmes En-
gineering has several DOSes patched to
use their 80-column board upgrade for
the Model III. Once the DOSes are
ready, the Basic programs can easily use
the features and software will be devel-
oped that takes advantage of the Model
4 options in the Model III mode.

Languages are always a problem. Co-
bol was designed for business, and is
used to manipulate large numeric arrays
as in inventories and data bases, but its
I/O routines are as weak as Basic's.
Fortran was designed as a scientific lan-
guage for extremely fast and accurate
numeric calculations. Basic was in-
tended as a good beginner's language,
with good string handling capabilities
(Cobol and Fortran's weak points),
moderate calculation accuracy, and
easy-to-program I/O routines (which
become complex as they get larger).

If you want a fast calculating lan-
guage and I/O routines that you can
customize and optimize for speed, I
suggest you investigate Forth. Forth is a
bit unusual in that it is totally flexible.
As a Forth programmer you can define
new Forth commands to do whatever
you want done, much like defining a
new Basic command in Bask. For ex-
ample, you could define a command to
clear the screen, load the next record in-
to memory, and display it on the video
by assigning a name to the sequence of
Forth commands that do the same
action.

Forth uses a syntax that's radically
different from all other languages, but
it's highly efficient. This syntax differ-
ence is the most difficult part of learn-
ing Forth. A page of Forth commands
(defined as one display screen) looks
like a scrambled-code message. One
common complaint is that a few days or
weeks after writing Forth code, not
even the programmer can figure out ex-
actly what he did.

Once you learn Forth, you'll love it
for its programming ease. If the com-
mand isn't there, just define your own
new command. In fact, asking a Forth
aficionado how to do something (such
as writing a custom disk I/O routine)
can be frustrating because he'll usually'
tell you to just write it. Currently, the
best Forth available for the TRS-80
computer is from Miller Microcomput-
er Services (61 Lake Shore Road,
Natick, MA 01760, 617-653-6136,
$129.95).

282 • 80 Micro, December 1983

I have a Model I with an LNW Ex-
pansion Interface and a Teac disk drive.
On power-up, the disk comes on for
about three seconds and then shuts off.
Reset doesn't do anything differently.
After the drive shuts off, the keyboard
goes dead and I get no response.

I checked all the connectors, solder
joints, proper parts in sockets, etc., and
everything seems in order. Now what?

K.T.
Salem, NH

I need more information. Does the
unit work as a 16K Level II machine?
Does the unit work as a Level II ma-
chine with the interface attached and
turned on? Does the interface have
memory? If it does, can you get it in
Level II mode (does it power-up as a
32K or 48K machine)? If there's no
memory in the interface, are you sure
your DOS will operate in only 16K?
Some DOSes require a minimum of
32K to work right. What DOS are you
using? Have you called or written the
LNW trouble desk for help? Is your in-
terface a kit you built, or did you buy it?

If you get full memory from the in-
terface and the computer works fine as
a Level II machine, something is wrong
with the disk drive controller circuitry
or with the disk drive itself. Find some-
one who has a working Model I disk
system and use your keyboard on it. If it
works, your keyboard unit is OK. Have
your friend use your drive on his sys-
tem. If it works, the problem is not with
the drive. If the keyboard unit and the
disk drive test out OK, the trouble is
with the interface.

As you know, the PRINT #-1 instruc-
tion on the Model III is very slow be-
cause it always writes the header first. I
would like to know if there's a buffer I
can fill before writing to cassette. I
know the Color Computer PRINT #-1
works like that.

I also want to upgrade my system to
32K. I bought one 41 16 chip and insert-
ed it in my computer as you described in
your column. It didn 't work; I still get
15314 as the memory available. Does
the computer read blocks of 16K, or is
the chip bad?

I need a good memory map of my
computer, can you recommend a good
book?

J.P.
Berchem, Belgium

The design of the cassette I/O rou-
tines of the Model III and Color Com-
puters are totally different. The only
way you'll get the Model III to buffer
cassette I/O in the manner of the Color
Computer is to write your own ma-
chine-language cassette routines.

You upgrade the memory of all the
microcomputers made by Radio Shack
(except their pocket computers) in
blocks of 16K. The computers address
each chip in the 8-chip block as 16K by 1
bit. Installing only one chip activates
only 1 bit of the 8-bit words in the 16K
block. To upgrade, you must use all
eight chips.

Soft Sector Marketing sells the book
Model ni ROM Disassembled, which
includes a memory map of the machine.

/ read D.J. 's question concerning the
installation of new characters in the
Model I character generator (August
1983, p. 316). Enclosed with this letter is
some literature on a character generator
ROM that I manufacture. Note that be-
sides having true lowercase descenders,
you can also program the ROM to con-
tain a second character set custom
designed by the user.

T.W.
Bainbridge Is., WA

Now that's an interesting develop-
ment. According to the literature, the
EC-1 is a pin-for-pin replacement ROM
for the MC M6670 used by the Model I
as a character generator. In addition to
replacing the TRS-80 character set with
one containing true descenders, the
EC-1 has room for a complete alternate
character set. The characters are 5 by 8
matrices, so you can custom design any
character you want.

If you want to use the alternate char-
acter set and the normal set, you can in-
stall a toggle switch to let you pick the
one you want. Or you can fix the ROM
to use only one of the two sets available.
The EC-1 is also inexpensive, retailing
at $11. If you want a custom character
set, the EC-1 costs $19.

Of course, to use the upper-/lower-
case generator, you'll have to have
modified the video RAM so that it dis-
plays the additional characters. You can
do this easily by soldering a 2102 RAM
on top of the video RAM chip, as ex-
plained in the April 1981 issue of 80
Micro.

Address your questions to: Electronic

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284 • 80 Micro, December 1983

FEEDBACK LOOP

Closet, 8187 Blakely Ct. West, Bain-
bridge Is., W A 98110.

I rem the MEMTEST program that
came with TRSDOS on my computer.
The checksums for the A and B ROMs
were OK, but the ROM C checksum
was different from the ones listed for it.
My Model III ROM C has a checksum
of 2F84. Is there a reason for concern
about the difference? My computer has
worked flawlessly since I bought it.

L.L.
Bronx, NY

Worry not, the latest ROM C has the
checksum you have. It's just that the
program is an older version and doesn't
have all the correct checksums for the
ROM C versions available. Happy
computing.

I'm confused about the sound
routines for the Model III computer.
I would like some information about
the way people work with them. I've
tried to put their routines on the end of
my programs and all I get is a Cass?
prompt.

I tried to modify the Memory Size?,
PEEK, and POKE. I also tried four dif-
ferent kinds of sound routines; they all
work as long as the routine is by itself.
Does it have anything to do with POKE
16526,n and POKE 16527, n?

T.R. W.
Southern Pines, NC

There are several things that could be
wrong. First, where are these sound
routines going in memory? If they're lo-
cated at a particular place in memory,
moving them around will make them
malfunction. If the routines reside at
the top of memory, only one can be
there at a time without fouling up the
others.

If a given routine is located at the top
of memory, you have to use the Memo-
ry Size? prompt to protect the routine
from being stepped on by Basic when it
tries to run your program. You also
have to tell Basic that there is a ma-
chine-language routine located at the
top of memory, and that you want to
use the routine. This is done with the
two POKEs you mention. These place
the address of your sound routine in a
location reserved by Basic for the USR
function, which passes control from a

Basic program to a machine-language
program and back.

So, if you want to use the sound rou-
tines in your programs, you first have to
determine where the routines are lo-
cated. If more than one routine is lo-
cated there, you have to make sure that
the routines don't overlap, or you'll
ruin one or all of them. Similarly, cas-
sette-based systems support only one
USR function at a time, so if you have
several routines, you'll have to develop
a method to switch between the routines
when you call the USR routine (perhaps
use a GOSUB, before the USR com-
mand, to jump to lines that POKE the
starting address of the particular rou-
tine you want into the USR address lo-
cation).

Start with a routine that you know
works; modify the program to do what
you want. If it no longer works, you'll
have to contact the author for more in-
formation on what the routine does and
how to modify it. If it does work, start
on the next routine.

/ have a 48K Model I with three disk
drives and a Model 33 teletype for a
printer. I have also acquired another
Model I, which is a 16K Level I comput-
er. I intend to upgrade it to Level II, and
have it as a spare CPU for the first com-
puter.

Can I hook up the two units so that I
can control the main unit with the
spare? I'd like to have the spare key-
board and monitor upstairs in the liv-
ingroom so I can write code, letters, or
whatever. I'd also like to be able to load
programs into the main unit, alter
them, and then save the results on disk.
I have an interface that lets me turn the
printer on and off without commands.

As I see it, the new keyboard will con-
trol the old computer, printer, and
drives, and the hew monitor will report
what's happening. I have no need for
the paths to be reversed.

J.C.
Wayne, NJ

In other words, you want to be able
to make the older computer a slave to
the new one.

The only method I know of for such
an application requires the use of RS-
232 boards. You load a host terminal
program that treats all RS-232 incoming
data as if it were typed on the

computer's keyboard. All video display
is simultaneously echoed out the
RS-232. The other computer would
have a terminal program loaded in
memory that simply sends every key-
stroke to the RS-232 and takes incom-
ing data and places it on the video dis-
play. Nothing is stored or kept in the
remote computer's memory, except the
program itself.

This method works the way you
want. The disadvantage to this system is
that you'd have to load the terminal
program into the remote machine by
cassette tape, and load the host pro-
gram from disk. Every time you wanted
to use the entire system, you'd have to
make sure the host computer has the
host program in memory and runs cor-
rectly before loading and using the re-
mote computer.

If you wanted to get fancy, you could
buy BBS software for your disk comput-
er and leave the computer permanently
turned on. Whenever you wanted to use
the system, just call it up with the remote
program (go on-line with the RS-232 ter-
minal program) and start using your
computer. Or leave the BBS on drive
zero with Auto engaged to load and ex-
ecute the BBS program. Then you
would just have to turn the computer on
when you want to use it.

The disadvantage to this system is that
you have to buy the additional hardware
for the two RS-232 boards, and run an
RS-232 cable between the two machines
(maximum length without an in-
termediate amplifier is about 25 feet).
For your remote computer, you would
have to buy a non-Tandy RS-232 board
that lets you attach directly to the
keyboard unit without an expansion in-
terface. The disk-based computer would
likewise require a non-Tandy board (if
you want reliable operation for long
periods of time).

/ have a strange problem that I hope
you can help me with. I have a 48K, du-
al-disk Model I computer that random-
ly reboots when in Disk Basic. The com-
puter works fine in DOS, Level II Basic,
and when running machine-language
programs. I have cleaned all the connec-
tors and resoldered everything that
looked flakey. I'm using NEWDOS80,
but I'm sure that isn't the problem.

G.S.
Danbury, CT

80 Micro, December 1983 • 285

FEEDBACK LOOP

You didn't mention the age of your
computer. If you have one of the older
expansion interfaces, you may need to
have it modified for increased reliabili-
ty. The first step is to use the buffered
cable; the El-to-CPU cable has a black
box in the middle of it. This helps stabi-
lize the data line and makes it more re-
sistant to electrical noise. If the problem
persists, you have to direct- wire the
RAS, CAS, and MUX lines inside the
keyboard and EI units, from the origi-
nation points to the edgecard connec-
tions.

If you still have problems, you have
to make the pregnant cable (MUX)
modification. The three previously
mentioned bus lines are cut from the
EI-CPU cable and placed in a separate,
twisted wire pairs, DIN cable. This ca-
ble has a male and female six-pin DIN
connector in the middle to let you un-
plug the CPU unit from the EI unit
(hence the bulging, pregnant look to the
cable).

These modifications are required on
most old model expansion interfaces,
which were poorly designed. If you al-
ready have these modifications, remove
the two power supplies from the EI
case; the fluctuations of the magnetic
fields induce interference with your EI
RAM chips. If you're still having prob-
lems, check the FDC chip for poor con-
nection to the circuit board.

/ would like to learn Assembly lan-
guage, but all I know is that it's faster
than Basic. I have the book Inside Level
II, but I don't understand it. Please tell
me the best way I can learn about
Model I Level II Assembly language,
without having to spend lots of money.

T.K.K.
Chico, CA

First, the Model I computer is a Z80
CPU-based computer, so any book
teaching the theory of Z80 program-
ming will help you. However, I suggest
that you get either TRS-80 Assembly-
Language Programming (Radio Shack
#62-2006, $3.95) by William Barden, or
TRS-80 Assembly Language (Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, Nj 07632,
$9.95) by Hubert S. Howe Jr. Both
books deal specifically with the Model
I. Howe's book is easier to understand,
while Barden's book gives instructions
286 • 80 Micro, December 1983

on using Radio Shack's T-Bug and Edi-
tor/Assembler.

A year ago, I purchased a Microtek
Bytewriter-1 and their interface board
for my Model! Everything worked fine
until I added the chips for 48K opera-
tion. Level II recognizes the full 48K
when first powered up, but after a vari-
able time the computer reboots to the
Memory Size? prompt, or some other
apparently random spot.

I thought the problem was interfer-
ence until I discovered that responding
to Memory Size? with 32767 or less pre-
vents the problem while still allowing
machine code to run in high RAM.
What's up?

K.H.
Livermore, CA

Basic stores program variables, ar-
rays, and program operation tables
starting at the top of RAM and working
down. You use the top 2 bytes constant-
ly. Since the dividing address between
the keyboard unit and the expansion
memory is 32767, your difficulty is with
the high 32K RAM bank.

First, make sure that the connection
between the keyboard unit and the ex-
pansion box is clean and solid (use iso-
propyl alcohol and cotton swabs to
clean off the dirt, and a pink rubber
eraser to remove any tarnish off of the
cable contact; the connectors should fit
tightly).

If the problem persists, try swapping
the top 16K bank with the memory in
the keyboard. Next, check to see if the
R/S black box power supplies are too
close to the memory or the intercon-
necting cable. And finally, is the RAM
and printer circuitry being driven by the
keyboard's power supply? If so, the in-
terconnecting cable could be interfering
with itself, although that's not too like-
ly. What's more likely, if the expansion
unit uses the keyboard power supply, is
that the added memory is overtaxing the
power supply and causing your trouble.
In this case you'll have to get a separate
power supply for the expansion box.

If the problem still doesn't go away,
contact the manufacturer of your ex-
pansion box and ask for help.

/ have a 48K, three-drive Model I
with the Radio Shack doubter installed.

My problem is with TRSDOS 2.7DD.
When attempting to copy from single-
density to double-density, TRSDOS
2. 7DD won 't read anything above track
35 on the single-density disk.

It appears that this problem could be
corrected by a very simple patch, but
Fort Worth won 't say when or if the
patch will be available, nor will they re-
lease the file specification, password,
sector location, or any other data on
how to access TRSDOS 2. 7DD.

Do you know of a patch for this
problem, or must I start looking for a
new double-density DOS?

R.K.
Clovis, NM

You'd better start looking, because I
don't have that patch in my bag of
tricks. Can anyone else help?

My 48K, single-disk Model I has sev-
eral problems: spontaneous disk re-
boots, inability to reboot a disk using
the keyboard reset button, DOS mes-
sage CANNOT BOOT or something
similar while the disk spins in the drive,
and occasional screwy behavior while
using VisiCalc (i.e., the left arrow key
moves the cursor down one line).

Just recently I had to replace the key-
board-CPU cable to get the computer to
function as a 16K computer.

I can feel a slight wiggling of the con-
nector at the EI— perhaps the original
Radio Shack plug is getting old (I tried
replacing the keyboard-CPU cable, but
got no improvement). Right now, I
haven 't had a reboot since I started this
letter. Apparently if I get the cable con-
nectors just right, proper contact is
made and no rebooting occurs.

I'm thinking of soldering the EI and
CPU together with a 40-conductor car
ble, but feel I might regret it later on.
Now what should I do?

S.D.
East Lyme, CT

Things are never simple. First, the
keyboafd-CPU cable is a vary weak
point in the system. When you get
strange results after typing on the key-
board, this cable connection is almost
always the problem. This cable can also
cause spontaneous system reboots, and
prevent proper disk-booting action.

Now.

FOR THE TRS-80' MODEL I & III

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American Software Club has been selling software for the APPLE, ATARI, IBM,
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My computer is:
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□ TRS-80

(Mods 1,2, 3, 4)
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.- Aw List of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 287

FEEDBACK LOOP

Check h carefully for lifted traces on the
edgecard, cold solder joints, or inter-
mittent solder bridges.

Next, check the power connectors
where your power supplies attach to the
circuit boards; they may be loose and
causing reboots. Also, check and clean
the contacts on the FDC chip in the EI
(that's right, clean the FDC chip pins).

The disk booting problem has several
possible sources: The edgecard connec-
tion to the disk drives may need clean-
ing, the disk drive logic card's edge con-
nector may need cleaning, the head may
need a slight realignment and cleaning,
or the motor speed may need adjusting.

Start with the easiest: clean the edge-
card connectors," then use a disk drive
cleaner for the head (or alcohol and
long cotton swabs).

The reset button sounds as if it's bro-
ken. As a Level II machine, does Reset
work? It may also be suffering from
cold solder joints, lifted traces, and oth-
er mechanical problems. Let me know if
you're successful in correcting the
problem.

/ have a problem with my Model I
speed-up kit. My system comprises;
tyodel I (board M700069D, Satellite
ROMs, 16K RAM from Exatron, Cer-
dat's The Patch, Programma 80-Grafix
board, and Exatron Speedup Kit); Ra-
dio Shack Expansion Interface (board
H17OO077D, 32K RAM from Exatron,
Percom Doubler II); Aerocomp's
80-track disk drive (MPI 91); Exatron
Stringy Floppy; Epson MX-80 printer;
and DBLDOSfrom Percom.

I bought the keyboard in 1978 as a
Level I machine. When Level II was re-
leased, I ordered it the next day. The
same goes for the expansion interface,
which works fine without a buffered ca-
ble or other reliability modifications.

Everything worked fine until I in-
creased memory to 32K (the speed-up
kit supports 50 and 100 percent speed
increases, both of which function fine in
a 16K system). When I try to use the sys-
tem with 48K, the 50 percent mode
works for everything except machine-
language programs; the 100 percent
mode locks up everything.

Is there a way to have the expansion
interface support the high speed opera-
tion? Exatron suggested replacing the
CPU with a Z80A, and said I might
have slow memory. I removed the
memory from the expansion interface
and tried it in the keyboard. Everything
288 • 80 Micro, December 1983

worked fine, so slow memory can't be
the problem.

I borrowed a copy of Tandy's Dy-
namic Memory Test program from a
friend and ran it at normal speed with
no problems. At the 50 percent speed
increase, everything checked out until
the 16K/32K boundary, when the sys-
tem crashed. The 100 percent speed in-
crease immediately locked up the com-
puter.

P.L.
Lawrence, KS

Yes, you can make the expansion in-
terface operate at high speed. You have
several points where problems could
foul up your high-speed modification.
First is the memory. The expansion in-
terface is much more critical of timing
constraints than the keyboard unit. Re-
member, the expansion interface is far-
ther away from the CPU than the key-
board RAM.

Electrons in metal move at about
3 x 10 10 centimeters per second. There
are 1 x 10 9 nanoseconds (ns) in a sec-
ond. So in one nanosecond, the elec-
trons move about 30 centimeters (al-
most 12 inches). This may not seem like
much, but if you're using RAM rated at
250 ns (time required to respond to a
signal from the address bus and put the
addressed byte's data on the bus) in the
EI, the added distance may be just
enough to cause problems.

In other words, RAM that performs
flawlessly in the keyboard can fail in the
expansion interface. You can see the
same problem occur at normal speed by
using 400 ns memory in the EI instead
of the standard Radio Shack 300 ns
memory.

Furthermore, at 3.54 MHz, each
clock pulse defines a 282 ns window. If
you slow down the signal too much by
the address-decoding integrated circuits
(ICs) and support chips, the RAM
won't get the information on the data
bus until it's too late.

The best solution is to use the fastest
memory possible; 150 ns is great, 100 ns
is the best (but very hard to find, and ex-
pensive). That lakes care of memory.

Remember that the Model I was an
experiment, designed for the tinkerer. It
wasn't designed for clock speeds of over
1.77 MHz. This means that the digital
components weren't designed for faster
speeds either. That is, the units can't re-
spond to the orders from the CPU fast
enough to deliver or process the re-

quired information within the amount
of time allocated by the clock frequen-
cy. Result: system lockups.

Some of the components are capable
of operating at 5 MHz, but many begin
to fall behind the CPU at that speed.
Even some Z80 CPUs can't operate at
the higher speed and have to be re-
placed. And for the EI, the greater dis-
tance to the EI, plus the additional
memory-decoding ICs, can make the
difference between high speed opera-
tion or a locked up computer.

Also, you say you don't have any of
the EI reliability modifications. Well,
Radio Shack didn't come up with those
modifications for the fun of it. They
were developed as a solution to the
common complaint of Model I owners
about EI memory problems. The reason
you've never had to make the modifica-
tions is that you didn't have the memory
in the EI to cause the problems. A1J the
modifications were made to correct
memory problems. If I were you, I
would seriously consider having those
modifications made.

If you want better explanations about
speed-up problems, and instructions on
what you can do to correct them, call
Holmes Engineering. ■

Terry Kepner is a freelance writer and
programmer, and the vice president of
Interpro. He's been writing about mi-
crocomputers since 1979.

Frequently Needed Numbers

Radio Sjiack, National Parts Divi-
sion, 900 East Northside Drive,
Fort Worth, TX 76102, 817-870-
5662, M/C and Visa accepted, each
order has $1.50 handling charge.

IJG Inc., 1260 West Foothill Blvd.,
Upland, CA 91786, 714-946-5805.
Publisher gf TRS-80 Disk and
Other Mysteries ($22.95), Micro-
soft Basic' Decoded and Other
Mysteries ($29.95}, The Custom
TRS-80 • and Other Mysteries
($29.95), Bapc Faster and Better
($29.95), Machine-language Disk
I/O and Other Mysteries ($29.95),
TRSDOS 2.3 Decoded and Other
Mysteries (Model I) ($29.95), How
to do it on the TRS-80 ($29.95), and
the Electric Pencil Word Processor
($89.95).

See List ol Attmtimn on Page 291

&— our otrwr ada on pgs. 1 27, 203

80 Micro, December 1983 • 289

THE SECRETS OF PERFECT MEMORY:
ONE AND ONE HALF EARTH DOLLARS

AT LAST: THE WHOLE
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How to keep from
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How fingerprints can
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Unretouched Kirlian
photographs of UFO's
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Objects)! The incredible
importance of making
copies-, the Department
of Redundancy Depart-
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when it goes on! Power-
ful secret methods that
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much more . . .

In short, it's an 80-
page plain-English,
graphically stunning,
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guide to the care and
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For The Book, ask your
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that sells Elephant"
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dollars.

For the name of the
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ELEPHANT MEMORY
SYSTEMS Marketed
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See us at

Fall

November 28-December 2. 1983

Raada* Sarvtca Nurnbar

Pag*

RfidwStntc* Number

Pag*

213 I

48 A 1 Computer Pscar
572 A-'Te

ISO. 151
276

n Aerooornplnc..

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136 »nen tl elrjai Software

140 A»»id Syatama Company .
470 Alpha M CcmrsjnrceHcne
473 Alpha Byte Computer Prods
17 Alpha Products Co.

272.273

257

161

313

220

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SM ALPS t«

69 Alternate Source t73

217 American Small Business

Computers 231.206

540 Amartcan Software Ctub 267

400 AnaryHcalPioc Cera. 136

560 Anchor Automation Inc. 304

172 An*aaaan-sBac.Raaaaroh 317

141 An** Software Products 28

40 Apparatksc 171

380 Applied M fc r c eietemi inc. 61

572 AitMcWlntaa^ancaTacrnolaalaa
514 AaMandCompuavSyMatna

Corp.

Bottom Una. Trw

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Byte General kit. The

Cases inc.

C.0.C

C.O.C

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644 Etceoft 72

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46 EStJrVr 225

561 ETSCantai 288

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464 Farlr«sel B| Slaiiit Sof t wa r e 213

461 FcnnanHaaj f i 225

214 Fort Wor«l Computara 18B

586 FutumProJactCom. 317

370 O asiawtei 8u W— ■ 312

87* Ctary Woods* Software 286

IS* OooBAtcMon Data P> l l — a 307

961 OradoDSyatamalnc. 286,307

6 HSEComputronlca 7,285,287,268

287 HAK. Workshop 313

6*0 Harris Mtcnxornputani SB

365 HOP. 238

163 HotmaaEnolnaartngkic. 33.236

562 Holmee Engineering Ire. 300,310

5*1 HuuatuiikwIiunisUi 30*

176 H o— B o n — m 133

88 Image Taohnoloov mc 313

983 ImpaccAaaoctalaa 310

560 Mocsmlrc. 300

352 k»*ana Software 223

571 mmec 318

377 IrnoaaMa Data Tactnotaov 30i

t*Hl— iDnlpr 286

470 I

240

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101 JtMSaatpiM f»

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4*7 Jeffrey S o ft esse 88

621 MdlrstasMaa of America 73

486 KlgloB aarolc Company Mc 387

331 RSOFT JOB

354 KuBalComputarSorhaara 236

303

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472 Laa<*ngEdga Product* nc. 280

198 LaokPtftaaMngCamc. 210

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586 Uttta, Brown.* Co. 302

31 LHW Humeri Corp. CtV

536 LjtoDrtsealntl 126

330 topical Daw oaa Inc. 1*6

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386 Logh an

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627 Magknaa 34

Ml Mewjim Software 307

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310

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411 Montezuma Micro SB

416 MoMsiums Micro 3*5

23 MtOympue Software 388

' MenrordMtao Syatama *6

933 Mat" Computer Forma 241

ITS

20.303

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30 CweeeoftPaaearch 330

188 On I Well Computara W1 mc 321

206 O u a uM oSOwc 137

88* OpOanaSOInc 3*1

161 ttt o nlna tr umarr u 217

307 Pscsftc Exchanges 225,286.313

547 PASCO ITS

IB Pan M—H aii Dai» Milt a 307

870 PlMBUlPli Corp. 310

SB Pwa Si ea w SB

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127

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B Sortwareol the Month Club IB

B Software Exchange 2B

327 Software Support 56, B

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42 South Bay Software 313

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For furthtr Information from our avdvortloort, ptMM um trw Roador Sorvtco card.

80 Micro, December 1983 • 291

RELOAD SD

by Amee Eisenberg

With every turn of its drives, your
computer's floppy disk controller
(FDC) is on the lookout for errors. The
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRQ safe-
guards the accuracy of your data by
performing a quick calculation on a full
sector of data. The CRC byte, the ex-
pected solution to the CRC calculation,
is just one kind of information encoded
on your disk by the disk drive.

To help you better understand how
this works, I'll explain disk drive and
disk technology. Demystifying the disk
operating system's cosmos may make
your computing life a little happier.

The Disk Drive

A disk drive does three things: it spins
a disk, positions a read/write mecha-
nism, and communicates with the flop-
py disk controller (FDQ chip. When
these processes happen correctly, your
computer reads from or writes to your
disk. It's something we take for granted
until an error message appears on the
screen.

Your stomach turns, you pound the
reset button praying that it isn't so, and
you begin to wonder just what HIT the
table or where that sector could have
gone. The real question is just what is
the drive doing wrong?

Spinning the disk is technology with
which everyone who owns a record
player is familiar — a motor turns a plat-
ter on which you place a disk. Your disk
drive spins at 300 rotations per minute
(rpm), a speed that could make The
Beatles sound like mosquitos. Just as a
speed variation on your turntable
makes your records sound bad, a speed
variation on your drive means bad disk
input/output (I/O).

While most manuals suggest that a
speed deviation of plus or minus 5 per-
cent is permissible, I get nervous at any-
thing greater than plus or minus 1 .5 per-
cent. By the time you've got a 5 percent
deviation, you'll also notice plenty of
disk I/O problems. Many programs are
available that measure the drive's spin
speed. Owning one is vital for diagnos-
tic purposes, although actually adjust-
ing the speed requires the derring-do to
try open heart surgery on your comput-
er (thus voiding your warranty) and in-
finite patience. I suggest you let a pro-
fessional do it.

A stepper motor (stepper motors
move discrete distances one step at a
292 • 80 Micro, December 1983

The

heartbreak of

CRC errors

time) positions the read/write head. Lo-
cating and relocating the tracks on your
disk depends on the accuracy with
which the stepper motor moves the
read/write head. Like the tone arm on
your turntable, the stepper motor can
position the read/ write head to 'play'
any track; unlike a record player, the
read/ write head, as the name implies,
also records data onto the disk.

If your disk I/O problems are un-
predictable, that is they come and go,
watch for a pattern. Does the computer
read and write fine when you turn it on
but become undependable after it's
been working awhile? Suspect your
head alignment. A head that's margin-
ally aligned may read fine when you
first turn on the computer, but as the
machine heats up, the alignment shifts.
Again, the easiest solution is taking it to
a professional.

Information exists on a disk in the
form of magnetic pulses. The head
reads more magnetically positive bits as
logical ones, the less positive bits as logi-
cal zeros. The read/write head picks up

TRSDOS Model I

5 sectors = 1 gran

2 grans = 1 track
10 sectors = 1 track

TRSDOS Model III

3 sectors = 1 gran

6 grans = 1 track
18 sectors = 1 track

DOSPLUS Model III
6 sectors = 1 gran
3 grans = 1 track
18 sectors = 1 track

LDOS Model III
6 sectors = 1 gran
3 grans = 1 track
18 sectors = 1 track

Table. Some examples of different track alloca-
tions.

these bits in a series, that is, one after
another. The Z80 microprocessor at the
heart of your TRS-80 computer reads
information 8 bits at a time, a method
known as parallel. One of the FDC's
jobs is collecting the serial input and
sending it to the Z80 in parallel.

The FDC navigates the disk by first
using the index hole and then using
markers written on the disk by the disk
operating system (DOS). The FDC
looks for two kinds of markers, sector
headers and clock bits. Both are written
when you format a disk.

The Disk

When you look at a disk, a few things
are apparent. First, a floppy disk is
made of two parts, one sandwiched in-
side the other. The inside is a shiny,
metal-oxide-coated, circular piece of
mylar plastic (the disk) that slides freely
inside the square piece of plastic (the
shell) that envelops it. Six asymetrical
holes are cut into the disk's shell.

The large hole in the center gives the
disk drive a place to grab the disk. To
spin the disk in its shell, stick two
ringers through the center hole, spread
them to apply pressure to the inside rim
of the disk, and turn. Do not touch the
disk's surface! A small hole in the disk
will appear in the round window to the
right of the center hole. This is the index
hole, which the FDC uses as the ab-
solute landmark of its location on the
disk.

The two small half circles punched in
the bottom of the disk are alignment
notches. They help insure that the disk
is set securely in the drive. The square
notch cut into the side of the disk is the
write-protect notch. If this notch is filled
in (by taping a lable over it), the FDC
will not let the read/write head write on
that disk. To get your computer to write
on a write-protected disk, remove the
label.

The oval window cut at the bottom of
the disk's shell is the place where your
drive reads the disk. When you see how
small this head access window is, you
appreciate how finely tuned the disk
drive is. It adjusts the read/write head
to find between 35-40 (and on some
drives 80) separate positions (tracks) in
an area less than 1 Vi inches long!

The disks you're familiar with are
soft-sectored, which means that the

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space on their surfaces is partitioned by
the DOS software, rather than through
a "hard," or permanent, manufac-
turing process. Because the sectors
aren't created in the manufacturing
process, DOS designers can divide the
disk space arbitrarily.

The DOS

The smallest unit of information a
DOS reads or writes is called a sector.
Sectors are clumped together as gran-
ules or grans, and grans are gathered
into tracks. Different DOSes use dif-
ferent patterns of space allocation;
some divide a track into two grans with
10 sectors per gran, another uses three
grans of six sectors per track. This is
why some DOSes can't read disks writ-
ten by other DOSes. (See the Table for
some examples of common DOS alloca-
tions.)

Information contained in a sector is
of two types, the information you write
(data) and the information the DOS
writes (sector header). System informa-
tion includes an identifying address
mark (a sort of flag saying "Here's
some location information"), the track
number, the sector number, the sector
length, and the CRC bytes. Combined,
this information creates a heading for
your data that lets the computer retrieve
it when you need it.

In addition to these sector headers,
the DOS writes another kind of marker
on the disk. Called clock bits because
they're written by the FDC's 1 MHz

clock, they create spaces between them
that hold data. They are, in a sense, the
carton; your pieces of data are the eggs.

Using the index hole on the disk, the
FDC finds the beginning of a track.
Using the clock bits, the FDC locates
the spaces where the data resides. When
it reads an I.D. address mark (the num-
ber FE hexadecimal coming after a
gap), the FDC knows it has found a sec-
tor. Reading the sector header tells it
what track and sector it has found. A
lot of space on your disk is taken up just
defining and identifying the space you
wish to use.

Every time it reads a sector, the FDC
comes across 2 bytes of information
that are directly related to the accuracy
of its last write. These are the CRC
bytes. Their value, as mentioned earlier,
is determined by a calculation per-
formed on the value of all the other sec-
tor bytes. When the FDC reads a sector,
it performs this calculation on the data
it has just read.

If the value matches the value of the
CRC byte on the disk, all's well. If the
values don't match, the computer prints
an error message on the screen and
quits. Depending on the software con-
trolling the disk I/O, the error message
says either "CRC error" or "parity er-
ror." Either way, it's bad news.

Utilities are available that might
straighten out a problem disk: Debug
on TRSDOS, SuperZap on NEW-
DOS80, and Super Utility Plus, to name
a few. But honestly, the best medicine

Article

Side A

Channds of Communication
Chameleon Code
Assembly- Language Disk I/O
Real World Control— Part II
Real World Control— Part II
Real World Control— Part II

SideB

Real World Control— Part II
Real World Control— Part II
Real World Control— Part II
Real World Control— Part II
Real World Control— Part II

tSource code not available on cassette.

•EOT ASM is a trademark of Radio Shack

Cassette

Dtak

Pag*

Fie Spec

Comments

TITLE/BAS

Basic

140

SATCOM/BAS

Basic

170

CONVERT/BAS

Basic

DISKIO/CMD

System

152

CMDTBL/SRC

EDTASM

152

ALARM/SRC

EDTASM

152

CLOCK/SRC

EDTASM

152

CMDTBL/CMD

System

152

SPRINK/CMD

System

152

ALARM/CMD

System

132

CLOCK/CMD

System

152

SPR1NK/SRC

EDTASM

December 1983 Load 80 directory

for any disk problem is preventive.

Preventive Medicine for Your Disks

Make a back-up copy of every impor-
tant disk! At 80 Micro, we use only
third-generation copies of our DOSes.
The original sat in the disk drive long
enough to make a copy of itself, our
working master. The working master
comes out of its envelope only to create
a back-up, the copy we actually use.
This policy sounds neurotic — until
somebody does one of those ten thou-
sand things that trash disks. But, when
that happens, we don't get stuck sitting
around waiting for the manufacturer to
replace our disk.

The same holds true for data disks;
unless you love typing, keep up-to-date
back-ups on your data files. It takes
time, but ten minutes a week now may
save you hours trying to reconstruct a
blown disk later.

The rule to remember is, if it doesn't
have a back-up, it will develop an error.
Back up your disks!

The second great preventive measure
is to keep your drives well maintained.
Invest in a diagnostic disk and test your
drives once a month. If the disk speed
varies more than 5 rpm in either direc-
tion (faster or slower), get it fixed
before it causes problems.

Buy a disk drive cleaning kit and use
it. Dirt on your read/write head acts
like sandpaper on your disk, an un-
desirable condition.

Finally, a reminder of stuff you al-
ready know. Open and close your disk
drive's door gently. If you slam it
around day in and day out, it will break.
Since the door is part of the mechanism
that holds your disk in place, a loose or
crooked door will result in disk I/O er-
rors. In a worst-case scenario, a door
off its hinges renders the drive in-
operable.

Store your disks in their envelopes,
away from dust and magnets. Remem-
ber, the telephone and the speaker in
your cassette recorder have magnets.
Keep your disks away from them. The
top of your video display screen is also a
bad place for disks. It generates enough
radio frequency interference to garble
your disks.

Your disk drive, disks, and DOS
work together in a complex system
designed to guard against errors, but, as
with any sophisticated technology, it
requires care on your part to keep it
working. ■

294 • 80 Micro, December 1983

TRS-80 MODEL 16

XENIX

•CONSULTING

•SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

•INSTRUCTION

INTERACTIVE

SYSTEMS DESIGN

SUITE 201, 170 BROADWAY
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10038
(212V233-6923 „ M

TEACHERS!

smifw mu snm

Tht complete griding package
for tht TRS-80 Model III or 4.
16K tape or 32K disk vtrsiom.
Maintain Multiple dan lilts.
Use nuiber or lettir grades.
Weighted test scores allowed.
Hake changes fast and easily.
Print or display class lists,
scores and grade averages.
65 page aanual, saaple session.
Automatic data protection.
Pricti $75.00 „ 8 3

Orders and inquiries, write:

Tinketr Techniques
435 Green way Ave.
Trenton, NJ 08618

TRSDOS ^CP/M

reformaTTer

Model II usersl Convert files between
TRSDOSand CP/MI

■ REFORMATTER runs under TRSDOS

■ Operates on single drive system

■ Converts in both directions

■ CP/M operating system not needed

■ All TRSDOS record lengths supported

■ Initializes blank CP/M diskette

■ Displays or dumps CP/M files

■ Manipulates CP/M directory under
TRSDOS .,380

$249.00 from stock. CP -'M— IBM.
TRSDOS~DEC. and CP M-DEC ver-
sions of REFORMATTER also available at
$249.00 from MicroTech Exports. Inc..
467 Hamilton Ave.. Palo Alto. CA 94301

Tel: 415/324-91 14 TWX:

910-370-7457 MUH-ALTOS X ••

PRESERVE

SO MICR(

WITH

BINDERS & FILE CASES.

Keep your issues uf 80 Micro handy and ptulr< led in
handsomr and durnblr lihrarv flip boxes or binders.
Both styles are bound in dark Kreen lealherelle with
Ihe magazine Ioro slampeil in sold.

Kile boxes: each file box holds 12 issues, with spines
\isihle for easy rtdereni c.

$5.95 each. 3 for $17.00. H for $30.00
Binders: each binder holds 12. issues and opens Hal
lin r.i.\ readmit.

$7.50 each. 3 for $21.75. B for $42.00
(I'SA poslajte paid. Foreign orders musl include
$2.50 per item.)

PI. »s< si. lie M-ars desir.Nl I I 'ill. In IT. I)
Send check or money order to:

|MM |ones Box Corp.. P.O. Box 5120. Philadelphia.
PA 19141: please allow 6 to B weeks for delivery.
Snrrv no C..O.D. or phone orders.

UPGRADE Your Model 4 from 64K to

128K

For Only

•89 95

Kit includes 8 - 64K RAM chips &

REQUIRED PAL device You must

already have 64K installed or order

separately below

Upgrade SCO 95

For Only U%J

(Kit includes 8 - 64K RAM chips &
REQUIRED jumper.)

64K

16K

For
Model 3

$ 15

Kit includes 8 - 16K RAM chips
Rated @ 150 nanosecond access times

Logix

P.O. Box 18962
AUSTIN. TX 78760
5 12/445-6427

Add $2 00 for shipping Texas Residents add 5% Sales Tax
No C D s. certified checK or Money orders to' quickest
delivery Personal checks subject to clearance

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealer
inquiries invited. COD. and
charge cards accepted.

VISA'

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd
San Luis Obispo. CA
93401 InCal. call
(800) 592-5935 or
(805)543-1037

•207

micro

Single Back Issues

January 1980 to June 1980 3.00

Single back issue
July 1980 to May 1983 3.50

Single back issue
June 1983 on 4.50

Add $1.00 per magazine lor shipping.

10 or more back issues

add $7.50 per order for shipping. ®

Back issues»Attn. Mail Order
80 Pine Sf Peterborough, NH 03458

v See List of Advertisers on Page 291

TRS-80* SOFTWARE

Wnte tor our incredible
catalogue of over 100
pages containing hun
dreds of programs for the
Model I and III. Colour
computer programs available m the Fall Cata-
logue is $5 00 refundable on your first order All
software is unconditionally guaranteed for life"
Canadian manufacturer and distributor lor
Molimerx Ltd of England

0EAIERS WELCOME

GAMES/ DOS/UTILITIES/
BUSINESS PROGRAMS

LDOS $159 95

MULTIOOS $129 95

ACCEL 4 $139 95

FROGII $ 2395

•POWERMAILPLUS $19995

•AIRBUS $ 41.95

•DATA WRITER $18995

•DRIVER COMPILER $ 43 95

•JUMBO $ 40.95 -ENIGMA $ 36 95

FULLY SUPPORTED
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

■Traderta-* ol 'andy Corporation

JSOFT

P.O. Box 1437. WINNIPEG. Manitoba P.3C 2Z4
V. (204) 942-0963 CANADA /

Trend
Software Package

1. Bar Charts

2. Linear Regression

3. Statistics

4. Histograms

$99.95

(Add $1 .50 for S & H)

(PA Residents Add 6% Sales Tax.

Make Checks or Monty Ord«r» Payable To:

cSeLE-ctiue. <^oftwaxs c£y±t£m4.

4757 Liberty Avenue
Pittsburgh. PA 15224

^53

80 Micro, December 1983 • 295

NEW PRODUCTS

edited by S.F. Tomajczyk

The Over-The-Top Sheet Feeder from Gradco Systems Inc.

Cassette Sheet Feeder

A unique over-the-top
sheet feeder for daisy wheel
and matrix line computer
printers is being sold by
Gradco Systems Inc., 3421
West Segerstrom Ave., Santa
Ana, CA 92704, 714-549-
9175.

The unit features a single-
cassette, 500-sheet capacity
feeder. To operate, place the
loaded cassette under the
printer, and when printing
begins, paper automatically
feeds over the top of the
printer directly into the
printer's platen. The mecha-
nism is completely enclosed,
with no frames or holders lo-
cated above the printer's pro-
file to obstruct your view.

The feeder accommodates
a wide range of paper sizes
and envelopes, as well as
business forms, and auto-
matic stacks of printed ma-
terial. You can easily change
from sheet to fan-fold feed-
ing. An indicator light and
button located at the front
of the unit provide auto-stop
and jam-release functions.

You can install this over-
the-top sheet feeder on many
printers, including those
from C. Itoh, Diablo, Qume,
NEC, and Brother, among

296 • 80 Micro, December 1983

others. Pricing ranges from
$600-$700 depending on
your printer model.
Reader Service ^ 551

Hamming Around

All you ham operators out
there can now receive and
transmit Morse code on your
Model I, III, or 4 with this
software-only Morse Code
Interface. This 12K machine-
language program has special
routines that check incoming
signals to make sure that they
are valid code and not noise.
Bursts of noise are ignored
and only valid code is pro-
cessed and displayed on the
video screen.

Another routine lets you
view the incoming signal to
aid in optimizing the receiver
control settings. The pro-
gram samples the received
code bits and automatically
adjusts them to the proper
speed.

The transmitter mode fea-
tures five programmable
buffers (200 characters total),
a type-ahead (working buff-
er), and user-selectable send-
ing speeds up to 70 words per
minute.

Comp-Code 1.0 costs just
$26.95 from Gary Woodall
Software, P.O. Box 284,

Plainneld, IN 46168, 317-
271-2565. Dit-dah-dh-dit!
Reader Service * 579

Project Planning
Program

Project managers can at-
test to the work and time in-
volved in getting a project on-
to the drawing board and
then setting it in motion.
Now you can reduce those
headaches with Plantrac, a
comprehensive, menu-driven
planning and control system.

It guides you through net-
work creation and amend-
ment (up to 12,500 activities),
time resource and cost analy-
ses, scheduling, updating,
and reporting (including a us-
er-designed report format).
Plantrac generates bar-
charts, I/J, and Precedence
networks on your screen,
printer, or plotter with criti-
cal path activities high-
lighted.

A key feature of this pro-
gram is the resource schedul-
ing (levelling and limiting)
component that allows dif-
ferent schedules based on re-
source requirements and
availability. In addition, you
can generate progress out of

sequence that can be undone
if necessary.

Plantrac operates under
TRSDOS 2.0 on the Models
II, 12, and 16. It costs $3,000
from Computerline Limited,
755 Southern Artery, Quincy,
MA 02169, 617-773-0001.

Reader Service v 562

floppy Pockettes

If you've been stuffing
your notes concerning a par-
ticular disk in an envelope, or
have written cryptic notes on
the disk label only to have
them smear the next day,
Floppy Pockettes may be of
some use to you. With these
special vinyl disk envelopes,
you can store a 3- by 5-inch
card in the clear pocket, giv-
ing you plenty of room for
notes.

The 12 envelopes come in a
wide variety of colors for col-
or coding your disks: red, yel-
low, green, light and dark
blue, brown, beige, frosted
clear, white, grey, orange,
and woodgrain. They fit in-
side a hinged smoke-plastic
box for additional protec-
tion.

The 12 Floppy Pockettes
with the disk box sell for
$7.95; the 12 Floppy Pock-

Keep your notes and disks together with floppy pockettes.

DOES STRING COMPRESSION HAVE YOU
TIED UP IN KNOTS?

LET TRASHMAN™ CLEAN UP THE MESS!

THIS PROGRAM IS A MUST FOR EVERYONE WHO USES BASIC
can reduce BASIC'S string compression time delays by 9b% or more.

ON A TRS-80 Why' Because it

SECONDS DELAY

PERCENT

STRINGS

NORMAL

TRASHMAN

IMPROVEMENT

250

11 8

500

458

1.6

965

1000

179.6

2000

M •

(All timings done on TRS Model I Model III 15*. lull', but pel
improvements identical Lilting ol timing program available on request )

SAVE TIME WITH FASTER

■ ASTER speeds up
most TRS-80 BASIC programs
by 20-50%. It's helped hun-
dreds of satisfied people and
it can help you. Detailed in-
structions make it easy to
use. FASTER analyses your
BASIC programs whll* they
run. then displays a simple
change, usually one line,
that sequences program vari-
ables so the ROM will find
. — ^— ■ --»"»-". them faster.

You can use FASTER to speed up programs you've
bought, as well as programs of your own. Since it isn't a
compiler, your BASIC programs can be read and changed
afterwards. FASTER works on business programs, models,
and games. The more complex your program, the better the
results.

Does FASTER really work? Yesl lust check the reviews in
Personal Computing. May. 1981. p. 116: "FASTER is effec-
tive and easy to use", 80 U.S. Journal. April. 1982. p. 106:
I recommend FASTER to everyone"; and 80 MICRO (April.
1962. p. 40): 'If you... would ilk* • signUicant increase in
tke run-timt speed, then bay FASTER."

FASTER runs on the TRS-80 Models I and III. 16-48K tape
or disk, and all major operating systems. $29*95

QUICK COMPRESS" take, only 276 byte, oi
memory, and removes the blanks and remarks from even
the largest BASIC program in less than 3 seconds. It pro-
duces smaller, faster programs without altering their logic.

$19.95

SPECIAL: FASTER and QUICK COMPRESS: $39.95

TERMS We accept V15A. MaXerCard. check* or even ca»h. Pleas* add J2.00 thipping handling withie U.S.A or Canada, and Si 00
oversea. COD. choree l» 12.00 In U.S. only. We ihip within one day ol receiving orders. In Calil. add •'. "• tale* la*

WHAT S STRING COMPRESSION?

When a BASIC program changes a string iworos, names, oescrip
tions). it moves it to a new place in memory, and leaves a hole in
the old place Eventually, all available memory gets used up and
BASIC has to push the strings together to tree up some space. This
takes time Lots of time The computer stops running tor seconds or
minutes, and you may even think it's crashed'

Yes 1 String compression is what's been causing all those in-
tolerable delays. The keyboard won't work, and until ail the strings
have oeen collected, you just have to sit and wait Then things run
for a while, until string compression is needed again And again.

It you're using your computer for business, that wastes you'
money If you're using it personally, it wastes your time

WHAT'S THE SOLUTION?

As soon as you stan using TRASHMAN. those delays will almost
disappear The program is very easy to use. so you don't have to be
a computer programmer to take advantage of it it's written in
' machine language and uses only b78 bytes ol memory tor itself
plus two bytes for each "string ' m your program It works with
other machine language programs and all the ma|or operating
systems

HOW WELL DOES IT WORK?

II you use it with a BASIC program that has only a few si
very little time is wasted in string compression, and TRASHMAN will
be only slightly helpful But, in programs that use hundreds or
thousands ol strings, including large string arrays. TRASHMAN is
just what you need. If you have any remaining doubts, just look at
the chart, and then get yourself a copy as last as possible.

TRASHMAN is available on disk

for just $39.95.

ATTENTION SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS.

Trashman may be licensed lor use with your packages
Call for details

erratic i>isk D#v*t?

You can avoid unnecessary disk
errors and repair bills by using

RPM. This easy-to-use program
measures the rotational speed and
fluctuations ol your disk drives, and
warns you if they are running loo
fast, too slow, or unevenly.

Incorrect or erratic speed is a
common cause of unexplained disk
errors and loss of data. RPM s docu-
mentation explains how to detect and correct these problems
quickly and easily. As 80 MICRO (April. 1982. page 41)
said: "If your drives have problems I recommend RPM
belore paying to get it repaired."

RPM is supplied on diskette for the TRS-80 Models 1 and
III. We suggest you order a copy belore you need it.

$24.95
ORDER FROM TOUR LOCAL SOFTWARE
DEALER, OR CALL NOW, TOLL-FREE:

(800) 824-7888. Operator 422

FOR ORDERS OR INFORMATION CALL:
(213) 764-3131, or write to us.

Dept. G, Box 560. No. Hollywood. CA 91603 .*»

DISCOUNT

TRS-80

COMPUTERS

UP TO 25% OFF!

Call or Write for Price List & Catalog

918/456-6759

NEW PRODUCTS

WEBSTER ELECTRONICS
1027 S. Muskogee
Tahlequah, OK 74464

LOWEST PRICES
IN THE U.S.!

• 217

MODEL 4 OWNERS

PEACHPAK 4 ACCOUNTING FOR YOUR MODEL 4

Now, for Che first time, TRS-80 Model 4 owners can
buy professional accounting software to run under
TRSDOS 6.0. This is the Peachtree Series 4
accounting package which has been one of the nose
popular CP/M based accounting packages for several
years. The package includes:

* General Ledger

- Up to 800 accounts

- 1000 transactions per period

- 99 departments / optional departmental

income statements

- User defined financial statements

* Accounts Receivable

- 500 Accounts

- 700 transactions per period

- Posts transactions to GL

- Mixed open-item and balance-forward accounts

* Accounts Payable

- 500 Vendors

- 500 transactions per period

- Auto or manual select of invoices to pay

- Prints checks and detailed stubs

All three packages for just $495.00

These packages have been adapted to TRSDOS 6.0 by
Coapu-Systems Software and include the standard
CP/M packages with the TRSDOS 6.0 diskettes and
complete documentation.

COMPU-SYSTBMS SOFTWARE

212 Skylark Ct.

Norman, 01 73069

(405) - 377-8570

Call or write for brochures on these and other
Coapu-Systems Software products. ^447

The Mini-T-Switch lets your peripherals share a common component or a CPU
I/O port.

ettes alone are $5.95. Sam-
ples, two Floppy Pockettes,
are available for $1. They are
sold by CDC Serious Soft-
ware, 13715 Vanowen St.,
Van Nuys, CA 91405, 213-
997-9692, 213-780-2958.
Reader Service »- 559

Hi! What's Your Name?

Now you can produce
customized name tags, table
tents, and labels for any occa-
sion with NAMETAGR. The
program's data entry routine
is highly efficient. It lets you
skip, back-up, or ditto. You
can select your name tag for-
mat from the file or custom-
ize your own. The program
takes full advantage of the
dot-addressable feature of
dot-matrix printers by letting
you design and print your
own logo.

The package includes two
5 V* -inch disks, 30 bulldog
holders, 400 pin-feed name
badge stock, 240 labels (VA
by 1 inch), 120 labels (4 by 2
inches), and a manual. Avail-
able for Models I and III, it
costs $79 from ETS Center,
P.O. Box 651, Willoughby,

Minuteman: An emergency power
supply and voltage regulator.

OH 44094, 216-946-8479.
Reader Service ** 561

Mini Switch

The ABS Mini Switch ends
the hassle of plugging and
unplugging your data cables
for different operations. It
provides push-button switch-
ing between any two ports (A
and B) and a common port.
Typical applications include
two terminals switching be-
tween one modem, one ter-
minal switching between two
computers, and a computer
switching between two
printers.

Available from Western
Telematic Inc. (2435 South
Anne St., Santa Ana, CA
92704, 714-979^363), the
ABS Mini Switch costs $89.

Reader Service *-* 568

Shot Heard

'Round the World

Minuteman is a new unin-
terruptible power supply
from Para Systems (2409 D
Ave. J, Arlington, TX 76011,
817-6400837). It is designed
to protect your microcom-
puter from power failures,
brown-outs, and voltage
surges. When a power fluctu-
ation does occur, Minuteman
immediately switches from
A/C power to its own emer-
gency battery power for up to
15 minutes. This gives you
time to save your data and
shut down your system with-
out losing valuable input and
programming hours. The
unit automatically switches
back to A/C when power is
restored.

298 • 80 Micro, December 1983

NEW PRODUCTS

Minuteman also features
voltage regulation and surge
protection as well. The unit
provides standby power for
microcomputers and word
processors with a power rat-
ing of 200 watts or less. It
sells for $395.

Reader Service • 563

Bringing It All Together

The Micro Matrix II is a
line-controlled central ex-
change for up to eight RS-
232C, current loop, and TTL
(transistor-transistor logic) de-
vices. It features a patented
circuitry that lets you transfer
data anywhere in your net-
work as long as the devices
are under software control.

Providing 64 memory-
mapped connection points,
set-up is simplified by firm-
ware that includes prompts, a
command menu, connection
displays, and ports handled

by user name. The Micro
Matrix II uses IK RAM of
non-volatile storage for 16
different switching arrange-
ments. All 64 connection
changes occur within 7 mi-
croseconds with no switching
glitches or transmission inter-
ruptions.

Priced at $795 for the
single-board configuration
and $995 for the complete en-
closure, the Micro Matrix II
is sold by Digital Laborato-
ries Inc., 600 Pleasant St.,
Watertown, MA 02172, 617-
924-1680.

Reader Service • 565

Customized

Adventure Software

Give your friend or loved
one a unique and personal
gift on the next special occa-
sion: bitCard. BitCards are
challenging text and graphics
adventures whose themes re-

TV Micro Matrix II: A software-controlled data switch (hat connects RS-
232C, Current Loop, and TTL devices.

S See List ol Advertisers on Page 291

LOWER PRICES
LONGER LENGTHS

DATA TRAC C-06, C-12, C-24

From the leading supplier of Computer
Grade Cassettes, new, longer length C-12's
(6 minutes per side) provide the extra few
feet needed for some 16K programs.

r^> Premium 5- screw shell with leader
^^ —BASF tape

,<~^> Internationally acclaimed.
^*"^ Thousands of repeat users.

<^*> Error Free • Money back Guarantee

CASSETTE
STORAGE CADDY

Holds 12
cassettes * o bones
includes edge labels
and lnde» card

500 C-12's— 38C each.*,,*,.

Shipping $17 500 add *t

500 Boxes 13< ea. • ihipping $10 500

TRACTOR FEED
• DIE-CUT BLANK
CASSETTE LABELS

BASF Quali metric Flexl-DIsc— Lifetime Warranty
5W Single Side. Double Density, Soft-Sectored

NEW! MICRO CASSETTES In convenitnt short lengths.
MC-10 I Same superior tape in premium shell
MC-20 WITH LEADERS. Supplied complete with
MC-30 I box (fits Epson & Sharp micro drives).

_ Call:213/7(X)-0330- c '^ c A :^r; ENT

ORDER {\MAIL TO: VOttK lO^ComouterwQre
NOW . . .1/9525 Vassar Ave. #80 , Chatsworth. CA 91311

■ ■■■*■■! ORDER FORM - — — -._ — _

Each sld cassette
includes two YORK 10
labels only Boies are
sold separately We
prefer 10 ship by UPS
as being the laslest and
safest it you need ship-
ment by Parcel Post,
check here n

NOTE Additional
charges outside 48
Continental States
Shipments to AK, HI.
and USA possessions
go by Priority Mail.
Canada & Mexico-
Airmail.
All others— Sea Mail

ITEM 1 DOZEN

2 DOZEN

TOTAL

C-06 Q 7 00

□ 1300

C-12 3 7 50

3 1400

C-24 3 900

J 17 00

Hard Bo. _} 2 SO

400

Blank labels 1 3 00 MOO

n 20 00/1000

Storage Caddy @ S2 95 ea Oly

FHoo-Oiac 3 26 95/10

12000 50

MCRO CASS. 1 DOZEN

MC-10 3 1650

□ 32 50

MC-20 3 18 00

Q 34 50

MC-30 □ 1900

□ 36 00

SUS TOTAL

CaM residents add. sales tax

SHIPPING/HANDLING Aaj esaatfty i

•icast sm special)

350

Outsets 48 Continental States -Additional $1 per caddy
per do* cassettes, per doz bones, per 10 docs

TOTAL

Check or M O Charge to

anctoaad D Creori Card O VISA D MASTERCARD

D PLEASE SENO QUANTITY DISCOUNTS

Card No

#80

.-156

_ Exp.

Name _
Address .
City

State/Zip

Signature _ Phone

Computer make & model Disk? (y/n)

80 Micro, December 1983 • 299

The Next Generation:

SUPERLOG

ADVANCED ELECTRONIC NOTEBOOK
BYKSoft

Ov«r the past two years, LOG Electronic Notebook has quietly been creating a revolution in
personal information management. Designed to emulate a familiar pencil and notebook, LOG
Electronic Notebook can do for random information what a spreadsheet program does for
numbers.

Now, even the best has been improved! KSoft is pleased to announce SUPERLOG, the next
generation of the LOG f amity SUPERLOG is not a patch! It is a totaly rewritten version of the
original LOG concept, Mry compatible with the LOOS 5.1.3 operating system currently
endorsed by Tandy.

SUPERLOG retains al of the versatile features of LOG while adding many new options
requested by professional users: Floppy or Hard disk. Any number of LOG files per diskette
1 to 32767 pages per Ne. Password protection and error checking. New text editing com-
mands include automatic text Wrap- Around, Expand and Delete tor entire lines, a Page Copy
command, and an Undo key to reverse editing changes. Cursor motion is more flexible with
new key commands plus a Forms simulator. The SEARCH function is greatly enhanced with a
Wild-Card character, case-independent search, and multiple word search at 1 pages/sec-
ond.

Also Note: SUPERLOG is now futy interrupt activated; it may be accessed from practically
any foreground task including LDOS Utilities, LBAStC, LSCRIPT. EDAS. etc. with non-
destructive return to the foreground program No other information management program is
this versatile!

Write or call Today! Wall be glad to tel you about SUPERLOG and what it can do for you!

SUPERLOG Specify Model I or HI . $119.95

LDOS 5 1 3. 46K, and 2 Drives required

(Model IV version to be offered soon.)

LOG TRSDOS versions. Models I, III stW available

KSoft (601)992-2239

318 Lakeside Drive
Brandon. MS 39042

Mastercard and Visa accepted.

Add $5 00 lor shipping and handling.

(TRSDOS is a trademark of Tandy Corporation)
(LDOS is a trademark of Logical Systems Inc.)

NEW PRODUCTS

Baudy House

Computer Products

950 Scott Lake Road • Pontiac. Michigan 48054
(313)683-8388

UTILITYS MODEL 1 & 3

Super Utility Plus 3.1 $59.95
Lazy Writer still only. . . $145.00
Zorloff II word pro $09.95

COMPUTER & MODEMS

Model 4 complete with RS232
64K 2disk drives .... $1009.00
Model 1 00 8k with modem cable

and comuserve $775.00

Lynx modem $245.00

Hayes 300 modem $245.00

Hayes 1 200 modem. . . $545.00

* GAMES *

PRINTERS

Epson FX-80 only $549.95

C. Itoh Prowriter851 0. . . $375.00

Epson Print Buffer $139.95

Epson ribbons 2 for $12.50

DISKETTES

Panik(disk) $17.95

Panik (cass) $15.00

Defiance (disk) $10.05

Hyper light patrol $12.00

Demon seed $19.95

Verbatim Data Life Diskettes

1 Box $27.00

2 Boxes $25.00

5 boxes or more $24.75

10 boxes $24.25

No name disks ss/dd . . . $10.95

SLIM LINE DRIVES

40 track single sided . . . $205.00
40 track double sided. . . $275.00
80 track single sided .. . $315.00

Single power/ case $45.00

Double case/power $05.00

Mutildos 1/3 Operating system only $05.00

Newdos/80 1 /3 Operating system only $125.00

Dosplus 3.5 Operating system only $115.00

Shipping add $3.00 to order in U.S. out of U.S. Add $5.00 Most
orders shipped in 24 hours Prices subject to change Visa/Master
Card, Checks accepted. Checks need 1 days to clear C.O.D.s add
$2.00 to order. „ 184

late to a specific holiday or
event. Their unique feature is
that you can order them cus-
tom-programmed. An indi-
vidual lucky enough to re-
ceive a bitCard as a gift will
find several personal refer-
ences to himself as he pro-
ceeds through the adventure
(e.g., his name found on a
note uncovered in a locked
drawer).

BitCards also deliver a per-
sonal holiday greeting to
your friend(s) in whatever
words you wish. Your mes-
sage appears as part of a
dazzling climactic animated
graphics scene — the reward
for successfully completing
the adventure (impatient play-
ers can jump to this final
scene by using a password).

Available for the Models
I, III, and Color Comput-
er, bitCards cost $16.95 each
from bitCards, 120 South
University Drive, Suite F,
Plantation, FL 33317,
305^73-4741. BitCards are
available for Christmas, Val-
entine's Day, birthdays,
graduations, and other holi-
days and milestone occa-
sions.

Reader Service is 556

Put It on Display

Bush Industries Inc. (312
Fair Oak St., Little Valley,
NY 14755) makes a versatile
desk for your personal com-
puter. Finished in Arcadian
hickory vinyl veneer, the desk
(Model CT-100) measures 34
by 33 by 18 inches with a full
width platform above the
desk surface for your moni-
tor, disk drive, and printer. A
storage shelf below the work
surface, also full width, is
designed to hold manuals,
software, and accessories.

It has casters for easy
maneuverability, and you
can use the desk as a student
work center or typing desk as
well. It is priced at $69.95.
For further information,
contact Felderman/Sharp
Communications Inc. at

216464-7252.
Reader Service ^ 558

Model 100 Memory

The IM-100 is an 8K RAM
memory module that plugs
directly into the existing sock-
ets of your Model 100 with
no modifications to the sys-
tem. You can add up to three
of these plug-in modules to
upgrade the portable com-
puter to a total of 32K RAM
memory.

Each memory module sells
for $75. If you buy two or
more units, the price is re-
duced to $70 each. For fur-
ther information, contact
Holmes Engineering, 5175
Green Pine Drive, Murray,
UT 84107, 801-261-5652.

Reader Service »^ 554

Raiders of the
Lost Pyramid

An adventurer, you are
looking for the hidden buried
entrance to a pyramid that
holds priceless treasures hid-
den for thousands of years.
Your only tools are a crude
map (a cube with ancient
markings), a partial hiero-
glyphics dictionary, and a
special navigation box. After
you discover the entrance,
you'll meander through
rooms and chambers filled
with one death trap after
another. You are to unravel
all the mysteries of this an-
cient pyramid and find all the
treasures. The catch? Get out
alive!

Infidel is the newest prose
adventure game from Info-
com. Its realistic environ-
ment is a result of the re-
search the adventure's author
did on pyramids and Egyp-
tian history. The game fea-
tures Interlogic, a develop-
ment system that lets you use
complete sentences instead of
the standard two-word com-
mands. Infidel recognizes a
600-word vocabulary, so you
shouldn't have much trouble
communicating.

Infidel costs $49.95, and is

300 • 80 Micro, December 1983

SECRETARY, STU DENTS,
YOU CANT TYPE RIBS?

Try BIB/RITE

to produce bibliographies in a standard

form* to learn or to teach a standard

bibliographic form

Prompts for elements and for form, sort by author
and by category, merge keyboard and disk or tape
input, semiautomatic journal title entry, edit, print
with heading, margins, automatic paging.

Maximum of about 150 citations in 48K. 200 for
non-disk Basic. Best for fewer than 100 citations.
Slow for 150-200.

Available for tape or disk use. Disk recommended.
For TRS-H0 Model I Level II with lower case.
Model III, or Model 4 in Model 111 mode. Uses
about 14K. Need 32K minimum and printer with
caps, lowercase, and underline. Apple, CP'M with
\t Basic. Model II. 12. & 16 versions in process.

One computer, individual user S45.95 * S2 50
postage and handling. One computer, multiple
users $150 ♦ $2.50 postage and handling. Up to 10
user's guides for multiple users, three sent if not
specified. User's Guide only (24 pp. 8Vi" x 11")
$3.50 ♦ $1 postage and handling. Applies to pur-
chase.

On approval to institutions. Dealer inquiries
invited.

Robert E. Litke, Ph.D.

432 Cottage Avenue

Vermillion, South Dakota 57609

Technical questions:
Phone (605) 624-2948 evenings

• 452
*APA, 1983, Other forms on demand. Trademarks:
TRS-80 Tandy Corp.; CP/M Digital Research; like
MBasic Microsoft Corp.; Apple Computer, Inc.

Put your TRS-80
in touch with
IBM's universe

Now you can have full IBM
communications capability through one of
Innovative Data Technology's 1/2"
magnetic tape peripherals.

Featuring industry-standard interfaces,
rapid data transfer rates, full operating
and command subsets and a wide
selection of models and configurations,
IDT s magnetic tape subsystems
provide economical and reliable
data/program interchange,
40M bytes of storage and
disc back-up. All IDT sub-
systems come complete and
include tape transport,
formatter, intelligent
controller, computer resident
coupler, cables, documentation
and software. But most
importantly, they help put your
system in touch with the IBM universe.

O.E.M., dealer/distributor discounts available.

TD- 101 2-3

Tape

Subsystem

4060 Morena Blvd. • San Diego, CA 92117
INNOvXTIVF < 619 ' 270-3990 • TWX: (910) 335-1610

t>AJA Eastern Regional Office:

TrXHNKXOOY RO. Box 1093 • McLean, VA 22101-1093

(703) 821-1101 • TWX: (710) 833-9888

•*377 IBM Is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

TRS-80 Is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation

T80-FS1

Simulator

Available for Model I or Model III. $25.00
on cassette or $33.50 on disk (with
enhancements) All versions require 16K.

See your dealer!

If you order direct, please specify whether you have Model I or
Model III (the media are different) and whether you want disk or
cassette. Include $1.50 and indicate UPS or first class mall. Illinois
residents add 5% sales tax. Visa and Mastercard accepted.

If you don't yet own a disk, don't fret. You can upgrade anytime.
Cassette users may send back their cassette (but not the manual)
along with $10 (first class shipping included) and receive the disk
version.

LOGIC

Communications Corp.
713 Edgebrook Drive
Champaign, I L 61820
(217) 359-8482 7 ,
Telex: 206995

^ See Ust of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 301

HERE

is !

FAST "Data- Saves & Loads

FOR MODEL I or HI

PLUS: Hi-baud Stvt/ Load/ Verity o< BASIC programs,
memory blocks, And numeric arrays; Hi-baud FAST
Save/Load of 'data' and string arrays with no
re-programming hassle; Chain-load BASIC programs;
Save screen to tape; LIST slowdown; long pgm
names; password protection... and much more.

ALSO: Model I: Debounce; print-screen feature;
supports E/I dual-recorder ops; DI$K compatible.
Model III: Set CASS hi/low; set time, date;
control break Key; turn clock display on/oft.

State Model I or III, memory size, recorder,
your special needs, etc. Cassette only.... $39

P.Pd.

Urit« or call for sort info and/or your copy of the

<& Cassette #a*ette

a valuable collection of ^Kl

good stuff for tapists . jBS

P.O. BOX 328
SOFTWARE bolivar, mo

Phone (417) 326-7154

65613

: WANTED;

Buyers & We II pay the shippin

•CALL FREEH800) 6544058-

"Call For Reduced Prices At Various Quantities"

\ferbatim.

045

350
345

4 4 - s

095

340
395

el" sin side
D 4 dbiden

cl" dbl side
°* dbl den.

cl" sin side
°4I quad

cl" dbl side
°4 quad

sin side
sin-den.

sin side

dbiden

8- dbl side
dbl-den.

Head Cleaning

Kits....94C

, Refills. 14§9

Dysan

cl" sin side
°S dbl den.

cl" dbl- side
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cl." sin side
°4 quad

5!;
8"
8"
8"

dbl side
quad

sin side
sin den.

sin side
dbl den.

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We Stock

"Bulk-Packed"

Diskettes

Scotch*
2 3 - 5

dbl side 25
045
3OO
395

cl" sm side
^4 dbiden

°4 dbiden.

a- sin-side
sin den

o" sin side
dbiden.

dbl side
dbiden

Disk Minder

•Smoked Plastic
•Holds 75 Disks

17?5ea

Prices per ea.
10 per box the

Di$ette4

Connection

Dealer Inquiries
Welcomed

P0 Bo. MM
B«h«nv OK
73006

*\| '(Continental U.S. only

Add 3* on orders under 40*)

NEW PRODUCTS

available for both the Models
I and III. For further infor-
mation, contact Infocom
Inc., 55 Wheeler St., Cam-
bridge, MA 02138, 617-492-
1031.
Reader Service v 550

VisiCalc Mentor

Master the VisiCalc elec-
tronic spreadsheet in a matter
of hours with VisiCalc Pro-
gramming: No Experience
Necessary. It is a self-
instructional disk and guide
that gives you hands-on
learning experience with Visi-
Calc.

You begin with the basics
and progress through ad-
vanced functions while si-
multaneously building a
working Profit Analysis
model. A self-pacing Check-
point system lets you correct
errors or review any part of
the tutorial at any time. In
addition to the Profit Analy-
sis model, there are five other
program templates included:
Time Management, Future
Cash Flow Analysis, Port-

folio Valuation, Retirement
Planning, and a Loan Repay-
ment Scheduler.

The slipcase package con-
tains a spiral-bound 236-page
manual with the sealed disk
affixed to the inside front
cover, and a command refer-
ence card. The Model III ver-
sion has a suggested retail
price of $59.95. It is sold by
Little, Brown and Company,
200 West St., Waftham, MA
02154, 800-343-9204, 617-
89O0250.

Reader Service y 555

Teach Your Computer
to Lisp

A fast machine-language
Lisp system is now available
for you Models I, III, and 4
owners out there. The system
is designed to satisfy virtually
all your needs, so it has fea-
tures such as pixel graphics
and floating-point routines in
addition to a full range of
Lisp functions.

The Lisp Interpreter fea-
tures full recursion, function
tracing and error trapping,

Learn VisiCalc in a few short hours with this self -paced guide.

302 • SO Micro, December 1983

WE'RE SERIOUS
ABOUT FUN!

Software for

Radio Shack's TRS-80

MODELS 11/12/16

• GAMES • ADVENTURE

• BUSINESS • LANGUAGE

• EDUCATION

CALL OR WRITE TOR TREE
BROCHURE AMD MORE IfirORMATIOM

£* Rizzo Data
°^° Systems Corp.

577 Burlington Rd. P.O. Box 458
Bridgcton. NJ 08302 0356

609/4517979 " 5,fl

CIRCUIT SOLVER I

You don I have to be an
engineer lo make produc-
tive use of this program A
large clear manual leads
you through the use of O
cuit Solver using sample
problems which have prac-
tical application

Features

• Simple Circuit Entry

• Circuit Listing

• Circuit Storage t
Retrlval

Easy Circuit Editing

Supports OuAmpi
Many Uaa'ul Sample
Circuits

CSI 1 00C
CSM01C
CSI 1 02C

PETCBM-64'

APPLE"

TRS BO-

SS*^ 95
34 95

14 »i

Inckid* $2 SO shipping and handling

'PET CAM 6< APPLE and TRS 80 are ' Tiadtna'ks

of Ctynmodote Appta Compute' and Tandy Wasp

SHS SOLUTIONS

1430 N LATROBE ^-^^ maMmaam

SOITI (*■ -iv

CHICAGO II 60651 ^a^** amaaaaaW

"CC" RISER

• Raises & tilt* TV monitor for easy viewing
•Allows CC keyboard to slip under monitor

for more desk space

• Matching silver-gray fiberglass
•$37.50 • $2.50 shipping

80 DEMI-CASES

•Models for LNW or MDX I & II Boards
•$32.50 - $2.50 shipping

N. Y.S Rwdmnts Add 7% Tum ■* ■ r *

SYRACUSE R&D CENTER

Box 125. Dewitt, N.Y. 13214

Specializing in Electronic Packaging"

DISCOUNT COMPUTERS

100% RS COMPONENTS, NO FOREIGN DRIVES OR MEMORY — FULL WARRANTY

24K MODEL 100 799.00

16K MODEL 4 799.00

64K MODEL 4. 2DR, RS232 1579.00

80K MODEL 12, 1DR 2499.00

80K MODEL 12, 2DR 3149.00

256K MODEL 16B, 1DR 3898.00

256K MODEL 16B, 2DR 4510.00

256K MODEL 16B, 1 DR W/HD 5439.00

DMP 100 PRINTER $ 299.00

DMP 200 PRINTER 599.00

DMP 500 PRINTER 1029.00

DMP 2100 PRINTER 1599.00

DWP410DAISY 1095.00

DWP DAISY WHEEL II 1499.00

12 MEG HD MODEL 11/12/16 2369.00

ALL RS SOFTWARE 20% Off

CASHIERS CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY ALL ORDERS

(817)825-4027

NOCONA ELECTRONICS • Box 593 • Nocona. TX 76255

,'232

huo/sixteen

/magazine

XagPONLY
MAGAZINE FOR
MODEL II & 16
SEES

™

two/sixteen magazine
lilAEsrtOTsngfM
Lucastcr, Pa. 176*13
5?2 (717) 597-3364

INODVILL
DIET
PROGRAM

$69.95

,V TAKE A BYTE".

MAIWTSIW LOSI OM OArM WIICHT
n*i »ou> IKS SO DouSM Oenetty DIM Mo a* Mil

In» NOOVUl PICT ea.OGe.AM "Ta»« a A»tv

• Calculate celorK and nutrttlv* lood intake

• lvalue!* nutrttlv* value or your diet

• Ccmiirt dally dial lo Individual ADA Chart

• Create perionellred daily meal* end minui

• aien veiled daily menus baaed an sound nuimion

■ Save record* oi deMy meet* end mnui tor lulure plenntng

• Print nutrtaon charts lood meal, menu end grocery Sets

Take a Byta" to a Modular BASIC eiogrem

— floor * — Menu

[ 1 1 We uumm ei ided Peey tnettr* aawven c a i B.PAI CMaWT
in .o*ndaMoWondom* cc oMFOOOli»T Oeto Fee

] i }• •vulnl-onel Mtai LIST OeUj File Ei OTp l l l

14) r ettsaead nail t Mr nu list Owe r*e I n a m

;ll OaiOCthT IIST eroovam Module
'SineaaeUSfNSMANIMl mcluranr, Oert* end SMSM

NOOVILl Sollwere

M Mad hoed

hidoeiieid Conn 0M77

ALLOWS UNLIMITED
COPIES OF MOST
RADIO SHACK
PROGRAMS
INCLUDING
SCRIPSIT AND
VISICALC

j^W

Cornet on a disk

No Programming A
Experience M
Necessary ^L

ONLY f\

&**

$15.00 ^W

IT**

M £ In
m £ Kansas

V »* 31 «

$> 666-3611

(Spy

affTsi

SH ALES

— «gy^ ra inc

526 E. 4th

HUTCHINSON.

KANSAS 67501

.- See Usl ot AoVBrttoers on Peg* 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 303

NEW PRODUCTS

property lists, 180 predefined
Lisp functions, trigonometric
and exponential functions,
visual display capability, ab-
breviated quoting, and much
more. The Lisp Editor is a
standard, expression-orient-
ed editor that features general
pattern matching for search-

ing and substituting.

The system runs on TRS-
DOS, LDOS, and NEWDOS,
and includes a formatted disk
with a Lisp Interpreter, a
Lisp Editor, a differentiator
and algebraic simplifier, a
manual, and a poker player.
Priced at $79.95, the system

Volksmoderrv An inexpensive direct-connect modem.

requires one disk drive and
48K. It is sold by Artificial
Intelligence Technologies,
2121 NE 152nd St., Red-
mond, WA 98052, 20^644-
3068.
Reader Service • 572

Dial Direct!

Volksmodem is an inex-
pensive direct-connect mo-
dem from Anchor Automa-
tion Inc. (6913 Valjean St.,
Van Nuys, CA 91406,
213-997-6493). This means
that you no longer have to
worry about missing a phone
call just because your phone
lines are tied up to an acoustic
modem. With Volksmodem,
a simple flip of a switch lets
you either go on line or make
and receive phone calls.

The modem has a sug-
gested retail price of $69.95.
You have to purchase com-

puter adapter cables sepa-
rately. Both the RS-232 and
Radio Shack adapter cables
are priced at an additional
$12.99. You can buy Volks-
modem at major department
stores and with mass mer-
chants nationwide.
Reader Service • 560

How to
Sell Your Programs

You've slaved for months
without sleep, living on cof-
fee and root beer, trying to
finish your program. Now
you're done, and you're
ready to stand the computer
industry on its ear. But where
do you go? Whom do you
show your priceless program
to? Programmers' Pipeline
may be the answer.

Programmers' Pipeline is
an electronic listing service

CONVERT YOUR SERIAL PRINTER TO PARALLEL

CONVERT YOUR PARALLEL PRINTER TO SERIAL

The UPI serial printer interfaces allow an ASCII serial printer
to be connected to the parallel printer port of the TRS-80
computers or any other computer which has a Centronics
compatible parallel printer port.

Software compatability problems which normally result
when a serial printer is used are totally eliminated because,
the computer "thinks" that a parallel printer has been con-
nected. Special driver programs and changes to the operat-
ing system are not required with computers designed to
work with a parallel printer.

The UPI interfaces are completely self contained and ready
to use. A DB25 socket mates with the cable from your serial
printer. The ribbon cable attaches to the parallel printer
port of your computer. The UPI interfaces convert the out-
put of your parallel printer port into serial data in both the
RS232-Cand 20ma. loop formats. Switch selectable features
include:

• Linefeed after Carriage Return

• Handshake polarity (RS232-C)

• Nulls after Carriage Return

• 7 or 8 Data Bits per word

• 1 or 2 Stop Bits per word

• Odd, Even, or, No Parity

• Baud rates 110 to 9600

UPI-3VB for TRS-80 I & III

UPI-2VB for TRS-80 II & 16

UPI-3VB-6 for TRS-80 I & III with 6 ft. cable

UPI-2VB-6 for TRS-80 II & 16 with 6 ft. cable

Models for most other computers available at

$149.95
$149.95
$159.95
$159.95
$15995

NEW SERIAL TO PARALLEL INTERFACES

The SPC SERIAL to PARALLEL interfaces convert serial ASCII
data into parallel format for use with Centronics type paral-
lel printers. A DB25 socket accepts serial data from your
computer. The 36contact ribbon connector plugs intoyour
parallel printer. Can be used to add a second parallel printer
port to computers which reliably support both serial and
parallel printers.

Switch selectable options include the following:

• 7 or 8 Data Bits per serial word

• Odd or Even parity for serial word

• Parity or No parity for serial word

• 1 or 2 Stop Bits per serial word

• 300, 600, 1200, 2400, or 4800 BAUD

SPC-1 as described above
SPC-CC with DIN plug and cable
for the TRS-80 Color Computer

$89.95
$69.95

All prices U.S. funds. VISA, MASTER CARD, COD, Purchase
Orders accepted from schools, major corporations, and
government agencies. Shipping and Handling on U.S.
orders $4.00. Ten day return period. Ninety day warranty.

BINARY DEVICES

11560 TIMBERLAKE LANE

NOBLESVILLE, IN 46060

(317) 842-5020 -106

TRS-80 h. j trademark of TANDY

304 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Now First For Any Dos . . .

EBASIC

Extended Basic for the Model I and Model III. Adds
graphics, sound and line-labeling to Basic. Works with
DOS PLUS 3.5,LDOS, NEWDOS80, TRSDOS, and
MULTIDOS. $49.95

Assembly language programming has reached a new era.
Unlimited nesting of conditional assembly.
Unlimited nesting of INCLUDING files.
Absolutely will not accept a bad OPCODE.
Positively the fastest full featured assembler.

ZEUS

Editor Assembler

INTRODUCTORY
Price $79.95

• Built in hex and decimal calculator.

• Partition EDTASM format source text on load

• Automatic syntax check on line entry.

• Forward and reverse scrolling.

• Conditional assembly.

• Include source text from disk file.

• Over 34,000 bytes for source text.

• Creates object code for 794 instructions

• Creates object code 2% to 3 1 /2 times faster.

Other Products Available From C.E.C.

MULTIDOS Version 1.6 for either the Model I or the Model III $99.95

Z'DOS Version 1.0 for either the Model I or the Model III $39.95

BOSS/RENUM90 Machine language Basic program debugging/renumbering

utility.

BOSS/RENUM90 (tape) $24.95

or BOSS only (disk) $15.95

COSMOPOLITAN ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

5700 Plymouth Road . Ann Arbor, Ml 48105
Technical Line Ml orders (313) 668-6660 Toll Free orders 800-392-3785

Add $3.00 •hipping a handling.

Foreign ordert add 115.00.

Michigan raaldanta add

4% aalaa lax. COO add S1.90.

Personal chacka taka two weeks

to claar. VISA 4 Maatarcard

accaptad.

See Ust o( Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 305

NEW PRODUCTS

that posts a description of
your software program to
dozens of companies looking
for new software to add to
their product lines. They post
your description within min-
utes after receiving it, day or
night. They reinforce this on-
line service by sending you a
periodic hard-copy follow-up
mailing of your listings.

Programmers' Pipeline
deals directly with software
companies. They have no
agents, commissions, or hid-
den fees. The initial program
listing service under one pro-
gram category costs $20. Ad-
ditional program categories
cost $5 each. An optional
blind-box service that re-
ceives and forwards re-
sponses to your program de-
scription is available for an
additional $10.

If you'd like to see the Pro-
grammers' Pipeline in action,

call via modem: 213-516-
9432. The system asks you
for your first name; respond
with Pipeline. It then prompts
you for your subscriber num-
ber; enter 80 Micro. It's that
easy!

For further details, contact
Programmers' Pipeline, P.O.
Box 666, Glendora, CA
91740, 213-914-4317. As a
bonus, if you mention 80
Micro, you'll receive a free
copy of Checklist for Program
Authors. Merry Christmas!

Reader Service ^ 573

Blushing Computers

Add vivid color to your
Model I or UJ with CHRO-
MAtrs, a color graphics
peripheral from Micro Con-
trol Systems Inc. (1590
Broadway, Hewlett, NY
11557). CHROMAtrs uses 71
easy commands in addition
to standard Bask commands

to let you quickly plot points
and lines, do 3-D rotations,
translations, and create sprite
graphics.

CHROMAtrs offers you
15 brilliant and distinct colors
with which you create your
own arcade-type games. It
also lets you add joystick and
paddle game action, as well
as exciting sound effects.

The peripheral attaches
easily to your Model I or HI
without affecting your Radio
Shack warranty. Each unit
costs $199 and comes com-
plete with documentation.
You can get more informa-
tion from the Promotional
Services Group at 516-781-
0153.

Reader Service * 578

Sharing Your System

Ball Technical Services
now makes full multi-user ac-
counting software for your

Model 16 that lets you oper-
ate up to three terminals si-
multaneously with the same
accounting program. The
available programs (Accounts
Receivable, Accounts Payable,
General Ledger, Payroll, and
Order Entry/Inventory Con-
trol) all operate under the
RM/COS multi-user operat-
ing system. This lets you print
from remote terminals.

The programs have full
record-locking capability. If
a second operator requests a
record that is being processed
by someone else, it's flagged
to say, "Wait, somebody's
looking at the record."

RM/COS requires 256K of
RAM to support three users
and an additional 63K for
each added terminal. It is
three times faster on your
Model 16 than on any other
multi-user operating sys-

MODEL 12

2 DISKS
$3250.00

DISK DRIVES
COLOR DRIVE
COLOR DRIVE 1
5 MEG HARD DISK

$310.00

230.00

1725.00

12 MEG HARD DISK

2699.00

[ COMPUTERS
| PC-2 POCKET $169.00
i PC-3 POCKET 79.95
MODEL 100 8K 675.00
MODEL 100 24K 799.00
MODEL IV 16K 845.00
MODEL 16 128K 2D 4699 00

PRINTERS
OKI DATA 80 $299.00
OKIDATA82A 365.00
OKI DATA 83 A 569.00
OKI DATA 84 960.00
OKIDATA92P 439.00
OKIDATA92S 505.00

DMP-100
DMP-120
DMP-200
DMP-400
DMP-500
DMP-2100

$299.00

399.00

535.00

999.00

1159.00

1750.00

MODEL 3 to 4 UPGRADE KIT 699.00
MICRO DESIGN

GEMINI 10X 290.00
GEMIN1 15 409.00

CGP-115
P.C. PLOT

199.00
175.00

I UPGRADED MODEL 4 1479.00

DAISY WHEEL II

$1700.00

64K COLOR COMPUTER 299.00

DWP-410

1050.00

SILVER REED

659.00

ALL SOFTWARE 15% OFF

MODEL 4 $1629.00

! 64K 2 Disk RS232

n^\r^rPW +

*^%n

AMBUR SCREEN

BODEX C

a)R

P-

For Model 4 $89.00

224 East Main St. Marlboro Mass.

Phone 1 617 485 5115

HOURS M-Fri. 10-9/Sat. 9:30-6

or 481 1027

Prices subject to change without notice

UPS items shipped FREE!

^38'

Not responsible for typographic errors

306 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Now - Add External Monitors To Your Model HI

Plugging in VIDEO MOO Ut» r c~ plug » your
TV or awtra Monitor ror Big Straan Vwwing tni

Ramot. D.lpl.y

Gta»t addition lor ditpUying Mom* Gamat, Clati-
room Instruction*, and pratantinq information at

tfufin+fl nnaatlnql

Standard (aaturai include:

- Monitor and/or TV hookupt.
• Fafl 64 character wioV tcraan display.

- Worlci witti any program or opartttng ayitam.

- No cutting or aoldaring laquired for installation

EJB ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

2902 Eggert Road
Tonawanda, N.Y. 14150 Ml,, of TfiiTallill

(716) 837-9411 CompvHr Product.

VIDEO MOD only $16995
ship. O- handling $2.00

NY residents NV ,,,

7% sties tax

a static y §*r

MONSTER? $gh

Static electricity is pfobaDly the most Vf*
persistent problem faced by the average ,"
personal/micro-computer user Static can
cause erratic or erroneous data transmis
sion. loss of program, damage to discs
and accessories and even computer
component failure All this is costly annoy-
ing and unnecessary 111

The Static Control Computer Mat puts

static protection at your fingertips where it
belongs Simply touch the mat pefore
touching the computer or any accessories
and static is safely drained off to the mat
and is sent hurrying off to ground before it
can become a problem There is no ZAP or
spark and by periodically touching the
mat while operating the computer, you
win remain static sate it is the effective
economical approach tc static control in
the home or oftice

The Static Control
Computer Mat.

89.95

Cfiac* M CO D

DELTA ELECTRONICS, INC.

Industrial Electronics Distributor

174 Main St., Norwalk, CT 06851

(203) 847-7285

ORDERS CALL COLLECT
PHONE LINES OPEN 24 HOURS

MS*

C.O.D.

A COMPLETE PRO FOOTBALL PREDICTION PROGRAM
FOR THE 1983 NFL SEASON— INCLUDING PLAYOFFS

• * * • *

"20 MIN DATA INPUT PER WEEK WILL GIVE YOU
THE EDGE

$OQ9S

- FEATURES -

DISPLAYS PREDtCTEO SCO*

DISPLAYS ACCUMUi -If. AM

DlSPl^ TEAM

HARDCOPY PRED - STATS - AVI
AUTOMATIC OPPONENT INPUT
AUTO STORE DATA - NO SAVE'
UPDATFABIE FOR 1984

INCLUDES: DISC
DOCUMENT AT ION

1 NAMF

TRS-80 MODEL 1 / III

IBM PC

APPLE

REQUIRES 32K

1 ADDRESS

1 CITY ST 7IP

1 PIK'EM 29 9S □ STAT SER 35°° □
1 Ml □ Mill □ APPLE D IBMPC □
VISA □ MCD PAY ENC D

*STA
PRO
LOC

MAP

NEC

TISTICS NEEDED TO RUN T
CRAM ARE AVAIIABIf
AL NEWSPAPERS

OR.
ATMON WILL FURNISH
ESSARY STATS IN AN EASY

HIS

ALL
TO

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

M M i

READ ONE PACE FORMAT FOR 19

| CARD IXPIKIs

LLJ

WEI
STAT

KS.

IF PROGRAM IS BOUGHT AFTER
SEASON STARTS - ALL PREVIOUS
STATS NECESSARY TO UPDATE Will
BE INCLUDED — NO CHARGE.

* See Ust of Advertisers on Page 291

OTHER PROGRAMS

• PIK'EM 198-J M )K
HOME BUDCET PLANNER
• LETTER WRITER •

Marathon Software Dept M

P. O. Box 1 349
Jacksonville, Texas 75766
Phone (214) 586-8212 ~Hi

80 Micro, December 1983 • 307

ii 2 *

NDN:

MODEL 1. B, and 4 CDMPRHBLEJ!
CP/M 2.2 and3.BCOHPRTIBLE!!

5DDN =

IBM M5-00S and DVH-B6 CDHtiTIBILrXY! !

PLUS add up to 1 Megabyte of RAMI !

High Speed RRHDISK is coning!

5Y5TEM5 START AT *1999

Includes: LNHBB-2+, Hi -Res Green Monitor. One

DisK Drive, CP/M 2.2. DQ5PLU5, Microtern,

Electric Pencil. Electric Spreadsheet. Chartex,

and the LNU 5nal I Business and Professional

Accounting Softiare Series.

CALL U5 FOR THE BEST PRICES AVAILABLE
IN STOCK NOW! Ready for innediate delivery!

EXCELLONIX

C714J 973-1939 H C213) 650-5754 - 267

NEW PRODUCTS

D»o«o»ooo»a»a«a»a»a»o«oa»oa»a»a»oc)»a»a»D»Q»D»D»a»D»a»D»D»ooa»Q»

FREE 5 MEG HARD DRIVE

from

Alt. Qltfmpws

Just purchase one of our integrated software pack-
ages at our low price of $2495. and we will install it on
a 5 Meg hard drive ready to plug in and go. Now avail-
able for the TRS-80 Mod HI/4 and soon IBM- PC. Over
30 types of businesses and professions supported. We
also carry Local area and multiplexed networks. Call
or write for our current list of applications.

CALL 203-828-0359

869 Mill Street

E. Berlin, CT 06023

Dealer inquiries invited

tem — with half the memory.
And it's IS times faster than
TRSDOS.

You can update existing in-
stallations of Radio Shack's
three-disk accounting pro-
grams (26-4601, 26-4603, 26-
4604, 26-4605, and 26-4607)
to the multi-user RM/COS
version for $300 per program.
Or buy RM/COS separately
for $750, with each program
costing $599, or purchase
RM/COS with all five ac-
counting programs and Sales
Analysis for $3,150.

For additional informa-
tion, contact Ball Technical
Services, 211 North First St.,
Mt. Vernon, WA 98273, 800-
426-2070, 800-545-6244 (WA),
206-336^605 (Canada).

Reader Service »-* 576

Yo, Ho, Ho and a
Bottle of Rum

Dancing Sailors is the
dual-pen version of the
DMP-40 plotter from Hous-
ton Instruments. It enables
you to generate two-color
plots or plots using different
line widths without having to
intervene. A simple command
directs the plotter to place the
alternate pen in plotting posi-
tion. Since both pens are car-
riage mounted, pen changes
are fast and easy.

The DMP-40-2 plotter
costs $895 from Houston In-
struments, 8500 Cameron
Road, Austin, TX 78753,
512-835-0900, 800-531-5479.
Both RS-232 and Centronics

parallel versions are avail-
able.
Reader Service s 581

Let's Draw

Creative-Art is an ad-
vanced utility to design
graphics on your Model III.
The program has over 25
commands to let you draw
circles, lines between points,
rectangles, frames, and a sin-
gle-key screen invert. Other
commands include filling in
and erasing parts of the
screen, storing the screen in
one of five pages of memory
and displaying them later.

The program also handles
text. An alphanumeric mode
lets you place text anywhere
on the screen. This is helpful
when you generate reports
and graphs. You can store
screens on either cassette or
disk. The package includes a
sample program to retrieve
the screen from disk or cas-
sette for use with your own
program.

Creative-Art is available
for the Model III for 16K,
32K, and 48K cassette sys-
tems, and for 32K and 48K
disk systems. Both the 32K
and 48K versions store more
pages and handle more points.
All versions cost $30 for cas-
sette and $40 for disk. Con-
tact Creative Software Enter-
prises, Route 1, Box 222-A,
Ana, IL 62906, 618-833-
7797. All registered owners
receive free updates for one
year.

Reader Service • 577

77k Dancing Sailors Plotter gives you two-color plots.

308 • 80 Micro, December 1983

SuperSCRIKITc insert pgs for Mod III disk explains/
expands training manual; ALSO combines reference

manual info. Includes chart $14.00

Profile III Plus* 106 insert pgs for Mod III manual,
plain English explanations/examples. 2 16x22 charts
show where you're going . $14.00

General Ledger insert pgs for Mod III Disk Manual.
Tells HOW accounts interact and produce state-
ments. 19x25 2-color wall chart shows Cycle. P&L,

Balance Sheet. Terms $14.00

THEORY Section of CL above Whys, How Comes of
CL. 20 pages of pure Gen Ledger Theory $5.00

• * * 2-COLOR 19*25 COMMAND WALl CHARTS " •
Super SCRIPSIT* commands with explanations and
tips in highly visible form . . $4.00

VMCalcC ALL commands at a glance $4.00

GL Mod III Disk helps grasp cycle, terms, P&L & Bal

Sheet (index for manual) $4.00

BASIC* most often used Mod III Disk com-
mands with details, samples, examples . $4.00
Plus Command* used to set up files, screens, reports,
labels of Profile III Plus' $4.00
I • Copyright* of Tandy or VMCorp or Microsoft

Send cash, check, money order to:

CREST SOFTWARE ^

2132 Crestview. Suite »6 • Durango. CO 81301

(303) 247-9518

V iw MC ac i cpied. in< lude card ■ and expiration dan-

(Add $2.00 Shipping — We use UPS)

Re-ink any fabric ribbon for
less than 5*. Extremely simple
operation. We have a MAC
INKER for any printer.
Lubricant ink safe for dot
matrix printheads. Multi-
colored inks, uninked
cartridges available. Ask for
brochure. Thousands of
satisfied customers.

154" +

Mac Switch lets yon share
your computer with any two
peripherals (serial or
parallel). Ideal for word
processors — never type an
address twice. Ask us for
brochure with tips on how to
share two peripherals with
MAC SWITCH. Total
satisfaction or full refund.

19900

Computer

npui
nds

Mac Inker Fn<
& MacSwitch

100 N.W. 86th Ave.
Portland, OR 97229
503/297-2321

Do your own taxes like an expert
with TAX/SAVER!

TAX/SAVER® The tax help program
for the layman and the professional.

• Privacy.

• Built-in tax aids. Answers questions like "Is my father my
dependent?" and "Are my deductions reasonable?"

• Tax regulations programmed in by our team of accountants.
Type in your figures and you've done your own tax return.

• Output to video or printer. (Compatible with overlays or NELCO
official 1040.)

• Tax deductible.

• Manual: Tax information, lists of deductions, tax glossary.

• TAX/SAVER® completes long and short forms, itemized
deductions, interest, dividends, business income, capital gains,
income averaging, self-employment tax, and the deduction for
couples when both work.

• 40% Discount on yearly updates.

Reviews and Users' Comments:

About TAX SAVER*:

"This is a very valuable tool" — R. Perry. Person.il Computing Magazine.

"Tax Preparation Software". December 1981

"This is the perfect program for those doing taxes for others (. . .good for an
individual, too!!) — B.M.. Missoula, MT (Professional Preparer)

About TAX FORECASTER":

"VERY HANDY!" — T Pettibone. Software Critic", 1982

TAX/FORECASTER", a quick fax planner for 1983 1984, lets
you see how financial decisions will affect your taxes. Merely
change one or more entries to see your tax refigured.

PROFESSIONAL TAX/ FORECASTER" adds disk storage of
client dies and income averaging This tax tool is a must!

Orders will be filled in late January to allow inclusion of new tax laws.

TO ORDER:

"Copyright '.<«J

*Kegi»vr»"d IraderrwrK ol Tandy Corp

Call collect 203-968-0933 or mail this coupon to:
Micromattc Programming Co.
Cedar Corners Station, P.O. Box 16735 "M

Stamford, CT 06905

Please enroll me in member's service and send:

D TAX. SAVER* (a- $149.95 Manual Included

□ TAX FORECASTER" <S $69.95

D PROFESSIONAL TAX FORECASTER"
a $99.95 (requires 48K)
($15. off any TAX FORECASTER" with TAX SAVER')
D Tax Form Overlays (set of 6i @ $39 95
Add $3.50 i"i pottage -ino handing, CI residents add 7-. saWs, iax.

□ Please send me more information
Please check one

TRS 80* Model I □ 32K. 2 drives □ 48K. 2 drives
TRS 80* Model HI D 32K. 2 drives D 48K. 2 drives

Name

.. Slate

/.p

□ Check
Card No

n Master Card Zj Visa

\- xp rifltp

^ SmUst ol Advertisers on Pmgw 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 309

DISKETTES

Imaxi

i.HHiiiiim

95 ll/DD
I SOFT SECTOR

-r. SV «"

aO DS/DD

I SOFT SECTOR

IIOUU IV (ilMIt HMl

'VERBATIM •qftiect. 83."

fMEMOREX

• OPT IICT. 83.'

'Add SS* 00 H * ndlin » ' n USA

^£ C.O.D. 4S

5 Q /o Tax in Fin. Only

APO/Bdx No's & Canada

Add 3. BO Shipping

MEGA gj WJ£

• I N o ultf I I S V

4699 S.Mf. 4Bth Straat

Ft Laudtrdalt, Florida 3331 4

30S-SB7-1 1 30

1BOO-327-1Q1 3

Oat ■
Library Cass
With Es.Box

<}nA*

S*l.ao

■ SaT PRICE — -7. ., r-

maxell

Buy 5 to 9 Boxes

•laatic Storage ^\m£/b

Flip n File Box y^jl

■Ida 78 Mini OlakaJ 0*/*M

■ l!?r o fe OFF , A LL

U 6<

maxell

>t a

Complete

Computer

laintamnoa Kit

^a im o fc.oFF

Clad inytln

• 199

Ultra Ouiet

Computer
Protection

KLEEN

LINE*

CONDITIONER

Prevents:

• ( omptiter Damage

• Univ. mint Interruptions

• Lightning Spike Damage

• Disruptive Line .Noise

• Program Errors

Regulator • Filter • Suppressor

KLR-250A 250 Watt Load $291.95

KLR-250A-1S0 250 Watt Load; Patented

Filter Isolated Sockets $346.95

KLK500A 500 Watt Load $390.95

KLR-500A-1 SO 500 Watt l-oad; Patented

Kilter Isolated Sockets $445.95

Shipping: $12.75 Land; $45.50 Air

Ask Your Local Dealer

£E7* Electronic Specialists, Inc.

1 7 1 South Main Street. Box 389. Natlck. Massachusetts 1 780

Toll Free Order Desk 1 -800-225-4876
MasterCard. VISA American Express

NEW PRODUCTS

310 • 80 Micro, December 1983

No More Headaches

Solve your complex prob-
lems with Brainstormer, a
powerful software program
that helps generate potential
solutions. The program works
by building a description of a
problem in terms of the themes
and variations which affect
its solution. Brainstormer an-
alyzes the description of the
problem to generate ideas for
potential solutions. You re-
fine the process by control-
ling the occurrence of par-
ticular themes and variations
until the program produces a
sufficient quantity of poten-
tial solution strategies. Brain-
stormer generates up to 10
billion idea probes for any
user-specified problem.

Some potential applica-
tions for Brainstormer in-
clude increasing flexible
thinking, discovering new
products, targeting new mar-
kets, and exploring organiza-
tional problems. Brainstorm-
er is available for Models I,
III, and 4. It costs $50 for a
single machine, $100 for 2-10
machines used by a single or-
ganization. For information,
contact Soft Path Systems,
c/o Cheshire House, 105
North Adams, Eugene, OR
97402, 503-342-3439.

Reader Service • 567

Video Upgrade

Expand the video display
on your Model III to 24 lines
by 80 characters with Holmes
VID-80 video upgrade. It is a
plug-in printed circuit board
that not only expands your
display to 24 by 80 but that
also lets you use the CP/M
2.2 operating system.

VID-80 features include
56K of user memory (64K
RAM), the ability to read and
write numerous disk formats,
8-inch drive support, CP/M
compatibility, and UCSD
P-system compatibility.

The VID-80 board retails
for $279.50, and the CP/M
2.2 operating system sells for
an additional $120. Other op-

tions, such as an additional
64K of memory (112K total)
and the CP/M 3.0 operating
system are also available. The
board requires no trace cuts
or soldering for installation.
For further information, con-
tact Holmes Engineering at
5175 Green Pine Drive, Mur-
ray, UT 84107, 801-261-5652.
Reader Service ** 552

New Vision

Get rid of your screen's
glare and see what you're
programming or writing with
Panelgraphic's Video Filters.
Treated with an anti-glare
coating, the filters make a
dramatic improvement in the
readability of your computer
screen. Characters boldly
stand out on a professional-
looking dark background
without reflection.

The filters are easy to in-
stall with self -adhering tabs.
They cost $19.85 each from
Panelgraphic Corp., 10 Hen-
derson Drive, West Caldwell,
NJ 07006, 800-222-4617, 201-
227-1500. Major credit cards
are accepted for large orders.

Reader Service s 570

Terminal Emulator
Program

All you Models II, 12, and
16 owners can now commu-
nicate with Digital Equip-
ment Corporation (DEC)
host mainframes over asyn-
chronous (dial-up) lines with
the VT52 Terminal Emulator
program. The emulator sup-
ports all VT52 features and
permits the use of any pro-
gram requiring full-screen
cursor control.

Common applications in-
clude interactive full-screen
text editing, electronic mail,
and the more sophisticated
games. The emulator func-
tions as a normal dumb ter-
minal when communicating
with non-DEC hosts.

The VT52 Emulator costs
$175, including a User's
Manual and a keypad editing

FINGER PRINT is a plug-in module
that lets you instantly select 10*
special print functions at your fingertips.
Tap your printer's panel buttons to
instantly select the functions you need.
But, seeing is believing...

IvJ

■ant to use cospressed to get *ore coiutns on your spreadsheet" vou got it'
<s? crl «^A crl O Ul fcj X <EH? — Wl Cll €=? t~i e? «ee* cri i r~i <Zf r P" EZ <=». 1
Want to emphasize print on your final draft? No sweat

I" j | e (j Cl f p | - 1 n t A p g o n t h e p e r f o r a fc i o n ?

With automatic: perforation ski paver, it. doesn't happen'
W ant to a s e j. t a 1 i «:: i- t o m ake a paragraph stand oat ? S imp i e '

Ne.d Fin« Print tor s contract or lootnotn on a r.port? With Flngarprint juat tap the button*'

Even combinations like double emphasized italics are no problem/

That's just a sample of how FINGER PRINT turns your Epson MX 80/100 or IBM
PC printer into a hard working printer.. .and FINGER PRINT has Buffer Clear and Left
Margin Control, too!

FINGER PRINT will not interfere with normal printer operation. ..and installs
easily, without soldering. It comes with complete operating/installation instructions,
control panel reference label, and it's WARRANTED FOR 1 FULL YEAR.

*For Graftrax-Plus equipped printers. Italics and Fine Print cannot be selected on non-Graftrax-Plus models.

$59.95 Look for FINGER PRINT at your
local computer dealer. For the name of a
dealer near you, or additional information,
call (213) 914-5831. To order directly,
call toll free: 800-835-2246, Ext. 441. MC/
Visa/COD orders accepted (include $1.50
s/h...CA residents add sales tax).

We welcome dealer inquiries

FINGER

DRESSELHAUS COMPUTER

PRODUCTS

We make technology easy to live with.

837 E. Alosta Ave. Glendora,CA91740

* See List of Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 311

THE SOFTCORE
SOFTWARE CO.

9 Soulhmoo' Circle. Kettering, OH 45429

"TOO MUCH"
FOR

=1 RADIO SHACK!

Radio Shack REFUSED to
include MISADVENTURE
*1 in their SOURCEBOOK
due to our description of
the game!

#0201 Misadventure #1 [Madam Rosa's Massage Parlor]
#0202 Misadventure #2 [Wet T-Shirt Contest]
'#0203 Misadventure #3 [Sewers of Moscow]
'#0204 Misadventure #4 [Casino of Pleasure]
#0301 Donne' Bugg [Adventure-decoder]
'#0401 Mystery Of The Keys [COLOR computer only]

•With Sound

Our MISADVENTURE SERIES consist o( CHALLENGING and FUN
adventure-type" programs that may occasionally be a bit naughty!

MYSTERY OF THE KEYS for the color computer is a graphic puzzle as
addicting as "The Cube" and similar to "The Link" 4k and up

IN MISADVENTURE #1 the player has to make his way from the sleazy
deserted WHARFS, gain admittance to the ancient SPEAKEASY, and
attempt to discover the hidden photographs of the politician's beautiful
daughter 1 Brave the deadly alleys, hallways, and traps. Avoid the
BOUNCER and the other characters of questionable reputation! Play in
the rigged CARD GAME if you dare! Discover why the old man died with
a smile on his face! Find out why the WINO prefers cheap booze! Above
all. try to escape without needing any iniections of penicillin! ! !

DOHNE' BUGG is our best-selling ADVENTURE-DECODER! Are you
STUCK in a machine-language ADVENTURE GAME' This program will
display on the screen all VERBS that interact in the game, all
LOCATIONS & OBJECTS you will find, and all ACTIONS that result! A
MUST FOR THE SERIOUS ADVENTURER! Note: will not work on Model
III disk systems!

All programs (except H0401) work on 16k MODEL I & III. * 379

S15 EACH — we pay postage!

Immediate shipment! Check, credit cants, or phone otter [12-4 p.m.]
Dealers and Distributors welcome— please inquire. Hint Sheets Available!

Service, Selection, & Price!

Nobody beats us on Computer Systems.

TRS-80 Model 4 Super Business System

System Includes:

• Model 4 64K

• 2 Disk Drives

• Okidata 92 Printer

• Super Scripsit &
Printer Driver

• Profile Plus

• Printer Cable

• Printer Stand

• Lemon Surge
Protector

• Computer Dust Cover

• Printer Dust Cover

NEW PRODUCTS

• 3200 Sheets Fan Fold Pape

• Box of 3M Diskettes - .

• 3M Head Cleaner UMy

List Price $3489
$

2788

SPECIAL HOLIDAY
PRICES ON

Color Computer,
Model 1 0O,
Printers for your TRS-80
Accessories and Software.

In Stock for Holiday Delivery!

These are a sample of the computers & accessories we
have in stock, ready to ship Don't give up service and
selection — call us. The only thing we discount is price.

ORDER TOLL FREE: 800-526-5313
COMPUTER DISCOUNT OF AMERICA. INC.
15 Marshall Hill Road. West Milford Mall
West Milford. New Jersey 07480-219
In New Jersey Call 201-728-8080 ^133

template. It is available from
IMPACC Associates, P.O.
Box 93, Gwynedd Valley, PA
19437, 215-699-7235.
Reader Service * 582

Get Rid of the Surge

The SL Protector from
Transtector Systems (East
5250 Sehice Way, P.O. Box
1299, Post Falls, ID 83854,
80O435-2537, 208-773-1521)
is a transient overvokage pro-
tection device designed spe-
cifically for personal com-
puters.

Measuring approximately
3 cubic inches, the SL Protec-
tor plugs directly into any
standard 110- volt outlet and
accepts all standard, three-
prong plugs. It automatically
cleans incoming electrical
power lines of overvoltage
transients and spikes, pro-
tecting your computer's sol-
id-state components from
damage. The unit responds to
a transient in five billionths
of a second, and features an
instant reset to provide con-
tinuous protection.

The SL plug is UL listed,
sells for S99, and comes with
a 90-day replacement war-
ranty.

Reader Service * 553

Computer

Carrying Case

There's no need to be
afraid to take your computer
with you on your next busi-
ness trip as long as it is safely
packed away in one of the
computer carrying cases from

Cases Inc. They offer two
hardware cases, the Flight
Form and the C-Series case.

The Flight Form case is
made of high-impact ABS
plastic laminated to plywood.
The outer panels of the case
are slotted to lock into ex-
truded aluminum tracking,
forming a protective cage
around your computer. The
corners are finished with
riveted steel for maximum
strength. This case is de-
signed to withstand the most
rigorous handling. It could
probably survive the famous
baggage gorilla.

The C-Series case is de-
signed for easy handling and
convenience. It's made of
Philippine mahogany cov-
ered with a tough vinyl outer
lining. It provides your com-
puter with protection in less
demanding traveling or ship-
ping environments.

Both cases feature form-
fitted foam lined interiors
and track mounts to hold
equipment securely in place.
They also accommodate
books, papers, and software
for your computer and you
can specify custom interior
configurations.

The C-Series is available in
either black or brown. Prices
start at $120. The Flight Line
cases come in white, black,
and royal blue. It costs $284
for the Model III, $318 for
the Model II, and $331 for
the Model 12. Accessories in-
clude special clasps, strap-
ping, and even custom print-

Conlinued on p. 316

The Flight Form case: Now there's no excuse not to take your computer with
you on your next trip.

312 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Computer Shopper pages aren't sticK because they
were designed tor one purpose, to put buyers in
touch with sellers at the lowest possible cost This
resulted in bargains on new and used equipment and
software

Individuals nationwide are able to list their pre-
owned items tor onfy a few dollars This created hun-
dreds of classified ads in over 100 big 1 1x14 pages

And to make sure there were enough buyers for
advertisers, the subscription price was set low too*

So strike your first deal by taking advantage ol
the low subscription price. 12 issues for $15 That's
a $8 40 discount off the newsstand pnce Money
back guarantee For latter service (MasterCard and
VISA) Call 305-269-3211. -39

camPureR shoppbr

407 S. Washington Ave. • P.O. Box F587
Titusville, FL 32781

VITAMIN and

MINERAL DEFICIENCY

CHART

Your coaputer **l enekjic your xwri To W quntions
conct'runq your body and then prrit a chart anoemo, probata!
drfe*nc«i of 33 vttaara and anerah, pkit protm and fat
Buck queatiorii at. Do your ryfi hurt erien you go out into
tha tun'' It your hair beginning to gray? Do you sleep ill 7
ate rtc )

Coan complete arth 58 quntemarat. 58 Want Nutrrtonw
progren forat. nttructom on c oapletinq tha Nutritional
foraa froa your coaputer gancratad chart, and an aretllent
mttruction aanuai and a 5 1/1 inch drt* Trat prograa ceo put
you into a buimeai of your oan aatng nutritional p-ograat

• >. II HUH

l"S TRDNII. CHLIF. 93SS2

rCR H0CG.5 I/III/H HBK B19 372-5355

coil dm hcwy owns $ 8 9 . 5 D

FFE PUSH OROCRS ,. 140

TRS-80 III / IV

• BOOKKEEPER •

Perfect For Small Business
TIME DOME Has Preloaded File

• SCRIPSIT MAILER •

LETTERS - ENVELOPES - LA8ELS
made by Scripsit

• SERVICE BILLER *

Bill By Rate Chart
From To Date

• BOOKKEEPING •

MACHINE

Printed LEDGERS STATEMENTS
1400 Accounts Receivable

$34.50 EACH PROGRAM

(714) 774 9383

M A K WORKSHOP

9791 ORANGE AVE

ANAHEIM. CA 92804 ^

DISK BACKUP

ONE MEGABYTE ON A C-60

MODELS I or III

includes Disk to On* Copy

Auto Mued Dansity Recognition

Supports most DouWe Density Boards

Conhgorauon Mode For Your System

Hassic Free Cassette Recorder Opereton

Sat Volume Control to Maaimom and Forget It

Tape Oieks at CompuUr Ooc« Speeds to 4 MHZ

Auto Retrieval o> Tapad Owk with Formatting

W* Backup Moat Popular Dot Made D-sks

Includes Cattetta Recorder Controller

Power Supply, Computer R*bon Cable D.sk & Menu*

Minimum Requirements Model i or III Computer

One Onve. Recorder with Cable. 32K of Memory

NEW PRICES

Bata-DTS Mdl I S 109 96 & S 3 50 H/S

Bata-DTS Mdl III $1 13 95 & $3 50 H/S

S*nd tor Ira* copy ol manual, "Reduced Size'"

BETA ENTERPRISES INC.

14049 Settlement Acres Drive

Cleveland. Ohio 441 42

(216)362-6191 " 25

INVESTMENT SOFTWARE

PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ideal lor trie private investor Keeps trac* ol
up lo 200 stocks 100 options. 100 mutual
Hind*, and 100 bonds Produces a
comprehensive portfolio breakdown and
printed portfolio summary $29 95

Investment Club Management System

The perfect system tor private investment
clubs Handles an current club holdings,
including up to 50 members 1 accounts
200 slocks 100 options 100 mutual '
and 100 bonds Produces complete reports
including a portfolio summary, single member
status member listing and overall club profif
summary $69 95

Both programs are '00% machine language
and require a 48K MOO i/ili/IV 2 disk drives
and any 80 column printer Specify compute'
and printer type when ordering

RENRAD SYSTEMS - 24 «

3205 MESA OR OCEANSIDE CA 92054

i619| 721-6783

Casn check or money order Add $2 50

for postage and handling COO add

S3 OO extra CA residents add 6% tax

O Dyson

•^CORPORATION

Solve your dax problems, bte, 100% eurie«*
teated Dyaan daakanee. Ml order. ehepewd
from mock. wMhln 24 hour* Call toll FREf
(WW) 235-4137 for prices and trdormaoon
Vfea and Master Card accepted

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd
ban Luis Obispo. CA
93401 (In Cal call
(805)543-1037)

^207

R.I.S.T. Inc. ANNOUNCES

SPEECH
SYNTHESIZER

<SALE>

$59

FREE

hi ea rwi r-owin

rrct'

P*W.l\f f I

h s».

TRS80 Model* I. Ill

Apple II, II'

ZX80/81 TS1000

Com 64. VIC 20

Regularly S89. 95
Now Only S59.9S

Complete or Starter

Kits Available

10 Day Money-Back (iuaraniee " " •
Sendcheo or M O <"OOadd$l SOlo R I S T Inc
210 3 PO Bo. 499 Ft Hamilton Station
Broomyn NV 11209 ?l?-2S9-4934 ^388

NYS RESIDENTS ADD S .*» TAX

ATTENTION DEALERS!

RS-232 BOARD FOR TRS-80

MODEL 3 or 4

Functionally equivalent to the Radio
Shack RS-232 Board. Meets E1A RS-
232C specifications. Programmable
baud rate from 50 to 19,200 baud.
Programmable parity. Word length
and stop bits. Full or half duplex oper-
ation.

mimACE (303) 794-2074

TECHNOLOGY inc
5994 South SL Paul Way
Littleton, CO 80121

Volume discounts
available.

One year
warranty.

TRS-80

COMPUTER
DISCOUNTS

• Factory Direct

• Best Prices Anywhere

• No Out-of-State Taxes

• 100% Radio Shack Warranty

• Free Price List

SCOTT TASSO
ASSOCIATES

175 E North Delsea Drive
Vineland, N J. 08360
800-257-0426
NJ 609-691-7100 -510

* Sew Usl ol AoVarr/savs on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 313

MODEL 4 DRIVE KITS $299

MODEL 4 STUFF
MODEL 4 COMPUTERS

all include an RS232

No charge for shipping on any Compuklt Computers

64K one single headed drive J7495.

64K two single headed drives Jt695.

64K two double headed drives $1895.

128K aystems add only $99.

MODEL 4 64K UPGRADE $62.95
64K TO 128K UPGRADE $82.95

prima grade pre-tested RAM with instructions

MODEL 4/III RS232 KIT $69.95

completed and teated reedy for installation

Model I, III, 4 green phosphor
antiglare CRT Kit $89.

a complete new CRT, not a filter

MODEL 4 DISK DRIVE
UPGRADE KITS

All of the Compuklt Modal 4 Disk Drive Upgrade Kits
contain these features that other companies usually do
not provide. Switching power supplies * Tandon dlak
drives * 64K of Modal 4 RAM * Sound * and an Eaay to
Use Installation Manual. Requires only a screwdriver (no
soldering) The no drive upgrade

kit $299.

One drive upgrade kit $499.

Two drive upgrade kit $699.

Two double headed drive kit $899.

MODEL III to MODEL 4
UPGRADE $750.

Converts your Modal III Into a Modal 4 (except for
Cabinet and dlak drives). Includes new keyboard, 64K
RAM, Sound, and tree installation (required). Ship ua any
working Modal III, even if It's not all factory equipment,
andge^ack^JJodeMJnyourcaaa^^^^^^^^^

MODEL 4 SOUND UPGRADE
$29.95

No soldering required. Include* instructions

COMPUKIT DOCTOR $29.95
Disk baaed diagnostic software package for the Model I,
III, and 4

MODEL III DISK DRIVE
UPGRADE KITS

All of the Compuklt Modal 3 Dlak Drive Upgrade Kite
contain these features that other companies usually do
not provide. Switching power supplies * Tandon dlak
drives * 32K of Modal III RAM * Compuklt Doctor * and
an Eaay to Uaa installation Manual. Requires only a
screwdriver (no soldering).

The no drive upgrade $279.

One drive upgrade kit $47g.

Two drive upgrade kit $579.

Two double headed drive kit $879.

TANDON DISK DRIVES

Perfect for replacement or add on drive for Any 5" drive
system.

TM100-1 40 Track Single Sided $199.

TM1 00-2 40 Track Double Sided $299.

TM50-1 20ms trk-trk Single Sided Thlnline $149.

TM50-1 6ms trk-trk Single Sided Thlnline $169.

TM50-2 6ms trk-trk Double Sided Thlnline $219.

T M55-2 microprocessor Double Sided Thinline $249.

Single case with extenders with drive above $49.95

Dual caaa with extenders for drives above $79.95

Two Drive Cable $24.95

64K COCO KIT $62.95

COCO DRIVE O
$379.

with a Tandon Thinline

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY PRICE

DUAL DRIVES $529.

COMPUKIT CORPORATION

w dartwg l aj a aajajtoe

We eaeajl VIm, — a—A Win Tranatora, and CsftNtod Checks tor qrtcHw l

sNppina, Ordars received on perftoftat checks arc haM tor ctoaranca.

314 • 30 Micro, December 1983

1713-480-6000 order line 1-800-231-6671
16206D Hickory Knoll, Houston, Texas 77565

COMPLETE MODEL lll/IV
HARD DRIVE $1095.

COMPLETE PRIMARY DRIVES
MODEL III & IV

5 MEG $1095.
10 MEG $1395.
15 MEG $1695.

MODEL I & LNW

5 MEG $1145.
10 MEG $1445.
15 MEG $1745.

*fi

COMPLETE SYSTEM FEATURES

TANDON DISK DRIVES

WESTERN DIGITAL 1002 DRIVE CONTROLLER

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

SWITCH SELECTABLE HOST

POWER ONE HD POWER SUPPLY

HD COOLING FAN

SIZE 8 1/4"X6V2"X13"

ALL DRIVES RATED AFTER FORMAT

COMPLETE READY TO PLUG IN (JUST ADD YOUR DOS)

SUPPORTS NEWDOS 80 V2.5, DOSPLUS 3.4f, 4.0, 3.5, IV, LDO

and soon TRSDOS 6.0

SECONDARY DRIVES

5 MEG $695.
10 MEG $995.
15 MEG $1295.

(READY TO PLUG INTO YOUR PRIMARY DRIVE)

33 MEG MODEL PRIMARY

HARD DRIVE (BY QUANTUM) $2395

MODEL I & LNW $2445.

NEW PRODUCTS

READY FALL 83 CALL ON AVAILABILITY

21 MEG TAPE $649.

Will Work on any Hard Drive System That uses DOSPLUS or NEWDOS

MODEL 3/4 BOOT ROM $39.95

ALLOWS YOU TO BOOT DIRECTLY FROM YOUR HARD DRIVE
FOR DOSPLUS and NEWDOS SYSTEMS ONLY

MULTIPLEXER $995.

ALLOWS UP TO 4 COMPUTERS TO ACCESS A HDS HARD DRIVE

Includes Master Control Unit and Cable I Host Adapters tor externally
connecting 2 Computers

HARD DRIVE SPECIALIST a «»**■ of Compuklt Corporation

1-800231 6671

s See List of Advertisers on Page 291

1-71 3480-6000

16206D Hickory Knoll Houston, Texas 77059 *m

80 Micro, December 1983 • 315

The Perfect

Companion

For Your

New Portable Computer

There's a new and exciting computer on the block — Radio Shack's
TRS-80* Model 100 Portable Computer It promises to be one of the
most significant advances in personal computing of the 1980s 1

And. now, there's a new and just-as-exciting magazine specifically
devoted to your Portable Computer It is called PCM— Th« Portable
Computing Magazine, and it is published by the same people who bring
you the most popular Color Computer magazine In the world — the
Rainbow

PCM— The Portable Computing Magazine sells for S3 per copy and
S28 a year by subscription If. after seeing your first issue, you find it is
not for you. just let us know We'll happily, cheerfully and immediately
refund your entire subscription payment We're that confident that you'll
love PCM After all. it is The Portable Computing Magazine!

PCM

THE PORTABLE COMPUTING MAGAZINE

9529 U.S. Highway 42

P.O. Box 209

Prospect. KY 40059

(502) 228-4492

YES! Sign me up for a year 1 1 2 issues) of PCM— The Portable Computing
Magazine

Name

Address

City

Stale

O Payment Enclosed
Charge □ VISA

Account »

Signature

Zip

□ MasterCard □ American Express

Interbank » (MC only)

Card Expiration Date _

Subscriptions lo PCM— Th* Portabt* Computing Magaim* are $28 a year in
me Un.ied Slates Canadian and Mencan rate is S35U S Surtacerateeisewnere
S64 U S Air mail S85 US All subscriptions begin with the current issue Please
allow f>-6 weeks lor lirsl copy „

►'296

FREE

business software
directory

Radio Shack's Model 1, 2, 3 & 16

CPM: Xerox, Alto...

IBM Personal Computer & compatibles

"(DBMS) is GREAT!"

-publisher of 80- US

"(GL) superior to either the Osborne (SBSG & Taranto) or
Radio Shack ... MA1L-X has a greater capacity. . .more
flexible than (R.S.)" -columnist of 80-microcomputing

"imperceptively fast .
workhorse"

(DBMS) is a good and reliable
-publisher of Interface Age

Data base manager, integrated accounting package (AR. AP,
GL & Payroll), inventory, word processing, and mailing list.
Compare and be selective ! Top-quality software at mass-
production prices !

Micro Architect Inc.

6 Great Pine Ave. Burlington, MA 01803

617-273-5658

NEW PRODUCTS

^149

Continued from p. 312

ed logos. To place your order,
or to inquire about a custom-
ized case, contact Cases Inc.,
13102 Stone Ave. North, Se-
attle, WA 98133, 206-365-
5210.
Reader Service • 566

Computer Talk

Modems have been placed
on a diet at Universal Da-
ta Systems! Their new LP
modem series is entirely pow-
ered by your telephone line,
eliminating the need for
bulky, heat-producing power
supplies or plug-in power
modules. This results in a
functional and attractive
low-profile design that pro-
vides full modem features in
a sleek, under-telephone
package.

The five modems in this
line each measure about 1 by
6 by Wi inches, and use a
standard RS-232 connector.
They are designed for easy
operation: A mode switch in-
vokes answer or originate
operation, and a talk/data
switch simplifies transfer of a
telephone call to the com-
puter, allowing you to switch

from voice to data communi-
cations.

Prices for the LP modem
series range from $145 for the
0-300 baud modem to $445
for the 1200 bits per second
model. All are available from
Universal Data Systems Inc.,
5000 Bradford Drive, Hunts-
ville, AL 35805, 205-837-
8100.

Reader Service • 578

More Memory

RAMPAK is a 64K RAM
upgrade for the Model 4. It is
available in two different ver-
sions: RAMPAK-I to upgrade
a 16K to a 64K, and the
RAMP AK-U to upgrade from
64K to 128K. The latter al-
lows programs like MEM-
DISK to take advantage of
the Model 4's bank switching
mode throughout the entire
128K. They cost $96 and $1 10
respectively.

For those of you who want
to upgrade from 64K to 1 28 K
using your own 64K RAM
chips, RAMPAK-PAL, a pro-
grammed array logic chip, is
available separately. It costs
$34.95.

The LP modem series from Universal Data Systems.

¥& •- VL¥&F6> r lMmbKr 1 %&

MIKROKOLOR

TRS-80* MODEL 100 COLOR GRAPHICS

High resolution color graphics lor graphs, charts, games,

animal ion. business applications, teaching, scientific

display. Allows full sized color text and graphics as featured

in 80 Micro magazine. May & June 1983

Display on any sized Color Monitor or Color TV with

modulator.

256 x 1 92 Color Graphics ■ 1 5 colors plus transparent

3 dimensional Sprite planes - Simultaneous display
of planes

4 Modes of operation available:
1. - TEXT: 24 lines - 40 characters per line. 6x8

matrix, 256 user def ineable characters

2 - MULTICOLOR 64 x 48 Color Graphics,

3 - GRAPHICS t: 256 x 192 Color Graphics, 24

lines - 32 characters. 8x8 matrix. 2 colors per
character

4 - GRAPHICS 2 Same as Graphics i except 16

colors per character.

SPRITES: Active in all but text mode, 32 prioritized 3-D
planes, 15 colors plus transparent, easily provides
animated graphics with simultaneous display of all sprites
Composite Video Output (NTSC). Comes with sample
programs and instructions. No hardware modifications
necessary, plugs into expansion socket Uses Texas
Instruments TMS9918A Video Display Processor. On
board RAM uses no system memory space
User manual only - $5.00. Money Order, COD, checks or
credit card Personal checks must clear. COD add $2 00
Visa Mastercard add 4%. Calif, residents add6% sales tax
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.

$235.00 Assembled and tested.

$195.00 Kit with instructions

•TRS-80 Trademark of Radio Shack/Tandy Corp.

ANDREASEN-S ELECTRONICS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, Inc

Technical Assistance: Box 5686, Vandenberg, Ca 93437

To Order 1 548 Monterey St, San Luis Obispo, Ca 93401 ph (805) 541 -6398 ^ 172

VSS-80

Viewgraph Slide System for Business, School & Home
For your TRS-80 Model I/III . . . $79.95

• Efficient Viewgraph Data Base

• Hi-speed Graphics including 4 shadings

• Supports many popular printers

FUTURE PROJECTS CORP. (203) 775-3062

P.O. Box 11, Hawleyville, CT 06440 „ w

PACKER Machine language program that edits all or part
ot your Basic program to run taster save memory, or
ease editing The 5 options include UNPACK— unpacks
multiple statement lines into single statements
maintaining logic, inserts spaces and renumbers lines
SHORT— deletes unnecessary words, spaces, and REM
statements PACK— packs lines into maximum multiple
statement lines, including all branches MOVE— moves
line or blocks ot lines to any new location on program On
2 cassettes tor 16K 32K & 48K
For TRS-80 Mod I or III Level II or Disk Basic $29 95
SYSTEM TAPE DUPLICATOR Copy your SYSTEM tormat
tapes Includes verity routines The Model III version
allows use ot both 500 and 1500 baud cassettes speeds

For TRS-80 Model I or III Level II S15 95

CASSETTE LABEL MAKER: A mini word processor to print
cassette labels on a line printer Includes 50 peel - and -
stick labels on tractor teed paper
Fqr TR-80 Model l of III Level II & Printer S17 95

PRINT TO LPRINT TO PRINT Edits your Basic program in
seconds to change all Prints to LPrints (except Print© or
Print*) or LPnnts to Prints Save edited version

For TR-80 Model I or III Level II S12 95

FAST SORT ROUTINES tor use with Radio Shacks
Accounts Receivable. Inventory Control I. and Disk
Mailing List Systems lor Model I Level II Sorts in
SECONDS' You'll be amazed at the lime they can save
Supplied on data diskette with complete instructions
FAST SORT for Accounts Receivable S19 95

FAST SORT for Inventory Control I S19 95

FAST SORT for Disk Mailing List (specify data diskette of

cassette for 1 drive system) S14 95

ALL THREE ROUTINES S44 95

Prices subject to change without notice Call or write for a
complete catalog Dealer inquiries invited VISA and
Mastercharge accepted Foreign order in US currency
only Kansas residents add 3°o sales tax
On-line catalog in Which it a FORUM-80: 316*82-21 1 3
Or call our 24 hour phone (316) 683-481 1 or write:

COTTAGE SOFTWARE

614 N HARDING

WICHITA KANSAS 67208

• 187

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation

cojnpuSffTi

AT WHOLESALE PRICES

Thousands of Satisfied Customers-
Computer Hobbyists-Public School Districts-Government Agencies

$=&*

Blank Diskettes

Soft Sector-Single Sided Double Density

*25?*

s 12? #

100

SJ69*

^^^ustorr^^ve J^rwelope^Ada^^
lO-pacl< Custom Case *3 •■■ 50- pack Case -22"

I PS SHIPPING 110201 >3 (50 100) H>

!2 95 I

Blank Cassettes

—>

100°., Error-Free

& Fully Guaranteed

1 »-nnlh

250*

500*

C-05

.69

.59

.49

.44

.36

C-10

.69

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C-15

.89

.79

.69

',•<

.49

C-20

.99

.89

.79

.69

.59

C-30

1 09

.99

.89

.79

.69

Boxes

.26

.21

.20

.16

.13

*250500 Quantities without

labels.

With labels Add 4C

UPS SHIPPING

l>*3 (3b9l

12 i

iilli •>

200 *4 H '' • **." shipping & handling
1000 HW' i shipping & handling

These labels arc for cassettes

2665 E. Busby Road

Oak Harbor, Wash., 98277 „,32

TAPE-PACK SPECIAL

6 Each: C-5, C-10, C-20. C-30

^QnJV $1 £95

♦ M • .hipping 1 handMng

'V 'W* ^^^

Tape
Caddy

o£M2

* 'V snipping &

pping & handling

Orders 1-800-553-0035 Ext 80
ONLY 1-800-528-6050 Ext 3005

Inquiries 1-206-675-6143

*> See Usl ot Advertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 317

WIBASIC

f$^ "WITTSOFT INTEGER BASIC 4>

GENERATE MACHINE CODE USING BASIC!

Machine code runs hundreds ot times (aster than BASIC - but is difficult and
time consuming to write Basic programs can be written quickly - but run slow 1
Now you can write and debug your programs in WIBASIC - then compile to high
speed Z80" machine code 1

POWERFUL

WIBASIC isn't a patch to disk basic - it is a fully interactive memory
resident interpreter compiler, and editor' It doesn't use high memory so device
drivers, utilities, and USR routines are compatible

Perfect for generating GAMES, UTILITIES, USR routines or other
applications that require the speed of machine code Compiled programs run on
the Model I or III using most any DOS' It supports most BASIC statements and
functions using integers and strings (including multidimension arrays'), but
does NOT use floating point operations or functions It is NOT suitable for busi-
ness or scientific programming but could be used to generate USR routines to run
with such programs

UNDERSTANDABLE

Over 1 00 pages ol documentation cover all aspects of the system From a step
by step walkthrough of a sample programming session to modular programming
techniques and program chaining for advanced users We've even documented the
subroutine entry addresses to allow assembler programmers to combine compiled
and assembled programs'

AVAILABLE

On unprotected disk with manual for TRS80* l/lll $89.95

Add S5 lOverseas S1 0) Postage & Handling

1 302 - 41 st Street • Orlando, Florida 32809

TO ORDER ^337

Send Check or Money Order Credit Card orders include acct number and exp
date or call TOLL FREE 1-800-327-4459. FLA residents or technical

queries call 1-305-423-5683. FLA orders add 5% sales tax
•WIBASIC'- WittSoft Inc Z80» Zilog Inc TRS80* Tandy Corp 'IMS WittSoft

Checkbook-Checkwriter » s available tor
TRS«' MOd*

TRS-80' Color Computer

NEW PRODUCTS

I — ^f Product. Continuous fan foideo
[if] '.hecks «ltH dua. -windowed
LX— I envelopes checkbook binder and

ligncd especially fc :
outer use m the home, you c=>

like these anywhere in the

WWW

r— yf Savings: Special package - m
ly| eluding software — to get you
LI - J started JOOchrxks, 100 envelopes
and binder- »9 95 500 checks. 3O0
envelopes and bmcer-$79.95 Rot'
our versatile Checkbook -Checkwriter ■'
program that will have you pr-nting your
checks the day you receive them

SPECIAL BONUS

• tacti 250th customer -SO % eft your order,

• Each 500th customer— vour coer 'rr*

• Each 1000th customer your order rree.
end tree check refills for life

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Now CHECK WITH US Order a speoal
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today! Just enclose a voided check for
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send today for our free information
package We guarantee you II be pleased
Visa M.C , AMEX orders welcome
Shipping S9 00 USA $5.00 Outside USA

.230

SYNERGETiC SOLUTIONS

4715 SHEPHERD RD • MULBEKRy, Fl M860 • PHONE 8' 3; 646 655 J

All upgrades are available
from VR Data, 777 Hender-
son Blvd., Folcraft, PA
19032, 215^61-5300.

Reader Service s 575

Options on Options-80

Options-80A is an ad-
vanced version of the Op-
tions-80 program, a tool to
maximize investment return
on stock options. This newer
version includes Black-Schoies
modeling, phis expanded han-
dling of covered option writ-
ing and put option spreads.
You can enter prices in frac-
tional form, and print graphs
in alphanumeric symbols so
that you can use any printer.
Plot or tabulate returns as a
function of either actual or
annualized percentage change
in underlying share price.

Another feature of Op-
tions-80A is analyzing invest-
ment return on puts, calls,
and spreads while taking
account of commissions,
risk, dividends, and time-cost
money.

Both Options-80 and Op-
tk>ns-80A are available for
Models I, III, and 4 with disk
drives. They cost $125 and
$170 respectively plus $5 for
post and packaging. Send
your orders to Options-80, 15
Stow St., Concord, MA
01742.

Reader Service • 569

Complete Protection

Now you can protect ail

your voltage-sensitive equip-
ment from power surges and
spikes with PTI Industries'
Protector. The plug-in unit
offers 0.1 nanosecond re-
sponse time to surges and
provides complete noise fil-
tering from 100kHz to
100MHz.

The Protector is the first
unit to offer brown-out noti-
fication when the line voltage
drops to 100 volts. A reset
button safeguards your equip-
ment from initial line surges
that inevitably follow a black-
out condition.

This surge, noise, and
brown-out protector costs
$69 from PTI Industries,
4740 Scotts Valley Drive,
Scotts Valley, CA 95066,
408-438-3870.

Reader Service • 564

The Big Switch-a-roo

The Mini-T-Switch lets
you reduce the number of mo-
dems and printers in your use
by almost half, while still al-
lowing you virtually endless
system configurations and
fast CPU-peripheral hook-
ups. How? The unit has two
T-switches, each of which
can enable two peripherals to
share a common third com-
ponent or a CPU I/O port.

It functions either as a

A fast (0.1 nanosecond response
time) surge and spike protector.

Switch between your computer and
its peripherals with the AB Mini
Switch.

318 • 80 Micro, December 1983

CHURCH DONATIONS

Computer Procram for TRS 80

Model! I. II. III. IV. 12 * 16

IBM/PC

-307

RECORDS. STORES * REPORTS

Gtves printout ot collections totals to date as wet as

individual quarterly reports to congregation members

•NOW AVAILABLE*

Mfttienal module* to provide
Church Directory
Word Processing
Attendance Record
Membership Profile
General Ledger

Radio Shack • * • • •
Five-Star Rating

Designed to fulfill administrative a financial reporting
and record keeping needs of churches

CUSTOM DATA
Depl AC
505-434-1096

301 Eleventh Street

P.O. Box 1869

Alarnogordo.NM 88310

SEND AND RECEIVE

MORSE CODE

•TRIPLE SPLIT SCREEN
•SPEED: 1-200 WPM

This outstanding 4K machtna language program tor your
Model I. Ill or 4 hat • type ahead butter active vmHe
copying. The computer generates the lone so only an
audio amplifier Is needed. A transmitter may be keyed.
Send from keyboard. • messages, at random, or repeat.
Received Monte Is decoded, dtapfayed. and printed. I/O la
through the cassette Interlace Morse cursors a other
features.

stusltction gutrinl»»d Of your mon»y back

Cassette with instruction booklet only $19.95
postpaid. 16k required

ROGO Computer Products

4752 DeBeers Drive
El Paso. Teaas 79924 •" 343

SAVE BUCKS

ON VERBATIMS

$25.95 •

5 YEAR WARRANTY

Slngla Sldad / DOUBLE DENSITY SOFT SECTOR
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Please send a description of the prob-
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DISKETTES

$15.95/boxofio-

•5 25- SINGLE SIDED. SINGLE DENSITY

MANUFACTURED BY ONE Of THE

WORLDS LARGEST PRODUCERS

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5 25" SSDD $18.95/ BOX OF io

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TWO BOX MINIMUM ORDER

PLEASE ADD $1 50/BOX SHIPPING & HANDLING

DEALER ANO CLUB INQUIRES INVITED

(312)490-9239
SHEPHERD MARKETING

-jar— P.O. BOX 941339
■ ~'m$' | SCHAWMURG.il 60194

IL RES PLEASE ADO 6% SALES TAX

GRADE BOOK

Disk program (one disk required!

Simple comprehensive

Teacner designed and acclaimed

In use 'or over 3 years

No computer knowledge required

Line printer optional

Guaranteed

IBM-PC
•36.95

TRS-80 l/lll
•34.95

APPLE I
•36 95

Bram CompuTeasers IBM-PC APPLE *19 95
Testmaster Series IBM-PC *19 95 each
Boggei Word Game IBM-PC '10 95
Jeopardi TRS 80 l/HI *9 95
Factor Label (CAI) TRS 80 l/m »29 95
Grade Port Average IBM TRS-80 *7 95

COM PI 1 1\(,

Depl 2

SAVE MORE

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DISKETTES!

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$O70

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■ Qt> (745)— Aat Q,v 20

4 SSQO— 96TP) (74«) $2.89 ea

. DSQD— 96TPI (747) $3.95 ea

iSpeoty sort. 10 or 16 sector.)

8 SSSOI740)

8 SSDOI741)
8 DSDO (7431

(Speory soft or 32 sector |

Save even more on quantity orders!

Minimum Oder 20 diskettes Add $3 00 Shipping

per 200 diskettes COD charge $i 65 additional

Visa • Mastercard • Checks

For last service, call

DISK WORLD!

Nationwide: 1-800-621-6827

In Illinois: 312-944-2788

DISK WORLD! " 348

Suila 4806 • 30 Easl Huron Slreoi • C'Cago Winon 606 1

Aultwnred Distributor
Information Processing Products

Drawing

Bnarc

> Crciaa L/naa. Pamaxusn. Tart Animation
• Fill Mirror Imao. Irtvartad Scraan. Entarga
a Savaa graphic! as BASIC program

a Scraan dump to prinlar lull or hal' siza
• Disk or tapa storaga
a Modal l. HI. 4
a Documantabon includad

TipaS24 99

Oi»«*M99

Manual only S5 00

SandChachor Mow ay Ordar (Mlcata modal)

J I A Aaaocla t ai

P.O. Baa ISM

W H aa l en lU Ba n , MarirlawM WHU

' Purchaaa onca may 0* appltsd Io tape or disc al later data
Maryland rasioanrs add 5*» aalaa tax

DATA COMPACTOR

Increase data storage capacity

1/3 to 100% without using

machine-code!

These routines are written in BASIC

SOURCE CODE which may be

integrated into user's programs in

direct sequence or as subroutines

This manual will show you how to

do it yourself.

Send $49 95 &. $2 00 USA shipping

Demo disks available with mergeable

routines for CP/M or TRSDOS

compatible routines for TRS-80,

II. or III.

Specify CPM or TRSDOS 6. add $ I 9 95

for 5'/4" disk or $24.95 for 8" disk.

Dealers Invited IB C
EDWARDS L ASSOCIATES
P.O. BOX 42 1 58
COLUMBIA. S.C 29240

s See List ol Actyertisers on Page 291

80 Micro, December 1983 • 319

COPYCAT

Disk backup utility

Now you can have a solution to the problem of
protected software backup.

COPYCAT* is the most powerful disk backup utility yet
designed for the TRS-80 Computers. It will automatically
make a fast, exact copy of your master disk regardless
of protection schemes used including CRC errors, dual
density tracks, mixed sector lengths and irregular I.D.
pack.

COPYCAT* is intended for your personal use only in
making backup copies for your valuable protected soft-
ware.

COPYCAT' runs on a 48K, 2 disk drive TRS-80
models 1,111 or 4. Specify model number when ordering.

All orders are processed within 24 hrs.
Non-certified checks require (2) weeks for bank clearance

Add $2 00 for postage and handling
California residents add 6% sales tax

OMNISOFT R€S€flRCH

2170 W. Broadway, #501 A

Anaheim, CA 92804

(714) 772-5000

Dealers inquiries welcome

^36

NEW PRODUCTS

DISnDATo

The Disassembler That Ever

Disassembler That Even
Tracks Down DATA!!!

Outputs

instead of the meaningless "equivalent". ^^

H37F7 DEFM Cass?
DEFB 03H

BE
H.C

(HL).E
(HL).E

NZ.S'5

AB25 LD
LD

LD
LD
CCF

JFt NZ.S-5 '.etc
» AUTOMATICALLY identifies such data areas
» Outputs fuiiy-iabeied Radio Shack'or APPARAT"EDTASM-tormat code to

display, printer cassette or disk (Printer output fully paginated |
» Relocates itself to any desired RAM area up or down by as little as one byte or
as many as required

• Loads programs from cassette Or disk and displays entry points

> Runs on TRS^80 Model I (Level II). Model III. or Model 4 (in Model III mode).
16K or more, cassette or disk

• 1354-12 (Model l/lll cassette Version 2) J34 95

■ 1354-22 (Model 1114 diskette. TRSDOS' format Version 2) $39 95

Pegistered Trademarn Tandy Corp "' Registered Trademark APPARAT Inc

Copies virtually all formats of cassette files'" v" Vs»i

i AUTOMATICALLY senses input cassette density" 1 (Model III)
> Allows Mod III user selection of output density, each file

• 1366-10 (Model I III cassette

$1995

Professional Software for both Novice and Expert

Soft wore

To order phone (513) 435-4480
(M-F 9am -5pm EST) or
send check or money order to

Pro/ Am Software
220 Cardigan Road
Center****. Ohio 45459

,-260

f and Mai U rCam acoapte*

When ordering via card include card
number eipiralion dale, your name.
address and phone numoer

U S Funds only Add S? 00 Slipping IU S I

S5 00 overseas) per if-
COO orders S3 00 additional pe> w-
Or*<o 'es>denls p*ease add 6S Sales Ta.

desktop unit or in a 19-inch
rack. Its rugged rotary switch
with silver alloy-plated con-
tacts is rated at a 10,000-
operation life expectancy.
The aluminum enclosure con-
trols EMI/RFI emissions.
Each module has an interlock
for quick and easy installa-
tion. You can piggyback the

device to increase computer
productivity.

The Mini-T-Switch is
available for a risk-free
45-day trial period in versions
compatible with either coax-
ial or EI A RS-232 connectors
priced $125 and $230 respec-
tively. For further informa-
tion, contact Inmac, 2465

DIFFERENT^j^cK

Take your frustrations out on your computer with Byte Bat.

Bash It Up!

Every one of us, at one time or another, has felt com-
pelled to smash the video screen on our computer. Some
of us (admit it) have even done so . . . but the pleasure de-
rived from such actions was short-lived when the bills
came in. Now you can beat up your computer to your
heart's content with the Byte Bat.

Specifically designed to serve as a frustration shunt,
the Byte Bat features a number of digital interface
modes, plus BAUD rates (Basic Aggressive Units of Dis-
satisfaction) from one to 12,675,432. The device is com-
patible with all computers and operating systems, mak-
ing it the first universally compatible foam ware.

Each kit comes complete with one Byte Bat, a poster
showing the device in use, a button, a user's manual,
and a warning decal that alerts all who approach that
"This computer-friendly liveware is protected by Byte
Bat." The Byte Bat is sold for $9.95 from your local
computer dealer. If they are out of Byte Bats you can or-
der your own for $12.50 from MicroTie Systems Corp.,
P.O. Box 8112, Walnut Creek, CA 94546, 800-227-
3900, 80O632-2122 (CA).

Reader Service *** 574

New product listings are based on information sup-
plied in manufacturers' press releases. 80 Micro has not
tested or reviewed these products and cannot guarantee
any claims.

320 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Complete Business
Software Package

TRS-80 MOO. 11/ 12/ 16
FLOPPY OR HARD DISK

V3«n«ral |_tdg«c
Account! r«y«bl«
Account! rt*c«lvabl«
Inventory

NONA/:

RYEAR

Payroll W/ Job Coating

o Practlca Managamanl

o Structural Englnaarlna.

o R.yla.od |n April 80 MICRO

Software Modules All Interactive

P.O. BOX 223 - DCPT. A
NEWTONVILLE, N. Y. 12128

(518) 271-6825

DOTDRAW

MICRO-ART

NEWDOT

GRAPHICS

DISK BASED SOFTWARE

TRS-80 MODEL I. III. IV

Includes Printer Options for EPSON

■Im 1on.li Gwp «JW

— for the Young & Young at Heart. 32K $27.50
~~ Povv(;rful Graphic Designer for Adults. 48K $37 50

— Tools & Entertainment ior Programmers. 4HK $47.50

FREE Catalog & Information ^.33

Write or Call

ISLAND TECHNOLOGIES

P.O. BOX 856

STATE COLLEGE, PA 16801

(814J 234-4589

• >••••••> ••••••»•••»••••••••••••••• > > . ■ 1 • • • • • • • • > • • »•••««•

TECHNOLOGIES

RATE BASE:

130,000

ISSUE DATES:

• Nov./ Dec. • May /June

• Jan. /Feb. • July/Aug.

• Mar. /Apr. • Sept./ Oct.

The complete publication for
the beginner or inexperienced
computer owner Targeted to
reach the impressive computer
market of the future . . . people
who are planning to buy. . .or
owners of hardware ready to
upgrade. Computers 84 talks to
them in plain language, explaining
your products and suggesting
applications.

For further information, contact:

Ed Knobloch. Advertising Director

1515 Broadway, New York. NY 10036

212-719-6572

A CBS PUBUCATION

II LEVEL IV MEANS FOUR LEVELS OF EXCELLENCE II

/QURi_.TY /VALUE /SERVICE /SUPPORT

PREMIUM GRADE TRS3D f S

Bull DING A PREMIUM GRADE MICROCOMPUTER IS A CLAIM FEW COMPANIES CAN
HAKE. ANO EVEN FEMER CAN BACKUP. ME 00 IT EVERY DAY. EACH LEVEL IV
COMPUTER SYSTEM IS CAREFULLY ASSEMBLED FROM PRE-TE8TE0 COMPONENTS OF
THE HIGHEST OUALITY. AND TESTED FOR PERFORMANCE TO A LEVEL FAR ABOVE
THAT FOR WHICH IT HAS DESIGNED. AFTER BURN-IN. EACH UNIT IS
DELIVERED WITH THE FAMOUS LEVEL IV 90 DAY LIMITED, PARTS AND LABOR
WARRANTY (COPIES AVAILABLE ON REQUEST).

A LEVEL IV COMPUTER IB DEBIONED TO BE COMPLETELY COMPATIBLE WITH THE

MOUNTAIN OF SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE READILY AVAILABLE FOR IT. ANY ITEM

THAT WORKS ON OR ATTACHES TO. A STANDARD R/8 UNIT WILL FUNCTION WITH
OUR VERSION.

CONSIDER THESE OPTIONS TO ENHANCE YOUR COMPUTERl

I I . . 40 AND 80 TRACK 8INOLE AND DOUBLE HEAD DISK DRIVES

21 .. WINCHESTER DRIVES 4.4 MEG THRU 31 HES

31.. CPU SPEED-UP MOD'S. MORE THAN DOUBLE YOUR SPEED

41.. SO COLUMN. 24 LINE DISPLAY, AND CP/H FOR MOD3

9).. MODS AND MOD4 DISK UP-BRADE AND MEMORY KITS

BUILDING A MODS OR MOD4 WITH THE AOOVC CAPABILITIES iFRTAINLY MAKES
IT A PREMIUM SRAOE UN I • , BUT OUR MOST IMPORTANT PRODUCT IS
OF T E R - THE -BALE-BER VICE -AND -SUPPORT .

NOW FOR THE SURPRISE. BABE PRICE FOR OUR 64K M0D4 IS ONLY $ 1 3«7«7.UU

REMEMBER LEVEL IV MEANS •OUALITY .VALUE "SERVICE (SUPPORT

SOME HAY BET CLOSE TO OUR PRICES. BUT NONE WILL HATCH OUR VALUES.

CALL FOR OUR CURRENT LOW DI8C0UNT PRICING
IN-STATE C313J SaS-6200 OTHERS 800-B21-330S
WE ACCEPT PAYMENTS BY VISA, M/C, CHECK. COD

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TERMS. VISA. MC. checks. COD. Please add t2.00 shipping In U.S. or Canada,
S5.00 overseas, sales lax in Ca. Most orders filled ivilhin 48 hrs.

MAKE IT

EASY

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micro*

Your magazine library is your prime reference source— keep it
handy and keep it neat with these strong library shelf boxes.
They are made of white corrugated cardboard and are dust resis-
tant. Use them to keep all your magazines orderly yet available
for constant reference.
Self-sticking labels are available for the following:
80 Micro 73 Magazine Radio Electronics

Microcomputing QST Personal Computing

inGder CQ Byte

Desktop Computing Ham Radio Interface Age
One box (BX1000) is $2.00. 2-7 boxes (BX1001) are $1.50 each,
and 8 or more boxes (BX1002) are $ 1 .25 each. Be sure to specify
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Call TOLL-FREE for credit card orders:

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micro

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^SHIPPING AND HANDLING CHARGES $2.00 per order up to and

including a quantity of eight 25« for each additional box ordered. □

322 • 80 Micro, December 1983

Augustine Drive, Santa Clara,
CA 95051, 408-727-1970.
Reader Service ^ 571

3-D Graphics

Broaden your imagination
by creating three-dimensional
views on your Model III with
Surface Plot. The program
lets you enter an equation of
the form Z = F(X,Y) where Z
is the height above the sur-
face for a given X,Y coordi-
nate (e.g., entering the equa-
tion Z=10-X*X draws a
lull). You can view the final
picture from any position in
space so you can see an image
from underneath, above, or
even inside a hill or valley on
the plot surface. You can also
specify the size of the result-
ing image.

Surface Plot automatically
removes hidden lines for best
results. You can save finished
plots on disk or print them on
any of 20 popular printers.
The program requires the use
of Grafyx Solution in order
to work (Grafyx Solution is a
plug-in, clip-on board that
gives you 98,304 points in a
512 by 192 matrix).

The program, 12 hi-res pic-
tures, and manual cost S39.95
from Micro-Labs Inc., 902
Pinecrest St., Richardson, TX

75080, 214-235-0915.
Reader Service • 557

Getting Through the
Paperwork

Use Paperwork, a word-
processing package, to get
through your paper work
quickly and easily. The pack-
age consists of a Line/Screen
Editor that offers global re-
placement, searches, text line
movement, and line inser-
tions without having to posi-
tion the cursor within the
desired lines; a Mailing List
Address data, base that lets
you merge name and address
information into letters, en-
velopes, and mailing labels;
and a System Output capabil-
ity that provides you with
hard copies of letters, docu-
ments, envelopes, labels, ad-
dress data base lists, phone
lists, and text file copies with
assigned line numbers.

This well-rounded word-
processing system is available
for the Models II, 12, and 16
operating under CP/M. It re-
quires 64K of RAM and costs
just $69.95 before Christmas,
$99.95 afterwards. For more
information, contact Harris
Micro Computers Inc., 2560
North 560 East St., Provo,
UT 84604, 801-373-1605.

Reader Service • 580

An example of what Surface Phi from Micro-Labs Inc. can do for you.

Don't waste another second waiting for your printer to finish
before you can use your computer again. With Microbuffer"
printer buffers you can print and process simultaneously!

MICROBUFFER.

SO WHAT ARE YOU WAITING FOR?

Another fine product from i = PRACTICAL

^PERIPHERALS

31245 La Baya Drive, Westlake Village, California 91362
(2131 991-8200 • TWX 910-336-5431

That's what you get with the LNW80 Model 2— undoubtedly
the most versatile, powerful and fully equipped microcomputer
in its class today A machine so superior in concept and design,
that it will define the standards of microcomputer performance
for years to come.

VERSATILITY

The LNW80 2 performs wonders with the most complete
library of software available to any microcomputer on the
market today Every LNW80 2 comes complete with this
outstanding library of Business Software LNW SMALL BUS-
INESS AND PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING SERIES w
General Ledger. Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable,
Payroll; ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET '"; ELECTRIC PENCIL"
WORDPROCESSOR; MICROTERM MODEM PROGRAM;
CHART EX HIGH RESOLUTION BUSINESS GRAPHICS
CHARTING PROGRAM; CP/M 2.2 ; DOSPLUS '; LNW
BASIC v ;MICROSOFT BASIC" In addition to a comprehensive
line of LNW80 2 Software, it is also fully compatible with soft-
ware from TRS80" (Models 1. 3.4). CP/M" and Cromemco"
worlds - a capability which gives you access to the most
extensive and mature libraries of business, scientific, engineer-
ing and entertainment software applications So no matter
how far you expand into user applications, the LNW80 2 will
expand right along with you

POWER

The LNW80 2 performs miracles with the computing power
of 96K RAM (standard) of user memory matched with a
mass storage capability which handles 5%" floppy disks and
bV 4 " hard disk drives And while the unit comes with built-in

controllers for 5%" and 8" floppy disks (single/double sided,
single/double density, up to 4 5 Megabytes capacity), the
LNW80 2 also gives you the unique ability to read and write
diskettes from a greater variety of other popular computers
than does any other microcomputer. So regardless of how
big you grow, you will never end up with thumb-twiddling
down time while you expand to a more powerful system. The
LNW80 2 will always have enough muscle to handle your
biggest and toughest jobs.

FULLY EQUIPPED

The LNW80 2 was developed to anticipate the needs of bott
expansion and compatibility So the computer was designed
with enough built-in features to keep you from having to spenc
a small fortune as you move down the road to higher levels
of user sophistication Standard features include high and lov
resolution graphics in both color and black-and-white, an
asynchronous serial communication channel, and a wide vari
ety of tape, printer, monitor and hardware expansion ports
In addition, the LNW80 2 contains an array of quality construe
tion features that fully justify its remarkable one-year limi-
ted warranty.

So if you re looking for a microcomputer that will satisfy you
performance needs as you grow and develop, take a long,
hard look at the LNW80 2. It's the one microcomputer built to
meet the challenges of tomorrow— for a long time to come.
For more information and the name of the dealer nearest yoL

write or telephone:

LNW Computers *oi

2620 Walnut, Tustin. California 92680

Telephone: 714/544-5744

STATE OPTOMORROYT PERFORMANCE.

INWCOMWITIIRS

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